history of medicine

Question 1

Papyrus

Answer 1

written in 1600 BC by Egyptian surgeon, guidebook for protocols for dealing with certain types of traumatic injury; inspecting wounds, splinting broken bones, feeling for pulses, applying honey to open wounds; has a word for brain and connection between traumatic brain injury and shuffling gait problems

Question 2

Hippocrates

Answer 2

Greek physician, separated medicine from religion, wanted to focus on reason; came up with Hippocratic oath- ethical principles to guide physicians

Question 3

Galen

Answer 3

Greek physician; supporter of opium for pain, established blood letting

Question 4

Maimonides

Answer 4

Jewish doctor who translated Hippocrates and Galen, assembled huge glossary of drug names; wrote book on importance of preventative medicine and clean living; lived during period where large hospitals and medical schools were built by Muslim leaders; Oath of Maimonides- don’t let thirst for reputation/glory get in the way of being a good doctor

Question 5

Declaration of Geneva

Answer 5

Physician’s Oath adopted by World Medical Association

Question 6

Influential period for patient assessment

Answer 6

late 1700s to early 1900s

Question 7

Percussion technique

Answer 7

Leopold Auenbrugger worked in hotel restaurant, had to estimate amount of wine in storage casks, tapped on their sides

Question 8

Giovanni Morgagni

Answer 8

dissected bodies of his patients who had died with disease symptoms, realized many diseases were localized and not from general imbalances throughout entire body; Wrote “On the Seats and Causes of Disease”, founder of pathology

Question 9

Stethoscope

Answer 9

Rene Laennec saw children playing with hollow wood tube, published a book on auscultation

Question 10

Pectoriloquy

Answer 10

when a whisper can be heard well from the back when physician is listening to lungs, sign of lung disease- usually wouldn’t be able to hear it

Question 11

Thomas Hodgkin

Answer 11

recognition of acute appendicitis and discovery of Hodgkin’s lymphoma; wrote a book on preventative medicine

Question 12

Wilhelm Rontgen

Answer 12

discovery of X rays for diagnostic testing

Question 13

Willem Einthoven

Answer 13

invented the electrocardiogram; assigned letter to the various deflections that are still used

Question 14

Discovery of penicillin

Answer 14

by Alexander Flemming when noticed that staph bacteria on culture plates died if near a deposit of fungus, penicillium

Question 15

First use of ether anesthesia

Answer 15

Crawford Long, made amputations far less painful

Question 16

Why was patient less likely to become infected during surgery after late 1800s?

Answer 16

Joseph Lister promoted act of sterile surgery using phenol to sterilize surgical instruments

Question 17

Jay McLean

Answer 17

was in a lab looking at the clotting cascade; discovered heparin which is an anticoagulant, made it possible to do complex vascular surgeries without clots forming

Question 18

War discoveries

Answer 18

saline and blood transfusions, ostomies for intestinal wounds, repair of arterial wounds, air ambulance service, flow cytometry

Question 19

Cancer chemotherapy

Answer 19

in WWII, US shift containing mustard gas was destroyed, people died from bone marrow getting wiped out; lead to development of cyclophosphamide

Question 20

Evidence based medicine

Answer 20

didn’t come about until mid 1900s, before doctors were prescribing things that may have caused more harm than benefit