History of Medicine Flashcards
What were the three distinct eras demarcated by its own paradigm?
- The era of sanitary statistics with its paradigm miasma. (malaria)
- The era of infectious disease epidemiology with its paradigm the germ theory.
- The era of chronic disease epidemiology with its paradigm the black box.
What was at the centre of the concerns of the founder and early protagonists of the prevailing paradigm in each era?
public health
What is meant by herbalism?
Observation of the behaviour of fauna of plants as healing agents, as well as clays and soils
Discuss Egyptian medicine
- Egyptian medicine dealt with the Supernatural it eventually developed a practical use in Anatomy, public health and clinical diagnostics.
- they had powerful religious beliefs with many gods, provided the explanation for afflictions such as illness for which there was no obvious cause. they were the first to keep accurate written health records.
- patients were examined and simple surgery was perfomed.
- they believed in life after death and so preserved the bodies of important people by Mummification for the afterlife.
Edwin Smith Papyrus
An ancient Egyptian medical text, named after the dealer who bought it in 1862. Oldest known surgical treatise on trauma.
List 4 practices that were practiced in Egyptian medicine
Surgeons in ancient Egypt were both priests and doctors blending ritual with medicine.
- Blood letting
- Monthly purging
- Making prosthetic devices
- Embalming
What is meant by Atharvaveda?
It is a sacred text of Hinduism, dating from early Iron age, and is one of the first Indian texts dealing with medicine.
What did the Atharvaveda contain? It formed a large part of what?
- It contained prescriptions of herbs for various ailments.
- later formed large part of Ayurveda: “ complete knowledge for long life” is another medical system of India.
Where did they say this? “Health and disease are not predetermined and life may be prolonged by human effort”
In Indian medicine.
An ancient Indian medicine what surgical procedures do they practice?
They practiced surgical procedures like: hernia repairs amputations c-sections cosmetic surgery to nose, earlobe hare lips
What did the Ayurvedic medicine practicing people believe?
They believed that the body has three main forces called doshas
and that health, character and appearance are influenced by the dominant doshas.
What was the goal of Ayurvedic medicine? And how did they know what caused the imbalance?
Goal was to get the doshas into a balance.
The pulse and physical appearance would provide clues as to what is causing the imbalance. #ayurvedic = concerned with preventing illness
In traditional Chinese medicine what three things did they believe affect health?
Weather, spirits and the time of day
What is qi (chi)
Qi is a cosmic energy force that connect everything in the universe and allows the surroundings to influence a person’s health.
The qi must flow freely through the body to promote harmony. the chi is divided into ying and yang
In traditional Chinese medicine what causes illness? and what causes that?
In traditional China they believe that illness is a symptom of an imbalance of ying and yang.
The imbalance of the ying and yang is caused by the chi being blocked or weak or imbalanced.
What does the ying and yang influence?
Ying and yang influence appearance, pulse, sounds and smells of your body
Who said this, sometimes give your services for nothing for where there is love of Man there is also love of medicine.
Hippocrates
What is acupuncture?
Acupuncture is stimulating energy points with needles or pressure relieved obstructions enabling body to heal.
What herbs were used to treat diseases in traditional Chinese medicine?
prepared as a tea
Ginseng to reduce stress
liquorice to treat muscle spasms
ginger to treat diarrhoea
What two groups of people introduced Western medicine?
Western medicine was introduced into China first by
- Jesuits and then by
- Christian medical Missionaries from the London missionary society
What are the two great names in the history of Greek medicine.
- Hippocrates - he dominated the beginning of a period of remarkable scientific creativity which lasted more than 700 years
- Galen - near the end of the period both furthered the scientific knowledge and crystallized it in an amazing volume of written Works.
Who was known as the father of modern medicine?
Hippocrates
What was hippocrates the first to attempt?
Hippocrates was the first to attempt to separate the practice of medicine from religion and superstition.
Hippocrates developed his pledge of proper conduct for doctors. recite it.
I will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgement but never with the view to injury and wrongdoing into whatsoever house as I enter I will enter to help the sick
Hippocrates ‘on airs, waters, and places’
what did he emphasized the familiarity of on top of the patient’s symptoms?
Emphasized familiarity not only with the patient’s symptoms but also with the season of the year and the patient’s living conditions diet fluid intake exercise habits
Quote hippocrates on airs waters and places
If one knows all these things well or at least the greater part of them he cannot miss knowing when he comes into a strange City I that the disease is peculiar to the place or the particular nature of common diseases so that he will not be in doubt as to the treatment of the diseases or commit mistakes as is likely to be the case provided one had not previously considered these matters. And in particular as the season and the Year advances he can tell what epidemic diseases will attack the city other in summer or in winter and what each individual will be in danger of experiencing from the change of regimen
The Hippocratic Oath. What led Hippocrates to create this oath?
Hippo taught against improper conduct he told his students to treat everyone the same. Sometimes give you a services for nothing for where there is love of Man there is also love of medicine
Hippocratic oath
I will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgement but never with the view to injury and wrongdoing and whatsoever houses I enter, I will enter to help the sick
Who was Galen?
Galen was a great second century physician and anatomist who spent his early medical career as a surgeon to the Gladiators. He dissected countless animals in his prolific medical research but no bodies. Described wounds as Windows to the body. He said that doctors must learn to despise money. Galen was a proponent of the miasma theory of infection.
How did Galen tackle his anatomy?
He was the first who made attempts to master Anatomy he studied the Anatomy of animals and applied it to humans he studied animals and not human bodies in terms of dissecting.
How did Galen come up with the idea of the four humours or the fluids? The balance of these humours determined what?
He derived his idea of the four humours from the four elements: the earth, air, fire and water.
Four humours are the black bile, yellow bile, blood and phlegm.
The balance of these humours in the body determined physical states of health.
Who was the last important pillar in the Millennium of Greek domination of the medical world?
Galen
Galen quote about disease.
He believed that disease resulted from an imbalance of the vital fluids, or humors of the body.
He said, “ the body has in itself blood phlegm yellow bile and black bile we enjoy the most perfect health when these elements are in the right proportion”
Why was Arab medicine called Arab medicine?
Arab medicine was called Arab medicine because of the language in which it was written
What did the Arab medicine contribute to the field of medicine?
It contributed significantly to the field of medicine in terms of:
- Pharmacy
- physiology and
- surgery
Who was the prince of Physicians?
Avicenna, was noted for his Canon of medicine
Who was the first physician to question humorism?
It was a Persian physician called Muhammad ibn zakariya razi
In which medicine were there always two patients on a bed?
European medicine
Who was the father of modern toxicology?
Philippus aureolus theophrastus bombastus von hohenheim
What did Phillipus aureolus say about substances being poisons?
He said, “All substances are poisons there is none which is not a poison, the right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy”
Who was the first to master human anatomy? Whose teachings did he not accept without experimenting on his own? and how many mistakes did he find in the ancient books?
- Andreas versalius
- Versalius did not accept the Teachings of Galen without experimenting on his own.
- He found over 200 mistakes.
How did versalius learn anatomy and when did he publish the Fabric of the human body?
He learned human anatomy by looking at humans and not just animals
Fabric of the human body was a book of detailed drawings of his findings so that others could also learn anatomy. Publish that book in 1543
Who was Paracelsus and whose books did he publicly burn?
He was an enigmatic character, flamboyant, quarrelsome and reforming.
He publicly burned the books of Avicenna and Galen.
Who pioneered the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine and said illnesses of the body had chemical remedies that could cure them
Paracelsus
Discuss Traditional African medicine
Traditional African medicine varied throughout the continent, several similar features
community-based, holistic approach to medicine
physical and spiritual aspects are equally important and some illnesses are related specifically to one or the other.
…..
Healers might ask why the patient is ill, diviner with special powers might be asked to find the source of disease
treatments depend on the source of the problem massaging herbalist remedies are Common
Which medicine believed that communal songs and dance could be remedies to illness?
Traditional African medicine
