History of Microbiology #1

Question 1

Martinus Beijerinck:

Answer 1

Isolated microorganisms by altering culture conditions and nutrient levels. Altered incubation and culture conditions.

Question 2

Alexander Fleming:

Answer 2

Discovered penicillin from fungal contaminant

1929

Question 3

Christian Gram:

Answer 3

Gram Stain

Question 4

Robert Koch:

Answer 4

1800-1876
discovered anthrax
agar solid up to 85 C
Development in the fields immunology, and medical microbiology.
4 postulates, linking a specific disease to a specific organism
Came up with the Tuberculin Test, identified Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Used agar as a solidifying test

Question 5

Joseph Lister:

Answer 5

STERILIZED EQUIPMENT! Thought microbes caused disease. Sterilized equipment and washed hands.
1856.

Question 6

Edward Jenner:

Answer 6

1798

made the small pox vaccine by using the cowpox virus

Question 7

Louis Pasteur

Answer 7

Swan flask experiment
Pasteurization
Created 1st vaccine for rabies and anthrax

Question 8

Ignaz Semmelweis

Answer 8

Initiated hand washing as a response to puerperal fever

Committed to asylum. Died.

Question 9

John Snow

Answer 9

1854
Father of epidemiology
Cholera in London.

Question 10

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 10

First to observe mircorganisms called them wee animicules.

1650-1700

Question 11

Sergie Winogradsky

Answer 11

Discovered chemolithotrophy.

Discovered bacteria who cycle nitrogen and sulfur

Question 12

Describe the controversy surrounding “spontaneous generation.” When and how was it disproved for microorganisms? What was the alternative hypothesis (which later became a theory)?

Answer 12

People believed that miasma where causing infections. Pasteur took a flask, and bent the glass to make a swan necked glass, showing that germ theory was correct instead.

Question 13

Describe Koch’s postulates. Explain the importance of pure culture techniques in microbiology. Identify two inventions by Koch’s lab that allowed the development of pure culture techniques.

Answer 13

1, microorganism must be found in animals suffering from the disease, not in other animals
2, must be isolated grown by itself
3, introduction of organism to new animal should cause disease
4, must be re-isolated from the from the inoculated host, identified as causative.

seaweed agar
petri dish

Question 14

Name the disease and disease-causing organism that killed more than a quarter of the population of Europe between 1346—1350.

Answer 14

Yersinia pestis

Question 15

Describe two examples of biological warfare used prior to the 1800’s.

Answer 15

Europeans gave smallpox blankets

Catapulting of plague victims over castle walls (mongals)

Question 16

Describe three early attempts at immunization.

Answer 16

Cow pox vaccine
Breathing in small pox scabs
Rabies vaccine from louis Pasteur

Question 17

Describe at least five behaviors or practices that have contributed to increased antibiotic resistance in microbes.

Answer 17

Overuse
Counterfeit drugs
Antibiotics in livestock production
Not taking full dose
Antimicrobial soaps
Over the counter antibiotics

Question 18

Explain why the field of microbiology has seen resurgence in interest during the past two decades.

Answer 18

Emerging disease
Bioterrorism
Gut microbiology
Antibiotic resistance