history of medicine Flashcards
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People believed that disease & illness were caused by supernatural spirits & demons
Ancient Times
Treatment involved eliminating evil spirits
Ancient Times
Exploring the body was limited because most religions did not allow the dissection of the human body; animals were used to explore the body
Ancient Times
Religion played a crucial role in the health care,
Disease & illness were punishments from god
Ancient Times
First people to keep accurate health records
Ancient Egyptians
Physicians were priests who studied medicine & surgery in temple medical schools
Ancient Egyptians
Many people could not read so knowledge was limited to few
also
Used magic & medicinal plants to treat disease
Ancient Egyptians
-Religious prohibitions against dissection resulted in inadequate knowledge of body structure
-Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit & nourishing the body
Ancient Chinese
Began the research for medical reasons for illness
Ancient Chinese
Monitored pulse to determine the condition of the body
Ancient Chinese
Recorded a pharmacopoeia (an official drug directory) of medications based mainly on the use of herbs
Ancient Chinese
Began modern medical science by observing the human body & effects of disease (Hippocrates)
Ancient Greeks
Believed illness is a result of natural causes
Ancient Greeks
Stressed diet & cleanliness as ways to prevent disease
Ancient Greeks
Greek physician known as the “Father of Medicine”
Hippocrates
Believed that illness & disease had rational & physical explanations, which led medicine in a more accurate direction
Hippocrates
First to accurately describe symptoms of pneumonia and epilepsy in children
Hippocrates
Encouraged the use of a good diet, fresh air, cleanliness, & exercise to help the body heal itself
Hippocrates
Founded a medical school in Cos, Greece
Hippocrates
First to organize medical care for injured soldiers
Ancient Romans
Public health & sanitations systems began
-Created aqueducts to carry clean water to the cities
-Built sewers to carry waste materials away from the city
-Drained marshes to reduce incidences of malaria
Ancient Romans
Early hospitals developed when physicians cared for ill people in rooms of their own homes
Ancient Romans
Fall of the Roman Empire stopped the study of medicine
The Dark Ages
Monks & priests stressed prayer to treat illness & disease
The Dark Ages
Fall of the Roman Empire stopped the study of medicine
The Dark Ages
Epidemics broke out (smallpox, dysentery, typhus, & the plague)
The Dark Ages
Bubonic plague
Black Death”
Bubonic plague- “Black Death”
Middle Ages
Arabs began to require that physicians pass examinations to obtain licenses
Middle Ages
Physicians began to obtain knowledge at medical universities in the 9th century
Middle Ages
Major diseases- smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, malaria
Middle Ages
“Rebirth of the science of medicine”
The Renaissance
New discoveries were made due to the dissection of the human body being accepted & allowed
The Renaissance
Artists like Michelangelo & Leonardo da Vinci were able to accurately draw the human body
The Renaissance
Development of the printing press led to the publication of medical books that were used by students at medical universities
-Knowledge spread more rapidly & physicians became more educated
The Renaissance
Start of drug stores/ pharmacies (apothecaries)
The 16th & 17th Centuries
First successful blood transfusion was performed on animals in England
The 16th & 17th Centuries
described the circulation of blood
William Harvey
described the tympanic membrane in the ear and the fallopian tubes in the female reproductive system
Gabriel Fallopius
identified the tube between the ear & the throat
Bartolomeo Eustachio
built a microscope that increased magnification
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
First thermometer was created by
Gabriel Fahrenheit
stablished scientific surgical procedures & introduced tube feedings
John Hunter
created the bifocals for eyeglasses
Benjamin Franklin
performed the first successful Cesarean section in 1794
Dr. Jesse Bennett
developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796
Edward Jenner
Also known as the “Industrial Revolution”
The 19th Century
Infection control was a major development
The 19th Century
Physicians began to associate microorganisms with disease
-Women became active participants in health care
The 19th Century
invented the stethoscope in 1816
Rene Laennec
started one of the first training programs for nurses in Germany (provided training for Florence Nightingale)
Theodor Fliedner
Founder of modern nursing!!
Florence Nightingale
Fought for the reform of military hospitals & for improved medical care
Florence Nightingale
Used statistics to prove that the number of deaths deceased with improved sanitary conditions
Florence Nightingale
Founded the Nightingale Training School for Nurses
Florence Nightingale
Founder of the American Red Cross
Clara Barton
Campaigned for the Treaty of Geneva until it was ratified in 1881
Clara Barton
Volunteered to provide aid to wounded soldiers during the American Civil War
Clara Barton
X-ray was used to view the human body
The 20th Century
Vaccines, insulin, and antibiotics were developed
The 20th Century
Causes of many diseases were identified
The 20th Century
Health care plans were developed to help with the costs and standards were created to make sure all people have access to quality health care
The 20th Century
Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by
Sir Alexander Fleming
described the structure of DNA and how it carries genetic information in 1950
Francis Crick & James Watson
Famous for his landmark surgeries to separate conjoined twins
Benjamin Carson
Completion of the Human Genome Project by the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
The 21st Century
Robotic surgery
The 21st Century
3-D printing of surgical implants & joints (decreases cost & increases availability)
The 21st Century
Nanotechnology
The 21st Century
Implanted insulin pumps
The 21st Century
