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Polymer > History of Polymers > Flashcards

History of Polymers Flashcards

1
Q

Polymer was Coined by Jons Jacob Berzelius

A

1833

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2
Q

Polymer was defined by a modern definition by Hermann
Staudinger

A

1920

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3
Q

The Horners Company of
London recorded use of
horn and tortoiseshell as
the predominant early
natural plastic.

A

1284

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4
Q

British explorers
discovered the Ancient
Mayan civilization in
Central America.

Mayans first to find application (balls made from rubber trees)

A

1500’s

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5
Q

Charles Macintosh
(1766-1843) uses
rubber gum for
making waterproof
garments

A

1823

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6
Q

Anselme Payen
(1795-1871)
identified a
compound extracted
from wood which he
named cellulose.

A

1838

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7
Q

Eduard Simon (1789-
1856) discovered
polystyrene.

A

1839

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8
Q

Charles Goodyear
discovered
______________ by
combining natural
rubber with sulfur and
heating it in 270 F

A

Vulcanization

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9
Q

Goodyear patents
the vulcanization of
rubber

A

1844

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10
Q

Christian Friedrich
Schonbein (1799-
1868) synthesized
nitrocellulose
(nitrated cellulose)

A

1846

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11
Q

Alexander Parkes (1813-1890)
patents the first thermoplastic
(Parkesine) made by adding
plasticizer to nitrocellulose

A

1856

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12
Q

Fritz Klatte discovered polyvinyl acetate and
patented the manufacturing process for PVC.

A

1912

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13
Q

Leo Baekeland produced phenol-formaldehyde, the
first truly synthetic plastic, Bakelite

A

1907

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14
Q

Cast with
pigments to resemble onyx, jade, marble, and amber,

A

Phenolic resin

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15
Q

Viscose silk (rayon) was developed by Cross and Bevan.

A

1892

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16
Q

Eugen Baumann (1846-1896) was the one of
the fist people to create polyvinyl chloride
(PVC).

A

1872

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17
Q

The Hyatt brothers (John Wesley and Isaiah)
in America produced celluloid from cellulose
nitrate mixed with camphor

A

1868

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18
Q

The unstable and subsequently procedure of Hyatt brothers led to the development of

A

cellulose acetate

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19
Q

B. F. Goodrich discovered how to make sheets and
adhesives from poly(vinyl chloride)—and the “vinyl age”
began.

A

1926

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20
Q

‘Scotch’ tape, the first transparent sticky tape invented
in US by 3M Company

A

1930

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21
Q

The first industrially practical polyethylene synthesis
was discovered (again by accident) in 1933 by Eric
Fawcett and Reginald Gibson at the Imperial Chemical
Industries (ICI) works in Northwich, England

A

1933

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22
Q

Melamine formaldehyde resins were
developed.

A

1933

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23
Q

Wallace Carothers, working for DuPont
invented polyhexamethylene-adipamide.
DuPont named this product nylon.

A

1935

24
Q

The Wulff Brothers in
Germany produced
commercially viable
polystyrene.

A

1936

25
Q

Otto Bayer patented
polyurethane.

A

1937

26
Q

Roy Plunkett,
working for DuPont,
accidentally
discovered polytetra
fluroethylene (PTFE),
tramarked Teflon.

A

1938

27
Q

Polyetheylene
terephthalate (PET),
a saturated polyester
patented by John
Rex Whinfield and
James Tennant
Dickson.

A

1941

28
Q

the polyethylene bag makes its first
appearance

(Textiles, Fashion, Toys, Domestic uses)

A

1950s

29
Q

Polyethylene terephthalate beverage bottles
introduced

A

1973

30
Q

Color and design

A

1960s & 70s

31
Q

High performance plastics

A

1980s & 90s

32
Q

First Blue HDPE pressure pipes for potable
water introduced into UK.

A

1980

33
Q

Nanotechnology, AirbusA380, iPod

A

2000 to 2010

34
Q

Nano-Technology applied to polymer
and composite applications

A

2000s

35
Q

Scientists at Rice University, Texas have created a new super polymer material that
can stop a 9mm bullet and seal the hole behind it

A

Bullet Proof Polymer

36
Q

Space Flights Lightweight carbon composite materials will be crucial in the realisation of suborbital tourist spaceflights

A

Commercial

37
Q

Medical grade and implantable biomaterials such as PEEK will be used in
neurological applications to help control epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease and brain trauma

A

Implantable Polymers

38
Q

A polymer solar cell that can produce electricity from sunlight by the photovoltaic effect
provides a lightweight, disposable and inexpensive alternative to traditional solar panels

A

Plastic Solar Cells

39
Q

Developed by the University of Sheffield to mimic haemoglobin, for use in trauma
situations where blood is needed quickly

A

Plastics Blood

40
Q

Body Parts Using plastic materials such as PMMA car parts can be printed at
home and doctors can produce replica livers or kidneys for transplant patients

A

3D Printed

41
Q

During the height of COVID-19, plastics companies were called upon to
deliver over 50,000 bottles of hand sanitiser per week to the NHS.

A

COVID-19

42
Q

Organic light-emitting diodes are placed on plastic foil to
create electronic devices with flexible displays

A

Flexible Plastic Screens

43
Q

In the future all driverless vehicles will be almost entirely constructed
from plastic parts due to the light weighting properties they provide

A

Driverless Cars

44
Q

The growth will be not only from the development
of new polymers, but also from the ________-and ________ modification of existing ones.

A

chemical and
physical

45
Q

This will continue as long as petroleum and
other feedstocks are available and as long as
consumers continue to enjoy the comfort, protection,
and health benefits provided by elastomers, fibers,
plastics, adhesives, and coatings.

A

Polymer age

46
Q

Importance of Polymer Engg in Chemical Engg Career

A
  1. Select the right material and the production process
    for an application.
  2. Assess product liability
  3. Develop and automate production
    techniques
  4. Design for recyclability
  5. Solve problems
  6. Challenge and replace traditional
    materials
47
Q

When & Where was CHALLENGER, SPACE SHUTTLE DISASTER (Challenger STS-26)

A

January 28, 1986, Kennedy Space Center

48
Q

involves such consideration as the
material properties (mechanical, thermal, electrical,
optical, and chemical); service conditions (e.g., operating
temperature and humidity) and service life; impact on the
environment and health and safety; economics;
appearance (e.g., shape, color, surface finish, decoration);
type of production (injection molding, extrusion,
compression molding, resin transfer molding, etc.) and
production-related material behavior (e.g., flow,
shrinkage, residual stresses, weld lines, etc.)

A

Selection

49
Q

The disaster resulted in the death of all seven crew
members on board, including Commander ?
and pilot ?

A

Francis Scobee, Michael J. Smith

50
Q

The disaster apparently resulted from not choosing quite the
right _______ for the fuel system

A

rubber seal

51
Q

The _________became
rigid and lost its resilience/pliability at low temperatures and
resulted in fuel seepage

A

O-ring seal

52
Q

The seal was made of __________, which can crystallize under stress

A

silicone
rubber

53
Q

Therefore, when considering new materials,
assess:

A
  1. availability
    2.properties
    3.processability
    4.suitability/functionality, even
    under extreme conditions
  2. aesthetics and history of the
    product
    6.environmental impact and
    health and safety
54
Q

Engineers are responsible to ensure that
their choice of material will not endanger
the user by, for example, breaking
prematurely or by releasing toxic
constituents or fail to perform suitably
under the real conditions of use.

A

Assess product liability

55
Q

Considerations in design that have a direct bearing
on product liability and safety are:

A
  • Function of product
  • Market and sales information
  • Design characteristics
  • Test consideration
  • Critical parts involved
  • Environmental considerations
  • High risk uses
  • Reliability requirements
  • Maintenance and operation demands
  • Conformance to standards and regulatory
    requirements
  • Packaging and shipping
  • End-use requirements

Polymer (1 decks)

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