History of Planning Flashcards
Land ordinance of 1785
Created the ability of the government to do a rectangular land survey west of the Appalachian. Systematic way to divide and distribute land to the public
Homestead Act of 1862
Opened the lands of the public domain to settlers for a nominal fee, and they had to stay for five years. 160 acres for $18. Result was 270 million acres or 10% of the United States
Morrill Act
1862- Authorized the proceeds from the sale of land to fund colleges (land grant colleges)
General Land Law Revision Act
1891- Gave the president the power to create forest preserves by proclamation
Standard State Zoning and Enabling Act
Authorizes states to zone. Issued in 1924 by Secretary Herbert Hoover
Pierre L’Enfant
1791- Assigned by George Washington to lay out Washington DC. Produced baroque plan
Daniel Burnham
1846-1912- created the World’s Columbian Exposition - White City was a model civic center. Wrote “The Devil in the White City”
What movement was the Chicago Plan from?
City Beautiful, 1909. Civic ordering of the land. Visual and Aesthetic harmony
McMillan Committee
Ressurected L’Enfant’s plan in 1901
Criticisms of The City Beautiful
Not practical, not recognizing problems of poverty, squalor, and disease. Too much about beauty and commercial benefit
Wen was the first national planning conference and where? What happened in the same year?
- The first national planning conference, on City Planning and Congestions, in Washington DC. First city planning course in Harvard’s Landscape Architecture department
Wacker’s Manual of the Plan of Chicago
1912- by Walter Moody. First known formal instruction in city planning
Who wrote “Carrying Out the City Plan” and when?
1914- Flavel Shurtleff. First major textbook on planning
When was ACPI founded and by who?
1917, by Frederick Law Olmstead, Jr
When was the ACPI renamed to AIP
1939
When was the first issue of City Planning Published, by who, and what came after it?
1925, by the American City Planning Institute and the National Conference on City Planning. Predecessor to the Journal of the American Planning Association.
When was the American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) founded?
1934
When was the AIP Code of Ethics for professional planners adopted?
1971
When was the first AIP membership exam?
1977
When was the American Planning Association created and what was it a merging of?
1978, merging of AIP and ASPO
When was the first issue of The Journal of Planning Education & Research published, and by who?
1981, by the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning
When and where were the first Land Use Zoning restrictions, and what were they on?
1867 in San Fransisco, on noxious uses
When was the first local civic center plan, and where, and who was responsible?
1903 in Cleveland. Daniel Burnham, John Carrere, and Arnold Brunner were responsible
When and where was the first city to use City Beautiful principles, and who designed the plan?
1906 in San Fransisco, plan was developed by Daniel Burnham
When and where was the first town planning board?
1907 in Hartford, CT
Significant events of 1909?
- Daniel Burnham created the first metropolitan regional plan for Chicago
- Wisconsin was the first state to pass enabling legislation
- Los Angelos was the first city to use land use zoning to guide development
When and where was the first full-time employee for a city planning commission, and who?
1914 in Newark, NJ. Harland Batholemew
When and where was the first comprehensive zoning code adopted and who wrote it?
1916 in NYC. Written by Edward Bassett
When and where was the first regional planning commission formed?
1922, in Los Angelos County
When and where was the first major city to adopt a comprehensive plan? Who produced it?
1925, Cincinnati. Produced by Alfred Bettman and Ladilas Segoe
When was the Standard City Planning Enabling Act released and by who?
1928, by the U.S. Department of Commerce under Secretary Herbert Hoover
When was the first U.S. National Planning Board created?
What was it renamed to and when was it abolished?
- Renamed to the National Resources Planning Board, and abolished in 1943
When and where was the first federally supported public housing?
1934 in Cleveland
Where was the first occupied federally supporting public housing?
Atlanta
When and where was the first statewide zoning introduced? When was it later amended?
1961 in Hawaii, amended in 1978
Who wrote “How the Other Half Lives” and when? What did the book result in?
Jacob Riis, 1890. Resulted in housing reform in NYC
Who wrote “Tomorrow”: A Peaceful Path to Reform” and when? What movement did the book initiate? What was this book later issued as?
Ebeneezer Howard, 1898. Initiated the Garden City Movement. Later issued as “Garden Cities of To-morrow”
Who wrote “Cities in Evolution” and when? What does the book center on?
Patrick Geddes, 1915. Focuses on regional planning
Who wrote “Planning of the Modern City” and when?
Nelson Lewis, 1916
Who wrote “Local Planning Administration” and when? Why is this book important?
Ladilas Segoe, 1941. First in the Green Book Series produced by the International City/County Management Association
Who wrote “Urban Land Use Planning” and when?
F. Stuart Chapin, 1957. Used as a common Land Use Planning textbook
Who wrote “Image of the City” and when? What concepts does the book cover
Kevin Lynch, 1960. Basic concepts of the City, including edges and nodes.
Who wrote “The Life and Death of Great American Cities” and when? What was it’s significance?
Jane Jacobs, 1961. Provided a critical look at planners and planning, with a focus on the mistakes of urban renewal.
Who wrote “Silent Spring” and when? What does it focus on?
Rachel Carson, 1962. Negative effects of pesticides on the enviornment
Who wrote the “Urban General Plan” and when?
TJ Kent, 1964
Who wrote “With Heritage so Rich” and when? What is it about?
Alfred Reins, 1966. Historic Preservation
Who wrote “Design with Nature” and when? What does it focus on?
Ian McHarg, 1969. Conservation design using an overlay technique that was later the basis for GIS
Who wrote “The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces” and when? What is it about?
William Whyte, 1980. Promotes the use of environmental psychology and sociology in urban design
Charles Adams: timeframe, book, and what was he known for?
1965 he published “The City is the Frontier.” Created the NY Housing Authority. Critical of slum clearance, urban renewal, and public housing
Thomas Adam: Movement and what is he known for?
Garden City Movement. Secretary of Garden City Association. Developed garden suburbs in England and taught at Harvard and MIT
Saul Alinsky: time period, book, and what is he known for?
1930s-40s. “Reveille for Radicals” and “Rules for Radicals” Community Organizing, encouraged the poor to be involved in American Democracy
Sherry Arnstein: book and year? What was it about?
“A Ladder of Citizen Participation” in 1969. Describes the level of involvement of citizens, depending on the form of participation
What is Daniel Burnham’s most famous quote? Also what movement?
“Make no little plans. They have no fire to stir men’s blood.” City Beautiful Movement
Robert Moses: Years and what is he known for?
1930s-1950s. Transformed NYC’s public works. Expanded park system and built parkways, bridges, and tunnels
What is John Nolen known for?
Designed Mariemont, OH. First comprehensive plan in Florida, park system in Madison, Wisconsin, Venice Florida
Frederick Law Olmstead, Sr: years and what is he known for?
- Father of landscape architecture. Responsible for Central and Prospect Parks in NYC, Niagra Reservation, and Riverside, IL
Clarence Perry: years and what was he known for?
- Neighborhood unit concept. Contributor of “Regional Survey of New York and it’s Environs.”
Paolo Soleri: what was he known for?
Architect responsible for designing Arcosanti, experimental utopian city in Arizona focused on minimizing impact of development on the natural environment
Clarence Stein: year, book, and what is he known for?
“New Town of America,” 1951. Designed Sunnyside Gardens and other garden suburbs
Rexford Tugwell: what is he known for?
Head of the resettlement administration during the New Deal. Worked on Greenbelt Cities program. Served on New York Planning Commission
Sir Raymond Unwin: year, book, what is he known for?
“Town Planning in Practice” 1909. English town planner and designer of Letchworth. Lectured at University of Birmingham in England and Columbia University
Catherin Bouer Wurster: when, book, what is she known for?
“Modern Housing” which was influential in passing the Housing Act of 1937. Founder of American Housing Policy. Served as Executive Secretary of the Regional Planning Association of America.
Forest Management Act
Allowed the Secretary of the Interior to manage forest reserves
U.S. Reclamation Act
- The finds raised from the sale of public land in arid states to construct water shortage and irrigation systems
Public Lands Commission
Appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1902 to propose rules for land development and management
Antiquities Act
- Provided federal protection for archaeological sites. Allowed for the designation of National Monuments.
Resettlement Administration
1935, to carry out experiments in population resettlement and land reform. Resulted in Greenbelt Towns
Serviceman’s Readjustment Act
1944, known as GI Bill, guaranteed home loans to veterans. Resulted in the rapid development of suburbs
What is the population and area of a Garden City?
Population of 32,000 people on 6,000 acres; 30,000 people would live on 1,000 acres. Land would be owned by a corporation
What are significant Garden Cities?
Letchworth, 1903. First in England
1922-Sunnyside Gardens, NY–77 acres in Queens
1928 Radburn, NJ, designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright
What is another name for City Efficient and what was it a reaction to?
City Scientific, reaction against City Beautiful
When was the City Humane movement and what did it care about?
1930, concerned with jobs and housing
What program was Greenbelt Towns part of? What are examples of Green (belt) towns?
Resettlement Administration of 1935. Greensdale, Wisconsin
Greenhills, Ohio
Greenbelt, Maryland
New Towns Act of 1946
Developed over a dozen communities based on Howards ideals (Garden City). Most failed. Park Forest, IL, was developed
When was the first comprehensive plan? Who designed it?
1925 in Cincinatti. Alfred Bettman and Ladilas Segoe designed it
What was the “Regional Plan for New York and its environs?” When was it created and by who?
1922-1929. Suburban development, highway construction and suburban recreation Stein and Mumford were creators.
US Housing Act of 1954
Required cities to develop comprehensive plans and provided funding for planning under section 701
Problems with 701 Plan?
Led to the creation of plans for the purpose of acquiring federal funds rather than planning for communities
Characteristics of comprehensive plans of 1970s-1980s?
Social focus-equity, neighborhood preservation, affordable housing, environmental protection, and historic preservation
What did the “Second Regional Plan of New York and Environs” address? When was it?
- Transit and commercial rehabilitation
What were the first two states to require comprehensive planning and when?
1970s. Oregon and Minnesota
What are the four theories of urban development?
Concentric Circle, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, Central Place
Who developed the Concentric Circle theory and when?
Ernest Burgess in 1925
What are the five rings of the Concentric Circle theory?
- Central Business District
- Industrial Zone
- Zone of Transition (industrial and low-income housing)
- Middle Class Housing
- Commuter Zone - High Income Housing
What is the Bid Rent Curve and whose work was foundation to the theory?
Profits received from maintaining a business on the land depends which area the land is in (CBD is at the steep end)
Who designed the Sector theory and when? What is it?
Homer Hoyt in 1939. Sectors radiating out from the center
Who developed the Multiple Nuclei Theory and when? What is it?
Harris and Ullman in 1945. A land use nucleus is formed because of accessibility to natural resources, clustering of similar land uses, land prices, and the repelling power of land uses
Who designed the Central Place theory and when? What is it?
Walter Christaller in 1933. Minimum market threshold to bring a firm to a city and a maximum range of people who are willing to travel to receive goods and services.
Application of Central Place theory today?
Hierarchy of retail establishments in the city (nail salons on every block, grocery store every 10 blocks, large shopping center in large area
