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History of philosophy and Psychology > History of philosophy and Psychology > Flashcards

History of philosophy and Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

When was was the crisis of the Psychology Counsciousness School?

A

1910s

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2
Q

When did the cognitive school start?

A

1960s

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3
Q

What was the source of knowledge before the Scientific Revolution?

A

The Bible or Aristoteles

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4
Q

What is metaphysics?

A

To have a statement about nature without observations, but only connected to logic”.

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5
Q

Descartes applied Newton´s approach to physics to philosophy. What are the main points?

A
  • “I think; therefore, I am”
  • Introspection: I observe myself
  • The mechanistic world view
  • Dualism: Body and soul are independent
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6
Q

Who was John Locke?

A

Empiricists who stated:

“All we have is experience. Experience is knowledge.”

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7
Q

Who was Berkley?

A

Empiricists who challenged Locke on experience.

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8
Q

Whats is Induction?

A

(bottom-up reasoning)

  • All known living organisms require water. =>
  • All living organisms require water.
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9
Q

Whats is Deduction?

A

(top-down reasoning)

  • Premise1: All men are mortal.
  • Premise 2: Socrates is a man. =>
  • Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
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10
Q

Whats is Abduction?

A
  • When it rains the lawn gets wet.

- the lawn is wet, maybe it rained. (The observation makes one hypothesis reasonable. ~detectives)

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11
Q

John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)

A
  • Applied empiric thinking to economy.
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12
Q

Empiricism

A

A theory that states that knowledge comes only from our sensory experience.

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13
Q

Rationalism

A

The use of logic and empirical observation to find the truth. The use of deduction is highly relevant.

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14
Q

Logical positivism/empiricism

A

Philosophical movement stating that scientific knowledge is the only kind of factual knowledge and that all traditional metaphysical doctrines are to be rejected as meaningless. Emphasizes public experimental verification or confirmation rather than
personal experience.

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15
Q

The Vienna Circle (1920)

A

Movement of logical positivism

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16
Q

Who was logical positivism influenced by?
Who can it be tracked back to?
Who was i rejected by?

A
  • Influenced by Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
  • Can be tracked back to Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
  • Rejected by James Maxwell (1831-1879)
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17
Q

What is the take home message from Logical positivism?

A

Every information was available, but our concepts were what limited us in understanding what nature wanted to tell us.

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18
Q

What was the aim of Tractatus logico-philosophicus published by Ludwig Wittgenstein?

A
  • Identify the relationship between language and reality

- Define limits of science

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19
Q

Falsificationism

A

theories cannot be proved, but that theories or hypothesis can be disproved/falsified”.

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20
Q

Thomas Kuhn (1922-1996)

A
  • The revolutionary character of paradigm shifts:

science does not progress via a linear accumulation of new knowledge, but undergoes periodic revolutions, also called “paradigm shifts”

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21
Q

Lysenkoism

A

A biological doctrine championed by Lysenko that maintained that environmentally induced traits could be inherited and that rejected the principles of genetics and natural selection.

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22
Q

Karl Popper (1902-1994)

A
  • Philosopher of science

- Known for rejection of classical induction in favour of empirical falsification:

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23
Q

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

A
  • The roots of evolutionary psychology:
    Psychology would develop an evolutionary basis
  • Adaptation
    Process that makes organisms better suited to their habitat.
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24
Q

Jean-Baptise Lamarck (1744-1829)

A
  • Proposed the first important theory of evolution
  • Vitalist view: Organic matter is different from inorganic, living species possess an innate drive to perfect itself.
  • Lamarckism: Heritability of acquired characteristics
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25
Q

Imre Lakatos (1922-1974)

A
  • Hungarian philosopher of mathematics and science
  • The fallibility of mathematics and its “methodology of proofs and refutations” in its pre-axiomatic stages of development.
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26
Q

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

A
  • Known for the expression “Survival of the fittest”
  • Applied evolution to sociology
  • Claimed evolution had an end-point
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27
Q

Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911)

A
  • Gripped by the work of Darwin, his half-cousin.

- Nature vs nurture, twin studies, adoption studies.

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28
Q

Malthusian catastrophe:

A

“Prediction of a forced return to subsistence-level conditions once population growth has outpaced agricultural production”.

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29
Q

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

A
  • “Father of experimental psychology”
  • Developed structuralism:
  • First formal laboratory of psychological research
  • Establishing psychology as a separate science.
  • Concentrated on mental functioning cognitive psychology
  • Consciousness and subjective experience
  • Examined physiological processes: Sensory perception
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30
Q

What is Structuralism?

A

“A systematic movement that sought to analyse the adult mind in terms of the simplest definable components and then to find the way in which these components fit together in complex forms”.

  • “The study of elements of consciousness”
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31
Q

Who developed structuralism and who created his own version of it?

A
  • Developed by Wundt

- Edward B. Titchener made his own version

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32
Q

Criticisms of Structuralism

A
  • Too subjective > lack of reliability

- Too concerned with internal behaviour

33
Q

Functionalism

A

Countermovement of structuralism

  • Influenced by Charles Darwin, and William James who wrote The Principles of Psychology.
  • Mental processes in a more systematic and accurate manner.
  • Focused on purpose of consciousness and behaviour.
  • Emphasized individual differences.
34
Q

Phrenology

A

Popular discipline in the 19th century

  • “Human mind has a set of various mental faculties, each one represented in a different area of the brain.
35
Q

Hugo Münsterberg (1863-1916)

A
  • Pioneer in applied psychology
36
Q

Comparative psychology

A
  • Scientific study of behavior and mental processes of animals.
  • Foundation laid by George John Romanes (1848-1894)
37
Q

Behaviorism

A

“A psychological approach which assumes that all behavior is learnt from the environment”.

  • Behavior is the result of stimulus (response.)
  • “Tabula rasa” (blank slate)
38
Q

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

A
  • Pavlov´s dog (1897)
  • Classical conditionin:
    > Learning procedure, pairing biological potent stimulus and neutral stimulus.
39
Q

Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)

A
  • The law of effect (1905): “responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less less likely to occur again in that situation”.
40
Q

John Watson (1878-1958)

A
  • Launches the behavioral school of psychology (1913)

- Conditioned Baby Albert to fear a rat

41
Q

Skinner (1904-1990)

A
  • Important behaviorist

- Skinner box > operant conditioning

42
Q

Bandura

A
  • Social learning theory

- Combined cognitive and behavioral frameworks

43
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

”An attempt to understand the laws behind the ability to acquire and maintain meaningful perceptions in an apparently chaotic world”.

  • Central principle: The mind forms a global whole with self-organizing tendencies.
  • The whole has a reality of its own, independent of the parts.
  • Opposed to structuralism.
44
Q

Max Werthemier (1880-1943)

A
  • Main founder of Gestalt psychology.

- Perceptual Organisation: The whole is different from the sum of its parts.

45
Q

Vittorio Benussi (1878-1927)

A
  • Did work on optical illusions, visual perceptions and perceptions of time.
46
Q

Müller-Lyer illusion

A
  • The lines are equal, but one appears longer than the other.
47
Q

Köhler: Insight learning

A

(Gestalt psychology)

  • The abrupt realization of a problem´s solution.
  • Cognitive experience that require visualization.
48
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

A systematic structure of theories concerning the relation of conscious and
unconscious psychological processes.

  • Used to treat depression and anxiety disorders.
  • Psychoanalysis is both a therapy and a theory.
49
Q

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

A
  • Psychoanalysis.

- Began studying hysteria, discovered the importance of the unconscious.

50
Q

Psychoanalysis Assumptions

A
  • Psychological problems are rooted in the unconscious mind.
  • Symptoms caused by hidden disturbances.
  • Causes include unresolved issues during development.
  • Dreams have symbolic significance.
51
Q

Psychoanalysis Treatment

A
  • Treatment: bring the the repressed conflict to consciousness, where the client can deal with it.
52
Q

Freud´s conception of the human psyche

A

ID > Basic instinctual drives. Acts according to the “pleasure principle”.

EGO > Seeks to please the id´s drive in realistic ways.

SUPEREGO > Controls the moral. Wants to act appropriately. Often opposite of the id.

53
Q

Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961)

A
  • Founder of analytical psychology.

- Close collaboration with Freud.

54
Q

Neo-behaviorism

A

“A form of behaviorism that takes unobservable internal behaviors into account. Behaviorism is all about the environment, while neo-behaviorism stresses the interaction of the individual and the environment”.

  • The second phase of behaviorism
  • Originated in the years 1930-1955
  • Influenced by the Vienna Circle:
    > Importance of physical observations.
55
Q

Important persons in Neo-behaviorism

A
  • Edward C. Tolman
  • Clark L. Hull:
    >The most ambitious
    > Law of stimulus generalization
  • Egon Brunswik
  • B. F. Skinner (radical behaviorism):
    >Science based entirely on observation.
56
Q

Cognitive psychology

A
  • Sub-discipline of psychology exploring internal mental processes
  • The study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak and solve problems
  • Internal mental states: belief, desire and motivation
57
Q

Cognitive science:

A
  • Interdisciplinary scientific study of how information concerning faculties such as
    perception, language, reasoning and emotion, is represented and transformed in a
    nervous system or machine.
58
Q
  • Levels of explanation for Cognitive science
A
  • Computational > What information is computed
  • Algorithmic > How information is represented and computed
  • Implementation > The physical substrate
59
Q

Noam Chomsky (1928-)

A
  • The father of modern linguistics.
  • One of the founders of cognitive science.
  • All humans share the same underlying linguistic structure (“language is built in and is not learned behavior”)
60
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A
  • Expanded its influence in the 1970s and 1980s.
  • Approach studying the whole person, and the uniqueness of each individual.
  • How individuals perceive and interpret events.
  • Subjective, conscious experiences. Objective reality is less important.
  • Carl Rogers > the study of the self
  • Abraham Maslow > self-actualization
61
Q

Spiritualism

A
  • A belief that spirits of the dead have both the ability and the inclination to communicate with the living.
62
Q

Parapsychology

A
  • A field of study concerned with the investigation of paranormal and psychic
    phenomena which include telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance and other
    paranormal claims.
  • Often identified as pseudoscience.
63
Q

Sociobiology

A
  • Field of scientific study that is based on the hypothesis that social behavior has resulted from evolution and attempts to examine and explain social behavior within that context.
64
Q

Antipsychiatry

A
  • The view that psychiatric treatments are often more damaging than helpful to
    patients, and a movement opposing such treatments for almost two centuries.
65
Q

Mini timeline of Psychology

A
  • Structuralism: 1880-1920 (cognitive also out of this)
  • Functionalism: 1899-1920 (evolutionary out of it)
  • Gestalt 1920- now
  • Psychoanalysis 1890-now
  • Humanism 1950-now (maslow, rogers)
  • Behaviorism 1900- now
66
Q

What did start the scientific revolution

A

Nicolas Copernicus’s Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs-1453: proposed that the sun, not the
earth, was the center of the solar system. Sigmud Freud would later call Copernicus’
hypothesis the first great blow to the human ego.

67
Q

Famous Rationalist

A

Descartes
Spinoza
Leibiniz

68
Q

THE EMPIRICISTS

A

Locke
Berkeley Abbé
Hume

69
Q

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832)

A

“Two forces governing humans: pain and pleasure”. Moral should be reasonable!
Pleasure and pain are forming your behavior. You avoid what’s bad for you, and
you basically know what’s good for you.

70
Q

Introspection

A

process whereby observers look inward and objectively analyze their sensory experience.

71
Q

Monism

A

the idea that the brain and the mind are the same thing, and that every mental state is reducible to an identical brain state

72
Q

Dualism

A

idea that the mind and brain are separate entities that interact.

73
Q

Jean Piaget (1896 - 1980)

A

Cognitive development in children

74
Q

How did William James contribute to functionalism?

A
  • Book: “the principles of psychology” ( functionalist perspective)
75
Q

What does Jung, Adler, Horney, Kohut have in common?

A

Worked with psychoanalysis perspective:

76
Q

Difference between conscious and subconscious mind?

A

Conscious is readily accessible, subconscious is inaccessible but influences behavior

77
Q

Repression:

A

he psychological act of excluding desires and impulses from one’s consciousness

78
Q

Who is often credited with being the father of modern psychology?

A

René Descartes

History of philosophy and Psychology (1 decks)

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