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OSI - Midterm Exam > History of Osteopathy > Flashcards

History of Osteopathy Flashcards

1
Q

Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

A

Father of antiseptic surgery reduced surgical mortality 45-15%

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2
Q

Ingaz Semmelweiss (1818-1865)

A

Decreased obstetrical clinical mortality 90% through handwashing of medical students who came from anatomy lab

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3
Q

John Snow 1813-1858

A

Used epidemiology to trace source of cholera outbreak in London

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4
Q

William Budd

1811-1880

A

Used epidemiology to prove cholera came from contaminated water source in Bristol

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5
Q

What theory did Germ Theory replace?

A

Miasma Theory

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6
Q

What did Thucydides say about how disease spread?

A

Disease spreads from person to person by “seeds”

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7
Q

What did Louis Pasteur do?

A

Discredited idea that disease is generated spontaneously

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8
Q

What did Rober Koch do?

A

Isolated Anthrax and prove it could cause disease

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9
Q

Nils Finsen

1860-1904

A

Used ultaviolet light in medicine

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10
Q

Wilhelm Rontgen

A

First to systematically study X-rays

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11
Q

When were X-Rays first used diagnostically?

A

1896

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12
Q

William Halstead

A

First to use sterile rubber gloves in surgery in 1890

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13
Q

When did local anesthetics become popular and what was a common one?

A

Late 1800’s

Cocaine

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14
Q

What was medicine considered to be before the late 1800’s

A

Heroic Medicine

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15
Q

What is heroic medicine

A

-Preserve life force

Stimulants if patien drowsy

Hypnotics if the patient agitated

Purgatives, cathartics and blood letting also used a bit

Purpose was to conquor disease – enough drugs could cast out demons

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16
Q

AT Still

1) When/where was he born?
2) Who were his parents and what did they do?
3) When did he move to missouri?

A

1) August 6, 1828 in Lee County, VA
2) Abraham - methodist rider and physician /// Martha - uneducated but could read
3) 1830s

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17
Q

What did At Still study from his father and how was he trained

A

medicine and ministry

via apprentiship with little formal training

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18
Q

What were some medical treatments durimng AT Still’s time?

A

alcohol, mercury, morphine, bleeding, purgatives, cocaine, calamel (mercury) – given to AT Still for his headaches

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19
Q

What happened when AT Still was 10 and in what year was this?

A

He made a rope swing to cure his headache

1839

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20
Q

What did AT Still do in 1849 and 1850?

A

1849 - Married Mary Margaret Vaughn

1850 - Took over a missiomn in Eudora, KS

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21
Q

What did AT Still do in 1855?

A

Studied anatomy using American Indian Cadavers after a cholera epidemic

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22
Q

What did AT Still do in 1857?

A

elected to Kansas Legislature, active in anti-slavery

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23
Q

What happened to AT Still in 1859?

A

Mary Margaret died during childbirth

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24
Q

What did AT Still do in 1860?

A

Married Mary Elvira Turner

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25
Q

What did AT Still do in 1861-1864?

A

Fought in Civil War (Union)

Highest Rank = Major

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26
Q

What battle did AT Still Fight in?

A

The battle of westport

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27
Q

What made AT Still rethink his ideas on medicine?

A

The loss of three of his children to meningitis in 1864 and another from pneumonia

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28
Q

When did AT fling the banner of osteopathy to the breeze?!?!?

A

10am on June 22, 1874

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29
Q

What three things did AT Still do in 1874 after his osteopathic epiphany?

A
  • Presented osteopathic ideas to Baker University
  • Excommunicated from Methodist Church for osteopathic ideas and run out of town
  • First (recorded) treatment of OMT in Macon, MO
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30
Q

When did Still coin the term osteopathy

A

1885

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31
Q

When did Still move to Kirksville and work as a travelling physician?

A

1875

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32
Q

When did the American School of Osteopathy open? How many students were there? How many professors?

A

1892

-17 men and 5 women (22 people)

  • 5 students were his children
  • 2 professors - AT Still and Dr. William Smith
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33
Q

How much did the two-year course cost at the american school?

A

$500

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34
Q

What was the enrollment of the american school in 1895 and 1896?

A

28 and 102, respectively

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35
Q

In what years were the following books published by AT Still?

1) Autobiography of AT Still
2) Philosophy of Osteopathy
3) Research and Practice

A

1) 1897
2) 1899
3) 1910

36
Q

What happened in 1917?

A

AT STILL DIES!!!!

Think 1917 = WWI = death = death of AT Still

37
Q

What is the central statement to the osteopathic philosophy?

A

Osteopathic Medicine is a philsophy, an art and a science

38
Q

How does the Osteopathic Physician help a patient achieve homeostasis and health?

A

By treating with OMT and medications AS NEEDED because they recognize a patient as a WHOLE and not just a disease

39
Q

In terms of illness, how did osteopathic and allopathic physican differ in terms of approach?

A

Osteopaths can work with both the host and the disease while allopaths only work on the disease

40
Q

How can an osteopathy achieve homeostasis in a patient?

A
41
Q

What is the first state to license DOs and in what year

A

Vermont, 1896

42
Q

When does Missouri license DOs

A

1897

43
Q

When is the American Association of Advancement of Osteopathy founded?

A

1897

44
Q

When is the AOA formed from the American Association for the Advancement of Osteopathy?

A

1901

45
Q

Why was Abraham Flexner important in the history of osteopathy?

A
  • Authored a long report in 1910 criticizing DO and MD schools, saying that teaching, clinical care and investigation were important but not adequately being used
  • Closed many medical schools as a result
  • 8 DO schools were left
  • As a result of his report, state licensing boards became stricter
46
Q

When did osteopathy become a 4-year curriculum

A

1915

47
Q

When was the Kansas City College of Osteopathy and Surgery established and by whom?

A

1916!!!

Dr. A.A. Kaiser and Dr. George Conley

48
Q

What did the AOA do in 1916?

A

revoked pharmacology teaching ban despite AT Still opposition

49
Q

What happened in 1917-1918 and how did it impact DOs?

A

The Spanish Flu

DO care had a death rate of 0.25% while MDs had a 10% mortality rate

DOs are better!!!! Won major street-cred with the public as a result

50
Q

When did the AMA declare Osteopathy a cult and when was this label removed?

A

1922

removed in 1955

51
Q

When was the kirksville college of osteopathy and surgery formed following the merging of the ASO and AT Still College of Osteopathy and surgery?

A

1926

52
Q

By what year did >70% of DO schools require advanced (undergraduate-4year) degrees?

A

1960

53
Q

When did the first approval and inspection of osteopathic hospitals for internships occur and how many hospitals were there?

A

1936

18 hospitals

54
Q

When was the first approval for osteopathic residencies?

A

1947

55
Q

When were DOs approved to participate in AMA approved (i.e MD) residencies?

A

1964

56
Q

What was the first state-funded, free standing DO school?

A

Oklahoma State University

57
Q

What was The California Incident?

A

In 1961 a California public referundum prohibited the granting of new licenses to DOs

DOs who agreed with the change were granted an MD degree

85% of DOs traded in their degree, but it was not recognized outside of CA

58
Q

What were the reuirements to have you DO changed to an MD in CA?

A

$65 and 12 weekend classes

59
Q

What was Proposition 22?

A

A propopsition in CA abolishing the osteopathic licensing board in 1962

60
Q

What did the AOA do in response to the California Incident?

A

Formed the Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons of California

Allowed those who wanted, to retain their DO degrees

Led to legal battle that led to DO’s being allowed to retain license

61
Q

What impact did the California Indicent have on the future of ostopathy in the US?

A

Catalyst for obtaining full practice rights in the 50 states

62
Q

What state was the last to grant DO’s licensure and in what year?

A

1973

63
Q

**When did KCCOS change to The University of Health Science College of Osteopathic Medicine?

A

1980

64
Q

When were DO’s allowed to be residents in Canada?

A

1986 at the University of Alberta and the University of Calgary

65
Q

How many DO schools are currently in the US

A

33

66
Q

Regarding DO’s in the Military, who supported the movement initially in 1917 and who opposed it? What did he threaten?

A

Teddy Roosevelt

William C. Gorgas – threatened to withdraw all MDs from military

67
Q

What did the effect of not allowing DO’s to serve during WWII have on Osteopathic medicine?

A

MDs off at war, DOs NOT allowed to practice in hospitals so Osteopathic Hospitals began forming like crazy

68
Q

When were DO’s allowed to serve in civil service and armed forces?

A

1957

69
Q

When and Who directed the armed service branches to acdept DOs as officer? WHo was the first comissioned DO?

A

1966

Robert McNamara

First officer = Harry J. Walter

70
Q

When was the Association of Military and Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons (AMOPS) formed?

A

1977

71
Q

Who was the first Flag Officer DO?

A

Rear Admiral Louis H. Eske, DO

72
Q

Who is Ronald R. Blank?

A

General Ronald R. Blank, DO was the Surgeon General of the Army from 1996-200

73
Q

What percentage of DOs make up the military medical corps?

A

10%

74
Q

Who was the first women to recieve a DO degree

A

Jeanette Bolles - Vice President of AAAO

75
Q

How many women were in the first graduating class of the american osteopathy school

A

5, including AT Still’s daughter Blanche

76
Q

When was the Osteopathic Women’s National Association formed?

A

1920’s

77
Q

Who was Louisa Burns?

A

Teacher from Indiana who’s spinal meningitis was treated successfuly by osteopathy

Led her to become a DO, where she published several books and worked in histology and potulated the connective tissue model for somatic dysfunction

78
Q

Who was Mamie Johnston?

A
  • First Graduate from KCCOS in 1917
  • When curriculum changed to four years, she went back to complete another year (graduate in 1918)
  • Became a member of KC faculty, teaching gynecology and pediatrics, retiring in 1981!
79
Q

Who is Barabara Ross-Lee?

A

First female Dean of a medical college (MD or DO) at the Ohio University

  • Also was Dean of New York College of Osteopathic Medicine
  • Sister is Diana Ross
80
Q

What percentage of osteopathic applicants were women in the 1940s?

A

5%

81
Q

When was the National Osteopathic QWomen Physicians Association established (NOWPA)?

A

1988

82
Q

What percentage of DO’s in active practice less than 10 years are women?

A

56%

83
Q

What percentage of enrollees to DO schools were minorities in. 1998 and 2009-2010?

A

1998 = 25%

2009-2010 = 40%

84
Q

Who is Marcelino Oliva?

A

A KCU graduate who was the first minority AOA president in 1988-1989

85
Q

Who is William G. Anderson?

A

African American DO who was big in the Civil Rights Movement with MLK

AOA president in 1994-1995 and on the AOA board of trustees form 20 years

86
Q

What did William G. Anderson, DO say about Osteopathic Medicine?

A

“Osteopathic Medicine is an idea whose time has come”

OSI - Midterm Exam (7 decks)

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