History of Nursing Flashcards
- Intuitive: instinctive or untaught; largely based on common sense based on effects of past experience, not based on scientific training or formal education
- Women as custodian or nurse in nomadic tribes
- Illness: evil invasion; voodoo or black magic
Intuitive Nursing
- White magic (healing power)
- Hypnosis, charms, dances, incantations, purgatives, massage, fire, water, herbs, and other vegetations and even animals to drive away illness
Shaman (witch doctor/medicine man)
Hole drilled in the skull via rock or stone without anesthesia
Trephination
- Roots of Western civilization
- Birthplace of Judaism, Christianity, and Mohammedanism
Nursing in the Near East
- Metropolis of the near East
- King Hammurabi: ruler from 1945 B.C. to 1902 B.C.
Babylonia
- Practice of Medicine
- Fees
- Discouraged experimentation
- Specialty for diseases
- Right of patient to choose (charms, drugs, surgery) to cure diseases
- Excavated 1849
- No mention of Nursing
Code of Hammurabi
- Embalming
- Record of 250 diseases
- Still no mention of nursing
Egypt
❖ Belief in spirits and demons
❖ Prohibited dissection of human body
❖ Materia Medica (Pharmacology)
❖Prescribed methods of treating wounds, infections, and muscular afflictions
❖ No mention of nursing but presumed female as in-charge of nursing the
sick
China
❖ Men of medicine-built hospitals
❖ Practiced intuitive form of Asepsis
❖ Proficient in the practice of medicine and surgery
❖ The mention of nurses was in reference to the first lay brothers or the priest nurses, who, by virtue of their vocation, voluntarily took charge of taking care of the sick.
India
His writings (written 200 or 300 B.C.) is a list of functions and qualifications of the priest-nurses who were described as combination of pharmacists, masseurs, physical therapists and cooks.
SUSHURUTU/SUSRUTA
Contributed to the decline of medical practice when the religion itself fell in this era.
Buddhism
❖ Nursing was the task of untrained slave
❖ Women were considered inferior to men & were made to stay at the
background to do house chores and care for the sick.
Greece
Father of Medicine in Greek mythology
Aesculapius
- Could be traced in Greek mythology but developed into an official insignia (sign; symbol of identity of the medical profession today)
- Composed of the staff of travelers intertwined with 2 serpents (symbol of Aesculapius and his healing power); and wings of Hermes or Mercury located at the apex of the staff (symbol of speed; speed of healing).
Caduceus
- Born in Greece in 460 BC
- Given the title Father of Medicine due to his notable contributions
to medical practice (in reality, not in mythology). - Developed a philosophy of medicine and practice medical ethics
- Rejected the belief that the origin of disease could be found in the supernatural
- Did not entrust care of the sick to untrained lay persons but to medical students; so role of nurses wasn’t also mentioned
Hippocrates
❖ Illness was considered a sign of weakness
❖ Care of the sick was left to the slaves and Greek physicians, both being
considered inferior by the Roman society
❖ Some were however converted to Christianity and left their pleasure-seeking life; some of them took good care of the sick (i.e., Story of FABIOLA)
Rome
❖ Nursing care performed by people who were directed by more experienced nurses, the beginning of organized nursing
❖ On-the-job training performed without any formal education: attributed to the religious orders of the Christian church.
❖ Built hospitals were staffed by religious orders who dedicated their lives to the care of the patients
❖ Organized nursing was found in the military, secular and mendicant or begging orders
Apprentice Nursing
Were considered as “Holy Wars “during which the Christian soldiers fought to re-capture the Holy Land from the Moslems; military religious orders were founded in order to establish hospitals staffed with men who served as nurses for those who were wounded in the war.
The Crusades
Fought in the battlefield and after every fight would retire to nurse the wounded.
Knights of St. John of Jerusalem (Rhodes, Malta) & Teutonic Knights
Established their hospitals primarily for nursing of the lepers
Knight of Saint Lazarus
- Founded in 1348
- Established the Alexian Brothers Hospital School of Nursing in Chicago which was the largest school of nursing under religious auspices operated exclusively for men in the U.S.
- Closed in 1969
Alexian Brothers
Founded by queens, princesses, and other royal ladies some orders found before the Reformation.
a. Augustinians
b. PoorClares
c. Beguines
d. Benedictines
e. Ursulines
f. Tertiaries (lay people who were affiliates of the religious) of St. Francis and of St. Dominic
Religious Nursing Orders
• Where the Augustinian nurses nursed the patients
• Hospitals then were poorly ventilated, mattresses were
hard and cleaned only 3x a year, beds were shared by 2 or 3 patients, laundry was done by nurses, linens were sometimes washed in the nearby river
Hotel Dieu (Paris)
- St. Claire
2. St. Catherine of Sienna
Nursing Saints
Founder of the 2nd order of St. Francis of Assisi - took care of the sick particularly the lepers in the convent of San Damiano
St. Claire (1194 – 1253)
- The first to be called the “Lady with a Lamp”
- Nursed patients in the hospital of Santa Maria
de la Scala and in their homes. - In 1347, Bubonic plague struck Sienna. She took care of the victims.
St. Catherine of Sienna
• Organized the works of charity so as they could have directions
• Organized a group of women and then named them LA CHARITE
• Founder of “The Community of the Sisters of Charity” who were
dedicated to serving God in caring for the sick, the poor, the orphaned, and the widowed
Vincent De Paul
Co-foundress and the first superior
Louise De Gras (nee de Marillac)
- An era that gave rise to some violent conflicts
- Contributed to the rise of Protestantism; later, all Christians, Protestants
and Catholics alike and other Christian denominations served as volunteers for the care of the sick.
The Reformation
A movement that encouraged a virtuous Christian life but discouraged violent conflicts; upheld some of the changes initiated by Martin Luther
o Focused on peaceful means of change through prayers and witnessing to a life of sacrifice
o Virtuous men and women gave examples of a life of dedicated service to society, including service to the sick; prominent among these were St. Ignatius of Loyola, St. Francis of Assisi, St. Claire of Assisi, St. Catherine of Sienna, etc.
Counter-Reformation
- Head of the Reformation Movement; initiated some
significant changes in the church and society to counteract some abuses.
Martin Luther King Jr.
- Rise of progress in arts and culture but NOT in moral and religious values
- Society was filled with thieves due to social deprivations
- Care of the sick was entrusted to those who were proven guilty of a crime of theft.
- Care takers were not given humane facilities like food and quarters, so all the more they got buried into evil deeds like stealing the patients’ foods, accepting bribes, etc.
- All the above contributed to why the 17th and 19th centuries were considered to be the DARK AGE of society ( hence, concurrently, the dark period of Nursing)
Renaissance (rebirth)
Writer who depicted the inhuman situation of the care takers in 1 of his
novels entitled MARTIN CHUZZLEWIT, in which 2 characters SAIREY (Sarah) GAMP and BETZY PRAEG ( PRIG, PROG) portrayed the roles of such thieves who were given the task of taking care of the sick as a form of punishment.
Charles Dickens
- physical and mental illness
- Doctors became convinced of the need for training nurses
- Books were prepared, but those sent for training did not know how to read
- Protestant and Catholic groups established nursing orders
Effects of Social Reforms in Nursing
- Bethlehem hospital in London
- Tickets were sold to the public to show the insane (showed inhuman approach)
Bedlam
- At Kaiserswerth, Germany
- 1st organized training school for nurses
- Established by Pastors Theodore Fliedner and his wife Fredericke
Munster Fliedner in Germany in 1836 and started with only 6 students. - Noted for 2 firsts:
a. rotating a 3-year experience in cooking and housekeeping, laundry and linen and nursing care in the women’s and men’s wards
b. preliminary or probationary 3-month period of trial and error for both school and student - It was here that Florence Nightingale received some of her training and the inspiration for the establishment of her school in nursing
Deaconess School of Nursing
- First laywoman who worked as a nurse on the North American continent
- Founder of the Hotel Dieu of Montreal in October 1644
Jeanne Mance
American who founded the Sisters of Charity of Emmetsburg in Maryland in 1809.
Mrs. Elizabeth Seton
• The nurse society of Philadelphia organized a school of nursing under the direction of Dr. Joseph Warrington in 1839.
• Nurses were trained on the job and attended some courses with the medical students at the Philadelphia Dispensary
• Upon completion of the course, they were given a “Certificate of Approbation”
• Women’s Hospital in Philadelphia established a 6- month course in Nursing
( medical surgical nursing, materia medica, dietetics )
• Upon completion, they were given a diploma
American Refroms in Nursing
Not a nurse but appointed Superintendent of Female Volunteer nurses to take care of the wounded for US government
Dorothea Lynde Dix
- Louisa May Alcott - author
- Walt Whitman - poet
- Clara Barton - founder of the American Red Cross
- Mary Ann Bickerdyke - humanitarian
Among the volunteers who became popular later on were:
- Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy
- June 15, 1860: cornerstone of nursing in England was laid; 15 probationers entered St. Thomas Hospital in London to establish the Nightingale system of nursing which enabled young women from upper class English society to enter the profession of Nursing
Florence Nightingale
❖ Decent living room quarters for students
❖ paid nurse instructors (by both school and hospital) correlation of theory and practice
students should be taught of the “why not only the “how”
❖ Limitations: non acceptance of new scientific discoveries: ignoring
bacteriologic research and germ theory: felt that disease could be eliminated by cleanliness.
Nightingale System
The year when Florence died at the age of 90 years old.
1920
- Notes on Matters Affecting the Health and Efficiency of the British Army
- Notes on Nursing
- Notes on Hospitals
Writings of Florence Nightingale
- Believed to be the origin of the nurses’ pin
- Designed by Prince Albert ( husband of Queen Victoria of England )
- Awarded to Florence Nightingale as a medal or mark of esteem and gratitude for her devotion towards the Queen’s brave soldiers in Crimea.
- The design is St. George’s cross in red enamel surmounted by a diamond
crown - Bears the words “Crimea” and “Blessed are the Merciful”
Florence Nightingale’s Brooch
- First graduate nurse in the US dated September 1, 1873
- At 32, she completed a 1- yr course in Nursing at the New England Hospital for Women and Children at Boston , Massachusetts ( 1872-
1873)
Linda Richards
- Bellevue Training School for Nurses (NY)
- Connecticut Training School (New Haven)
- Massachusetts General Hospital ( Boston)
Early School Training (1873)
- 1st thought of by the 1st batch of Bellevue students though already existing
at St. Thomas School of Florence Nightingale - Patterned after a dress worn by Euphemia Van Rensselaer, a New York socialite who was a member of the 1st batch or class.
- Blue and white striped seersucker, leg-o-mutton sleeves, trailing skirts and white apron , collar, cuff’s and cap
History of nurses’ uniform and its significance
Symbolized the saying that “what people wear on their heads can set them apart” dating back to early times when a woman’s humility and obedience were denoted by the veil she wore on her head; it has a sacred connotation of commitment, purity, dignity, and other virtues.
Nursing Cap
- Isabel Hampton Robb – 1st principal
- Caroline Hampton- appointed OR supervisor, had dermatitis
- Dr. William Halstead – ordered some rubber gloves from the Good year Rubber Company to solve the problem; believed to be the beginning of operating room gloves seen nowadays.
John Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing (1889)
- 1893 – groundwork for the establishment of 2 nursing organizations laid at the Chicago’s World Fair
- Associated Alumnae became American Nurses’ Association ( 1911)
- The American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses became the National League for Nursing Education ( 1912)
- Isabel H. Robb: also helped organize and develop both groups
Awakening of Nursing
Served as a nurse for
patients with malaria and yellow fever
Clara Louise Maas (East Orange New Jersey)
Development of other nursing services aside from hospital service, private duty, public health, school, government, material, etc.
1900 – 1912
College and postgraduate nursing education program
Age of Specialization
Standard curriculum and textbooks
Set Standards (1913 – 1937)
Nurses were assisted by the National Red Cross under the management of Jane Delano (founded in 1917)
World War I
- October 29, 1929 (Black Friday)
- Financial Crisis: increased number of unemployed nurses
- Military nurses
The Great Depression
- UN, WHO
- Scientific & Technical 3. Research Atomic Energy
Computers - Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agents
- Space Medicine
Contemporary Nursing
