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2.1 Molecular Biology Principles > History of Molecular Biology > Flashcards

History of Molecular Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What was believed before the experiments that proved DNA was the genetic material?

A

> Genes associated with specific characteristics & were found on chromosomes
Chromosomes contained with DNA & protein
Composition of DNA believed to be too simple to carry genetic material - proteins a better choice

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2
Q

Who discovered DNA?

A

Friedrich Miescher

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3
Q

Who discovered the 4 nitrogenous bases?

A

Phoebus Levene

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4
Q

Who discovered DNA carries genetic information?

A

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty

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5
Q

What did James Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalind Franklin discover?

A

Double helix of DNA - B-form DNA

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6
Q

Explain Fredrick Griffith’s experiment?

A

Bacteria are capable of transferring genetic material via transformation - used Type R and S Streptococcus pneumoniae
Mouse 1: Inject with type R - no effect nor type S recovered from mouse
Mouse 2: Inject with type S - mouse died and Type S recovered
Mouse 3: Inject with heat-killed Type S (heat removes capsule) - no effect nor type S recovered from mouse
Mouse 4: Inject with type R and heat-killed type S - mouse died Type R and Type S recovered meaning transfer of genetic material occurred

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7
Q

Explain the types of S. pneumoniae used by Griffith?

A

Type R - non-virulent (lack capsule & form rough colonies)
Type S - virulent (capsule & form smooth colonies)

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8
Q

Explain the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment?

A

Demonstrated DNA was the active principle behind bacterial transformation - heat-killed S Type S. pneumoniae treated in separate tubes with RNase, protease, DNase, lipase, and carbo-ase - added to R Type - DNase had no S Type extracted as degradation of DNA prevented bacterial transformation

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9
Q

Who backed up the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment?

A

Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase

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10
Q

Explain the Hershey-Chase experiment?

A

Confirmed DNA as genetic material - bacteriophage T2 - radioactive sulphur labelled protein capsule & radioactive phosphorous labelled DNA - radioactive left in supernatant and radioactive phosphorous found in cells & in new generation - active component is DNA in bacterial transformation

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11
Q

Who found out that complementary bases are always bonded to each other?

A

Erwin Chargraff

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2.1 Molecular Biology Principles (4 decks)

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