History of Oncology Flashcards
Who is the Father of Medicine?
1- Edwin Smith Papyrus
2- Aulus Cornelius Celsus
3 - Hippocrates
3- Hippocrates
What does the word Onkos or Oncos mean?
It is the Greek root word for Oncology
In ancient times, how did physicians describe tumors?
Burden, mass load, or Swelling
Which century the first autopsy was done and discovered how the blood and heart worked together for circulation.
16th Century (1628) by William Harvey
When did the Anesthesia come on the scene?
1 - 17th century
2- 18th century
3 - 19th century
18th century
Who develops the Mastectomy?
1- William Stewart Halsted
2- John Hunter
3- Giovanni Battista Morgagni
William Stewart Halsted
What does Oncology mean?
The study and treatment of tumors
When the Microscope was invented and by whom?
1590 - Edward Jenner, Zacharias Jessen, or Robert Koch.
The year of 1590 Zacharias Jessen.
Where does the cancer start in the body?
Cancer starts because of changes in the DNA (mutation), and then the abnormal cells grow out of control.
The spreading of cancer to other parts of the body is known as:
1-Primary cancer
2- Metastasis
3- Local invasion
4-Tumor movement
Metastasis
What is the percentage of cancers that are related to heredity?
1- 5-10%
2- 15-25%
3- 25-50%
4- 70-100%
5-10%
What is Apoptosis
a’-puhp-tow-suhs
(They are promagrammed normal cells life span and cell death.)
Normal cells have a programmed life span and cell death, so they do not grow out of control like cancer cells that keep growing and never die alone.
Why do the Cancer cells spray an enzyme on the neighboring good cells?
For Survival
What is Angiogenesis?
(an’-jee-ow-jeh-nuh-suhs)
Means new blood vessel development or formation. All cells require a blood supply of oxygen to grow, thrive, and remove carbon dioxide and other waste.
Where the DNA sits?
The DNA sits in the middle of each cell.
When does the body have a propensity to get cancer?
When the body in a low immune system
What are Epithelial Tissues?
They line organs form barriers & aid absorption, secretion & sensation.
What are the Categories of Cancer?
Solid and Liquid
Describe Solid Cancer.
Abnormal growths of cells that form a mass or tumor in solid organs or tissues.
Which is the most common solid cancer?
Carcinoma
Which solid cancer is sitting on the outermost layer of the skin?
Basel
Describe Liquid Cancer.
Cancers originating in the blood, bone marrow, or lymphatic system include Leukemia, Lymphoma, and myeloma.
Back in the beginning of the 1970’s, did the doctors think that cancer was contagious?
Yes
In the 21st century, is cancer contagious?
No
What can lower the Immune System?
Viruses, Bacteria, Hereditary genetic mutation, Sporadic Exposure, Tobacco, and Alcohol.
Which is the percentage of Alcohol consumption is responsible for all cancer cases in the US?
1- 1%
2- 10%
3- 6%
6%
Which chemical component is in Quats?
Formaldehyde
Where is store the intake food?
In the Fat Cells.
What is the optimal woman’s BMI?
It is between 24.9 - 29.9.
Sleep deprivation or longer sleep duration increases the risk factors for cancer. List the risk factors.
30% increase in breast cancer
Prostate, Colon, Ovarian, Thyroid, Skin, Gastrointestinal, Lung, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, Stroke, insulin resistance, weight gain, heart disease, and high blood pressure.
Why is the statistical data for melanoma skin cancer not accurate?
Because in some states, it is not required to report.
What US state has the lowest cancer rate?
Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming
What is the cancer survival rate?
It depends on the kind of cancer, but it’s about a 68% survival rate.
Which of the following treatments is used to diagnose the cancer?
1- Radiation
2- Chemotherapy
3-Surgery
Surgery/biopsy
When to do a Lumpectomy?
It is a surgery where the surgeon removes the lump in its entirety as well as the tissue surrounding it.
What is Mastectomy
SSurgery to remove the entire breast.
What type of surgery does the patient want to remove all the breast tissue, including the nipple, but doesn’t remove the lymph nodes or muscle tissue beneath the breast?
It is a Simple Mastectomy
What type of surgery if the patient is considering reconstructive surgery immediately afterward?
Skin-Sparing Mastectomy
What type of surgery What type of surgery is when a patient removes the same tissue as the simple mastectomy but also includes the removal of axillary lymph nodes?
Modified Radical Mastectomy
What type of surgery is when removes the entire breast, axillary lymph nodes as well as the pectoral muscles under the breast?
Radical Mastectomy
What is the most common way physicians get chemotherapy in the body?
The most common is through a port.
Can you massage the area where the port is placed? pg 34
You should not.
What can happen if a patient removes one or more lymph node?
It is a possibility to have lymphedema.
What does the Radiation Therapy (RT) treat?
It treats only the tumor
What does Chemotherapy treat?
Cancer has spread (Metastasized)
After receiving Radiation therapy (RT) for thyroid treatment, how long is a patient radioactive? page 42/43
6 days.
Radiation side effects? page 43
Salivary gland damage, fatigue, nausea, skin irritation, hair loss, urinary problems
List of the protocol for Radiation treatment?pg 43
Fitst, Clean and dry the skin.
Seconf, use Calendula daily (Morning & evening) to prep and protect the skin from UV Radiation. Do not use Calendula 4 hrs prior to radiation treatment
Last, SPF, it is a must.
How does the Chemotherapy is applied? pg 45
Drugs: orally, intravenously, injection, topically.
When can a chemotherapy patient make an appointment for a facial? pg 48
A day before the chemo or 14 days after the treatment.
What is the most common side effect of chemotherapy treatment?
Fatigue
Can an esthetician use light therapy while the patient is in chemotreatment?
No, the esthetician needs to wait six (6) months to evaluate
Which treatment should the esthetician do after six months after chemo? pg 50
1- Always start with a patch test.
2- use non-lightening with
3- Azelaic Acid
4- Licorice root extract
5-Vitamin C
6- Niacinamide
7- Willow Bark Extract
8- Pelvita Conalicuta
9- Hexapeptide 2
10-Belles Daisy
What is Biotherapy Immunotherapy? pg 20
It is the latest cancer treatment. It uses substances made from living organisms.
If a client has a port or PICC Line, where should an esthetician stop the facial treatment?
1- At the base of the neck
2- At the opposite side of the port or PICC line.
3-Go around the port or PICC
At the base of the neck.
What is Neutropenia?
1- Low Red Blood Cells
2- High White Blood Cells
3-Low White Blood Cells
Low White Blood Cells
What is one of the symptoms of Low Red Blood Cells?
1- Fatigue
2- Sweeting
3-High Fever
Fatigue
Can an esthetician perform a facial treatment if the client has Shingles?
No. Reschedule the facial treatment.
