History Of Osteopathy DSA Flashcards
Who is Joseph Lister?
Father of antiseptic surgery and reduced surgical mortality from 45% to 15%
Who is Ingas Semmelweis?
His obstetrical clinic decreased mortality by 90% through handwashing
Who is John Snow?
Used epidemiology to trace source of cholera outbreak in London 1854
Who is William Budd?
Used epidemiology to prove cholera came from a contaminated water source in Bristol
What did Germ Theory replace?
Miasma Theory
What did Thucydides postulate?
Disease is spread from person to person by “seeds”
What did Louis Pasteur achieve?
He discredited spontaneous generation
What did Robert Koch achieve?
He isolated anthrax
What did Nils Finsen do?
He used UV light in medicine
What did Wilhelm Rontgen do?
He was the first to systematically study X-rays and used them diagnostically in 1896
Who discovered X-rays and when?
Fernando Sanford in 1891
What did William Halstead do and when?
He was the first to use sterile rubber gloves in surgery in 1890
When did local anesthetic become popular?
In the late 1800’s
What is Heroic Medicine and how was it practiced?
Its goal was to preserve “life force”
Did this by: stimulants if drowsy, hypnotics if agitated
This was a time where purgatives, cathartics, and blood letting were popularly used in order to “cast out the demons”
When, where, and to whom was A.T. Still born?
August 6, 1828 in Lee County, Virginia to Abraham (a Methodist Circuit Rider and Physician) and Martha (uneducated but literate) Still
When did the Still family move to MO?
1830s
What education did A.T. Still receive?
Studied medicine and ministry from father, but medical training was primarily apprenticeship
What occurred in 1839, 1849, and 1850?
1839 - Still made a rope swing to treat a headache
1849 - Still married Mary Margaret Vaughn
1850 - Still Took over a mission in Eudora, KS
What occurred in 1855, 1857, 1859, and 1860?
1855 - Still studied anatomy in Indian cadavers after. Cholera epidemic (with tribal permission)
1857 - Still was elected to the Kansas Legislature (he was active in the anti-slavery movement)
1859 - Mary Margaret dies leaving him with 3 children (2 died within days of birth)
1860 - Still Marries Mary Elvira Turner
What happened between 1861-164?
Still fought in the Civil War for the Union
His highest rank was a Major
What 3 events occurred in 1864?
- The Battle of Westport in KC
- Three of Still’s children die from spinal meningitis and another one died from pneumonia 1 month later
- Still returns home to his farm and begins to formulate his ideas on changes for medicine
When did A.T. Still fly the banner of osteopathy to the breeze?
10 AM JUNE 22, 1874
IF YOU DON’T LEARN ANYTHING, AT LEAST LEARN THIS!
What other events occurred in 1874?
- Still presents his new ideas to Baker University
- Still formally removed from the Methodist Church
- The first recorded Osteopathic Treatment in Macon, Missouri
What occurs in 1875, 1885, and 1886?
1875 - Still officially moves his family to Kirksville, MO but works as a traveling physician in rural MO
1885 - Still coins the term “Osteopathy” but was continued to be advertised as a “Bone Setter” until 1890
1886 - Still becomes busy enough to stay in Kirksville and let patients come to him (However, Still unsuccessfully apprentices assistants)
What happens in 1892, 1894, 1895, and 1896?
1892 - ** The American School of Osteopathy opens with a class of 17 men and 5 women **
1894 - Second Class begins, with school lasting 2 years for $500
1895 - Enrollment was 28
1896 - Enrollment was 102
Who were the first two professors at the ASO?
A.T. Still and Dr. Will Smith
How many students and faculty were there in 1900 at the ASO?
700 students and 18 faculty members
It was considered to be the largest school in the healing arts in the country with 12+ sister schools started by graduates
When were the “Autobiography of A.T. Still”, “Philosophy of Osteopathy”, and “Research and Practice” published?
1897, 1899, 1910 respectively
When did Mary Elvira Still and A.T. Still die? Also how many years of marriage did they have?
Mary Elvira Still died in 1910
A.T. Still died in 1917 at age 89
They were married 50 years
What are the 4 Osteopathic Principles?
- The body is a unit; the person is a unit of body, mind, and spirit
- The body is capable of self-regulation, self-healing, and health maintenance
- Structure and function are reciprocally interrelated
- Rational treatment is based on an understanding of the basic principles mentioned above
What is the science of Osteopathy?
“Its science includes the chemical, physical, and biological sciences related to the maintenance of health and the prevention, cure, and the alleviation of disease.”
What is the art of osteopathy?
“Its art is the application of the philosophy and the science in the practice of osteopathic medicine and surgery in all its branches and specialities.”
What is the philosophy of osteopathy?
“Its philosophy embraces the concept of the unity of the body structure and function in health and disease.”
When and where was the consensus statement of Osteopathic Philosophy drafted?
Kirksville in 1953
What is considered to be health under osteopathic philosophy?
“Health is based on the natural capacity of the human organism to resist and combat noxious influences in the environment and to compensate for their effects; to meet with adequate reserve, the usual stresses of daily life, and the occasional severe stresses imposed by the extremes of environment and activity.”
What is considered to be disease under osteopathy philosophy?
“Disease begins when this natural capacity [of health] is reduced, or when it is exceeded or overcome by noxious influences.”
What was the first state that legally licensed D.Os? When? What was the second and third?
Vermont first licensed in 1896. Then North Dakota (1896) and then Missouri in 1897.
What was the first Osteopathic governing body and when was it founded? What did it then become and when?
The first was the American Association for Advancement of Osteopathy (AAAO) in 1897, which then became the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) in 1901
The AOA adopted standards for approving osteopathic colleges in 1902 and began inspecting those schools in 1903
Who is Dr. Abraham Flexner and what did he do?
In 1910, he travelled to all medical schools in the US (both MD and DO) and authored a report on the state of medical education, which provided a lot of harsh criticism.
He recommended clinical rotations to be added and due to his report, many medical schools were closed or merged (with only 8 DO schools left standing) and garnered an era of state licensing boards to begin enforcing stricter requirements
What occurred in 1915 and 1916 nationally?
1915 - Osteopathy adopted a 4 year curriculum
1916- the AOA revoked the ban on teaching pharmacology at DO schools, despite A.T. Still’s opposition
When was KCU (or the Kansas City College of Osteopathy and Surgery) founded and by who?
1916 by A.A. Kaiser and George Conley (both were DOs)
What occurred in 1917-1918?
The influenza pandemic (post WWI) where 30 million died in the first 6 months (3-5% of the world’s population died from 1918-1920)
How did Osteopathic care play a role in the influenza pandemic?
In Feb. 1919, the Journal of Osteopathy nationally publicized data that showed that in 11,118 cases of influenza and 513 of pneumonia, there was a .25% mortality rate, whereas in a mixture of Medical/Osteopathic care, there was a 10% mortality rate
What occurred in 1922, 1926, 1929, and 1931?
1922 - AMA declares unethical for MDs and DOs to be associated with each other because DOs are a “cult”
1926 - Kirksville College of Osteopathy and Surgery formed by merging ASO and A.T. Still College of Osteopathy and Surgery
1929 - AOA allows teaching of pharmacology under “Comparative Therapeutics”
1931 - STudent loan fund established and the osteopathic seal
What occurred in 1936, 1938, 1945, and 1947?
1936- First inspection and approval of osteopathic hospitals for internships (18 hospitals with 81 programs)
1938 - Required 1 year undergrad studies and by 1960 70% of schools required advanced degrees (undergraduate degrees)
1945 - low point of osteopathic college enrollment with only 556 students
1947 - First approval for Osteopathic residencies (71 positions approved, 37 filled)
What occurred in 1955 and who was the Cline Commitee?
The AMA inspected many osteopathic colleges and decided that the medical education was comparable but the facilities were inadequate and they officially removed the “cult” label
What occurred in 1964, 1971, and 1972?
1964 - AMA policy change to allow and encourage DOS to enter AMA approved internships and residencies
1971 - Michigan State University affiliated (MSU-COM)
1972 - Oklahoma State University became the first free-standing, state-funded osteopathic college
What was the California Incident and when did it happen?
In 1961, there was a public referendum in California that prohibited granting of new licenses to DOs in the state, but allowed DOs to obtain an MD degree by attending 12 Saturday classes and paying $65
85% of practicing DOs in the state traded their DO for an MD, but they were not recognized as MDs outside of the state of California.
Later there was a merger between the California Medical Association and the California Osteopathic Association once they saw the equality between the MD and DO programs, and 1 year later, Prop 22 was passed and abolished the osteopathic licensing board.
What did the AOA do in response to the California incident?
It chartered a new group called the Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons of California (OPSC), which were physicians that wished to retain their DO degrees and in 1974, California Supreme Court ruled that licensing of DOs in California must be resumed
What effect did the California Incident have on the osteopathic profession nationally?
It led to the full practice rights in all 50 states for DOs and the opening of the College of Osteopathic MEdicine of the Pacific in 1977
What occurs in 1973, 1980, and 1986?
1973- Mississippi becomes the final state to grant licensure to osteopathic physicians
1980 - KCCOS changes its name to the University of Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine
1986 - First DOs are accepted for residency training in Canada
How many Osteopathic schools exist today and what percent of DOs are there are in primary care in the US?
33 schools
56%
In regard to the military, what occurred in 1917 and 1941?
1917- DOs try to get federal recognition and rights to serve in the military (which was supported by Teddy Roosevelt) but vetoed by William C. Gorgas, who threatened to kick MDs out of the military too
1941 - DOs are still not serving in the military but MDs were drafted for WWII, so there was a shortage of MDs in the US.
(Hospitals were still not granting DOs privileges so there was a rapid increase of DO hospitals in US)
In regard to the military, what occurred in 1957, 1963, and 1966?
1957 - Congress legalized DOs to serve in civil service and the armed forces
1963 - DOs accepted as equal to MDs
1966 - Secretary of Defense (Robert McNamara) directs Army, Navy, and Air Force to accept DOs that volunteer as officers
Who is Harry J. Walter?
He is the first commissioned DO into the armed forces
In regard to the military, what occurred in 1967, 1969, 1977, and 1983?
1967 - DOs were drafted as medical officers
1969 - Nearly 200 DOs serving in the Vietnam War
1977 - Association of Military Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons (AMOPS) formed
1983 - Rear Admiral Louis H. Eske, DO, became the first flag officer in the medical corps of military service
In regard to the military, what occurred between 1996 and 2000?
Lieutenant General Ronald R. Blank, DO served as the Surgeon General of the Army
What percentage of active medical officers are DOs?
10%
Who was the first woman to receive the DO degree?
In 1892, Jeanette Bolles, who also later became a Vice President of AAAO
How did A.T. Still feel about women in medicine?
He supported equality for females in medicine with his first class including 5 women, one of which was his daughter Blanche
Who was Louisa Burns?
She was a teacher from Indiana that had spinal meningitis, but was treated successfully with osteopathy. She later went on to publish several books and worked in histology/postulated the connective tissue model of somatic dysfunction
Who was Mamie Johnston?
She was the first graduation from KCCOS (KCU) in 1917.
The medical curriculum changed to 4 years the next year, so she went back to complete another year and graduated in 1918.
She later went to join the KCU faculty in 1919 and taught gynecology and pediatrics
Who is Barbara Ross-Lee?
First female dean of a medical college (MD or DO) at Ohio University-COM from 1993-2001
Was also VP of NYIT-COM in 2001 and Dean of New York COM in 2002
First Osteopathic physician to win Robert Wood Johnson Health Policy Fellowship
In regard to women in osteopathy, what occurred in 1988?
The National Osteopathic Women Physicians Association (NOWPA) was established and so was the American Association of Osteopathic Women Physicians
What percentage of women were applicants to osteopathic colleges in the 1940’s?
5%
In what years were there more female than male grad use from osteopathic medical schools?
2007-8 and 2008-9
What percentage of total enrollment in osteopathic medical schools were minorities in 1998? How about in 2009-10?
25%
40%
Who was Marcelino Oliva?
He was a Cuban-born, KCU graduate. He was the president of the Florida Osteopathic Medical Association from 1971-1975, and was the first minority AOA president in 1988-1989
Who is William G. Anderson?
He was an associate dean at KCOM that was big with the Civil Rights Movement, and served as the AOA president in 1994-1995 and the AOA board of trustees for 20 years
