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PHARMACEUTICS > HISTORY OF PHARMACY > Flashcards

HISTORY OF PHARMACY Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmacy?

A

Pharmacy is a healthcare profession that deals with both health science and chemistry. It is defined as the art, science, and economics of discovering, preparing, and utilizing drugs and non-drug materials for disease prevention, management, and treatment in humans and animals.

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2
Q

Where did the word “pharmacy” originate?

A

The word “pharmacy” is derived from the Greek word “pharmakon,” which means “drug.”

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3
Q

Who is considered the father of pharmacy?

A

Galen is considered the father of pharmacy.

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4
Q

Who is the father of American pharmacy?

A

William Procter Jr. is the father of American pharmacy.

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5
Q

Who is the father of Indian pharmacy?

A

Mahadeva Lal Shroff is the father of Indian pharmacy.

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6
Q

Where was the first pharmacy shop opened?

A

The first pharmacy shop was opened in Baghdad.

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7
Q

How did pharmacy education in India begin?

A

Pharmacy education in India at the certificate level started in 1842 in Goa by the Portuguese.

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8
Q

How did pharmacy separate from medicine as a profession?

A

Previously, the pharmacy field was part of the medical profession. However, in the 19th century, it separated out and started emerging as a distinct professional field.

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9
Q

When and where was the first professional pharmacy course started in India?

A

The first two-year professional course, “Chemist and Druggist Diploma,” was started in 1874 at Madras Medical College.

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10
Q

What was the Drug Enquiry Committee?

A

The Drug Enquiry Committee was formed by the Government of India in 1930 under the leadership of Col. R.N. Chopra to study the problems of pharmacy in India and recommend solutions.

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11
Q

What was the major finding of the Drug Enquiry Committee?

A

: The committee found that there was no recognized and specialized profession of pharmacy in India.

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12
Q

Who is considered the Father of Pharmacy Education in India?

A

Prof. Mahadeva Lal Shroff is considered the Father of Pharmacy Education in India.

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13
Q

Where and when was the first B.Pharm course started in India?

A

The first B.Pharm course was started in 1932 at Banaras Hindu University (BHU) by Prof. Mahadeva Lal Shroff.

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14
Q

When was the first M.Pharm program introduced in India?

A

The first M.Pharm program was introduced in 1940 at BHU.

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15
Q

When was the Pharmacy Council of India (PCI) established?

A

The PCI was established in 1949 to ensure uniform education and training standards for pharmacists.

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16
Q

What were the minimum qualifications for registration as a pharmacist in 1953?

A

The minimum qualification was 10th grade + 2-year Diploma in Pharmacy + 1 year of experience.

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17
Q

What changes were made to pharmacy education in 1991?

A

In 1991, the minimum qualification for registration as a pharmacist was changed to 10th grade + 12th grade in science + Diploma in Pharmacy.

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18
Q

What is the current minimum qualification for a D.Pharm degree?

A

The current education regulation for D.Pharm is ER 2020.

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19
Q

What is the Pharm.D program?

A

The Pharm.D program was introduced by PCI in 2008 to bridge the gap between physicians and patients and provide pharmacists with in-depth education and training in pharmacy practice.

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20
Q

What are the different levels of pharmaceutical education in India?

A

Currently, pharmaceutical education in India is imparted at 4 levels: Diploma (two years after +2), Bachelors (4 years), Masters (2 years after B.Pharm), and Pharm.D (6 years after +2, and 3 years after B.Pharm)

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21
Q

Who is allowed to run a pharmacy in India?

A

Only registered pharmacists are allowed to run a pharmacy.

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22
Q

How many pharmaceutical institutes are there in India?

A

There are more than 1500 institutes with an annual enrollment of around 100,000.

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23
Q

What are NIPERs?

A

NIPERs are National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research. There are 7 NIPERs in India.

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24
Q

Where did India source drugs before 1900?

A

Before 1900, drugs were imported from Europe.

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25
Q

What was the first Indian-owned drug firm?

A

The Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works, founded in 1901 by Prof. P.C. Ray, was the first Indian-owned drug firm.

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26
Q

Name some other major pharmaceutical companies that were established in India.

A

Alembic Chemical Works (1907), Sarabhai Chemical Works, The Bengal Immunity Laboratory, and several government-owned laboratories were also established.

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27
Q

What was the trend in drug import and export before World War I?

A

Drugs were mostly exported in crude form and imported in finished form

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28
Q

How did World War I impact the Indian pharmaceutical industry?

A

During World War I, the import of drugs was cut off. Import resumed after the war.

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29
Q

When did modern drug research in India begin?

A

Modern drug research in India started in 1920 when Shri Ram Nath Chopra set up an active center of research on Indian medicinal plants at the School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata.

30
Q

What significant contribution did Dr. Upendranath Brahmachari make to Indian medicine?

A

Dr. Upendranath Brahmachari introduced urea stibamine in 1922 for the treatment of kala azar.

31
Q

What were some of the drugs that started to be manufactured in India during World War II?

A

During World War II, many therapeutic drugs, including antidysentery drugs like lodochlor, chemotherapeutic drugs, and antileprotic drugs, started to be manufactured in India.

32
Q

When was the Drug Enquiry Committee formed?

A

: The Drug Enquiry Committee was formed on 11th August 1930 by the Government of India.

33
Q

What were the recommendations of the Drug Enquiry Committee?

A

The committee recommended several acts to improve the pharmaceutical industry in India, including the Import of Drug Act (1937), the Drug Bill (1940), the Drug Technical Advisory Board (1941), the Drugs and Magic Remedies Act (1954), the Medical and Toilet Preparations Act (1955), and the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (1985).

34
Q

What was the purpose of setting up Hindustan Antibiotics Limited?

A

Hindustan Antibiotics Limited was set up in 1954 at Pimpri near Pune to increase the production of antibiotics, especially penicillin and streptomycin.

35
Q

What was the purpose of setting up Indian Drugs and Pharmaceutical Limited?

A

Indian Drugs and Pharmaceutical Limited was set up in 1964 to increase the production of bulk drugs in Hyderabad and Rishikesh.

36
Q

When did the number of pharmaceutical companies in India start to increase?

A

The number of pharmaceutical companies in India started to increase in the 1980s and 1990s.

37
Q

Who founded Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works?

A

Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works was founded by Prof. P.C. Roy in 1901.

38
Q

When was Alembic Chemical Works established?

A

Alembic Chemical Works was established in 1907.

39
Q

What was the significant contribution of Dr. Upendranath Brahmachari?

A

Dr. Upendranath Brahmachari introduced urea stibamine in 1922 for the treatment of kala azar.

40
Q

When did the production of vaccines, sera, and anesthetics start in India?

A

The production of vaccines, sera, and anesthetics like ether, chloroform, and other simple drugs based on coal tar distillation began in India in the 1930s.

41
Q

When was the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research registered?

A

The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research was registered in 1942.

42
Q

What is the current status of the Indian pharmaceutical industry?

A

The Indian pharmaceutical industry is the largest and most advanced among the developing countries. It is the largest producer and supplier of generic drugs in the world, supplying nearly 20% of the total global demand.

43
Q

What are the major pharmaceutical hubs in India?

A

Mumbai, Hyderabad, and Ahmedabad are the major pharmaceutical hubs in India.

44
Q

How is the healthcare system in India changing?

A

he healthcare system in India is undergoing dramatic changes due to the growing demand for healthcare and patient needs.

45
Q

How are the responsibilities of pharmacists changing?

A

The educational and professional responsibilities of pharmacists are constantly changing.

46
Q

What is pharmacy practice?

A

Pharmacy practice is the discipline of pharmacy that involves developing the professional role of pharmacists.

47
Q

What are the key activities involved in good pharmacy practice?

A

Good pharmacy practice requires pharmacy activities like compounding and dispensing medications, and modern services related to healthcare, including clinical services, medication monitoring, drug safety and efficacy, and drug information services.

48
Q

What is the role of pharmacy practice courses?

A

Pharmacy practice courses provide instructions in the technical procedures for preparing and dispensing drugs in hospitals and retail settings under the supervision of registered pharmacists.

49
Q

What was the first program to train students in pharmacy practice in India?

A

The “Chemist and Druggist” Program in 1870 was the first program to train students in pharmacy practice in India.

50
Q

How has the profession of pharmacy practice evolved?

A

The profession of pharmacy practice has evolved through various stages over time.

51
Q

What was the Traditional Era of pharmacy?

A

The Traditional Era was the period from the early 20th century where pharmacists were involved in the formulation, dispensing, and study of medicinal properties of natural products from animal, plant, and mineral origins.

52
Q

What was the Scientific Era of pharmacy?

A

The Scientific Era began after World War II. In this period, pharmaceutical industries emerged, and drugs were manufactured in factories.

53
Q

What was the Clinical Era of pharmacy?

A

The Clinical Era began in the second half of the 20th century. Pharmacists were educated in clinical pharmacy to establish the study of ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion) of drugs within the body.

54
Q

What was the Industrialization Era of pharmacy in India?

A

The Industrialization Era began in the 20th century in India, with the mass production of medicines following the development of manufacturing pharmacy.

55
Q

What is the Pharmaceutical Care Era?

A

The Pharmaceutical Care Era involves an expanded role of pharmacists, focusing on achieving positive outcomes with prescribed drugs rather than simply supplying medications.

56
Q

What are the aims and objectives of pharmaceutical associations in India?

A

Pharmaceutical associations in India work to promote drug research, develop new drugs, enhance the understanding of Indian products among the medical profession, and work for the welfare of all Indian citizens.

57
Q

Name some of the pharmaceutical associations in India.

A

*Bengal Chemists and Druggists Association
*Pharmaceutical Society of India
*Banaras Hindu University (BHU) Pharmaceutical Society
*Indian Pharmaceutical Association (IPA)

58
Q

What is the Indian Pharmaceutical Congress Association (IPCA)?

A

The Indian Pharmaceutical Congress Association (IPCA) is an organization that focuses on education and training for pharmacists.

59
Q

What is the Indian Hospitals Pharmacists Association (IHPA)?

A

The Indian Hospitals Pharmacists Association (IHPA) is an organization that represents the interests of pharmacists working in hospitals.

60
Q

What is the Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India (APTI)?

A

The Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India (APTI) is an organization that represents the interests of pharmacy educators.

61
Q

What is the Indian Drug Manufacturers Association (IDMA)?

A

The Indian Drug Manufacturers Association (IDMA) is an organization that represents the interests of pharmaceutical manufacturers.

62
Q

What are some of the career opportunities for pharmacists?

A

Pharmacists can work in hospitals, community pharmacies, as consultants, in the pharmaceutical industry, in academia, in research, in government departments, and more.

63
Q

Where can pharmacists find jobs in the government sector?

A

Pharmacists can find jobs in state and central government departments such as drug inspectors, food inspectors, FDA, AIIMS, pest control departments, and even in the military, navy, and railways.

64
Q

What are the career opportunities for pharmacists in the pharmaceutical industry?

A

Pharmacists have promising careers in various sectors of the pharmaceutical industry, including production, packaging, quality control, quality assurance, sales and marketing, regulatory affairs, and research and development.

65
Q

What are the career opportunities for pharmacists in pharmaceutical sales?

A

Registered pharmacists can sell bulk drugs as bulk drug distributors or suppliers.

66
Q

What are the career opportunities for pharmacists in pharmaceutical marketing?

A

Pharmacists can work in pharmaceutical marketing as medical representatives or even global managers. Their knowledge of drugs makes them well-suited for this field.

67
Q

What are the career opportunities for pharmacists in academics?

A

Pharmacists with degrees can be employed in universities and colleges of pharmacy for teaching and research purposes. Diploma holders can work as laboratory assistants.

68
Q

What are the higher education opportunities for pharmacists?

A

D.Pharma holders can pursue higher education like graduation and master’s degrees in pharmacy.

69
Q

What is pharmaceutical journalism?

A

Pharmaceutical journalism is a career path for pharmacists that involves writing and reporting on topics related to pharmacy and the pharmaceutical industry.

70
Q

What are the career opportunities for a D.Pharma graduate?

A

D.Pharma graduates can open their own retail pharmacy.

71
Q

What is clinical research?

A

Clinical research is a field that involves conducting studies to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new drugs and medical treatments.

72
Q

What are some of the job opportunities for pharmacists in clinical research?

A

Pharmacists can work in contract research organizations (CROs) to conduct clinical trials, develop protocols, write case reports, monitor studies, and manage data.

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