History Of NPS Flashcards
Park Origination
Old French and Middle English term parc which means “enclosed piece of ground stocked with beasts of the chase held by prescription or by the king’s grant
Hudson River School Artist
Thomas Cole and others focused on East ;realistic portrayals of landscapes “ looked directly to nature for guidance and inspiration”
Rocky Mountain School of Landscape Art
Albert Beirdstadt and Thomas Moran ; focused on the grandeur of the west; scenic impact instead of realism
A Cultural Wasteland
Scenic nationalism
Jefferson’s emphasis that scenic should be dramatic
Most never experienced the west
1st State Park in US
Yosemite Valley
Ownership later towards federal gov of California
1st example of monumentalism
Worthless Lands (National Parks)
Parks should exclude commercial resources at the outset or if significant resources are found the park boundaries should be redrawn
1st National Park 1872
Yellowstone
Expedition by Cook, Folsom, and Peterson
1869
1870
Expedition by Washburn, Langford, and Doane
Hayden survey with scientist commissioned by congress
Both led to greater public interest in the west and Yellowstone
1890s
Census report of 1890 “close of frontiers”
Increasing populations pressure an open space
Led to resurgence of national park idea since Yellowstone
Beginning of NPS
Worthless Lands
Only lands set aside by Congress without economic value
Hayden Survey
Indicated areas not suitable for cultivation, livestock, or mining
Gifford Pinchot
1st chief of the forest service in established in 1905 and believed in utilizing and using resources for common good
Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir
Key to Preservation movement to protect lands against human uses or abuses
National Park Service Created
1916
Steve Mather 1st National Park Service Director
Wrote to Secretary of Interior Franklin Lane about deteriorating conditions of National Parks
Organic Act of 1916 NPS / Dual Mandate
Promote and regulate the use of Federal Areas known as national park, monuments, and reservation and conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and wildlife Theron
Mid 1890s
Public lands crucial as Wildlife Habitat
John F lacy
Pending extinction of bison should be considered monumental and catastrophic
Led to Act to Protect the Birds and Animals in Yellowstone
Antiquities Act
Presidents ability to establish national monuments and bypass congress to protect objects of historic or scientific interest
1906 First National Monument
Devils Tower in Wyoming
National Monuments
Devils Tower, Petrified Forest, Montezuma Castle
Civilian Conservation Corps
During Great Depression 1929-1939
Directed by NPS to develop new roads campsites, tails, and other park facilities to meet rec long term needs
Mission 66
1956 NPS began a 10 year program to expand and upgrade visitor facilities in national park units
Railroads to access western parks
Steve Mather allied with railroads from the eastern
1978
Largest Expansion of NPS
(Jimmy Carter)
Everglades National Park 1934
1st park established because of ecological conservation
Park Museums and interpretive programs appeared
1920s
Study of Nature
Parks viewed as field labs
1st national park east of the Mississippi
Acadia National Park
Great Smokey Park
1934
Shenandoah National Park (1935)
System for state parks
1920s
1st National seashore 1937
Cape Hatteras
National Park System 85 mil acres
419 sites
19 different designations
Historical Parks, national monument, national parks, battlefield, preserves, recreation areas, seashores, parkways, lakeshores, reserves
National Park
Large land or water areas that contain a variety of resources and help provide adequate protection of resources
National Monument
Created by antiquities act 1906
Usually smaller than national park and lacks diversity of attractions
Intended to preserve one nationally significant resource
National preserves
Established for protection of resources
Activities like hunting fishing or extraction of minerals and fuels may be permitted if they do not jeopardize the natural values
National lakeshores and seashores
Focuses on preservation of natural values at the same time providing water-oriented recreation
National Rivers &Wild Scenic Rivers
Preserve free flowing streams and their intermediate environment with at least one outstanding remarkable natural, cultural, or recreational value.
Must flow natural without any major altercation like dams
Protect and enhance rivers while also providing rec opportunities
National Parkways
Roadway and parkland paralleling the roadway intended for scenic driving along a protected corridor and connect cultural sites
National Recreation Areas
Provide outdoor recreation for large # of people
Often large reservoirs or near urban areas
National Historic Sites
Contains a single historic feature
Historic parks that extend beyond single properties/sites
National Memorial
Commemorates a historic person or episode
At least 247 species
NPS
75000 archeological sites
27000 historic structures
167 million museum items
18000 miles of trails
Budget
2018 Fiscal year 3.2 billion
Contributes 35.8 billion to the US economy
116 NPS sites charge entrance fees
Money enhances services
The NPS maintains
879 visitor centers
Employees
Mores than 22000
339000 volunteer
Concession
500 or more
And employee 25000
1.3 billion annually and pay government 80 million
