history of mental health nursing

Question 1

mental health during antiquity (up to 5th century)

Answer 1

“madness” associated with spirituality - daemons, punishment, divine interventionsm

Question 2

mental health during the middle ages (6-16th century)

Answer 2

catholic: “mad persons” associated with illness - hospitalized with care and compassionate treatments

europe: “mad persons” associated with illness of the spirit - treated with violence, exorcisms, and burning

Question 3

14th-17th century development

Answer 3

“reason” as a human faculty –> opposes European views

Question 4

why did reason oppose european views?

Answer 4

supposes reason gives the capacity to doubt reality –> proves human qualities

(can’t have human qualities if infected with a spiritual illness –> justifies their segregation)

Question 5

how does reason determine madness?

Answer 5

the inability to question reality/ doubt = madness (no reason)

the ability to question reality/ doubt = saneness (reason)

Question 6

When did the “Great Confinement” development occur?

Answer 6

17th century

Question 7

developments of the 17th century (2)

Answer 7

(1) the “Great Confinement” of the mentally ill
(2) emergency of the “clinical perspective”

Question 8

what was the “Great Confinement”

Answer 8

the mentally ill, poor, and homeless were institutionalized to preserve social order and morality

(madness was thought to be primitive, possessing animalistic behaviors and thus individuals showing madness were locked away and treated as animals)

–> animalistic behavior = animals = not human (according to reason)

Question 9

what happened with the development of the “Clinical Perspective”?

Answer 9

physiological causes for madness replaced animalistic causes

–> the mentally-ill were separated from the poor and homeless (were considered socially inadequate, not ill)
–> institutionalization used for people requiring treatment, not to hide undesirable people from society

Question 10

developments of the 18th/19th century

Answer 10

“free people from chains” concept

Question 11

“free people from chains” concept

Answer 11

identified asylums as best institutions to observe, protect, care for and cure mad people rather than unjustly detaining them

(provide care not segregation)

Question 12

degenerescence –> remove the feeble movement

Answer 12

the idea that certain clinical manifestations or illness is derived from the parent or is the result of the moral behaviors of the individual

–> implies immoral behavior is the precursor to mental illness
–> proposes sterilization as a method to avoid predisposition to mental illness

Question 13

developments of the 20th century

Answer 13

(1) remove the feeble movement)
(2) first neuroleptics (lithium chlorpromazine, imipramine)
(3) DSM creation
(4) deinstitutionalization

Question 14

Deinstutionalization

Answer 14

move against abuse in asylums –> reintegration of individuals into society

(done without access to services vital to success in society = increase in homelessness, crime, prison)

Question 15

“asylum as the new prison” concept

Answer 15

individuals who were not conforming with society were sent to asylums for being “mad”
a) white adult women not complying with their husbands commands
b) black adult men associated with the drug movement (protesting for rights considered mad behavior = protest psychosis)

Question 16

developments of the 21st century (3)

Answer 16

(1) evidenced based treatments
(2) pharmacotherapy
(3) psychotherapy