History of infection

Question 1

what are Kochs postulates?

Answer 1

microorganism to be found in abundance (not found in healthy individuals)
must be isolated and grown in culture
cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced to healthy individual
must be reisolated from inoculated experimental host and be identical to original causative agent

Question 2

what did hippocrates discover

Answer 2

had breakthrough idea that disease was associated with our physical environment: air water places

Question 3

what did Ant con Leeuwenhoek discover

Answer 3

described first microorganisms in water and dental plaque naming the single called bacteria and protists disease ’animalcules’

Question 4

what did Edward Jenner discover

Answer 4

pioneered clinical trials for vaccination

! cow pox to treat small pox !

Question 5

what did Ignas Semmelweis pioneer

Answer 5

hand washing to prevent septic spread in mothers following childbirth

Question 6

who was the father of epidemiology

Answer 6

John Snow

Question 7

what did john snow do

Answer 7

mapping of cholera in east london tracking source to a single contaminated hand pump- establishment of sewage system

Question 8

what did Louis Pasteur do

Answer 8

disproved spontaneous generation (things that grew came from outside)- Swan neck experiment
developed weakened anthrax vaccine
suggested three methods to eliminate a microbe: filtration exposure to heat and chemical solutions

Question 9

who is regard as the father of germ theory and bacteriology

Answer 9

Louis Pasteur together with Robert Koch

Question 10

who was Joseph Lister

Answer 10

a surgeon who pioneered antiseptic surgery, used carbolic acid to sterilise instruments. confirmed Pasteurs conclusions

Question 11

what did Robert Koch do

Answer 11

produced postulates to diagnose - you should be able to isolate organism, propagate in pure culture in vitro, reproduce disease by exposure to suitable host, then isolate it from new organism (micobacteria can only be grown in armadillos)

Question 12

what two scientists got the nobel prize physiology/medicine in 2005 for stomach ulcer discoveries

Answer 12

Robbin Warren and Barry Marshall

Question 13

what did Robbert Warren and Barry Marshall discover

Answer 13

that 99% of stomach ulcers were cause by Helicobacter pylori (barry drank it)

Question 14

who pioneered gram stains

Answer 14

Hans Christian Gram in the 1880s

Question 15

what period did Semmelweis pioneer hand washing

Answer 15

1840s

Question 16

what period did Lister pioneer antiseptic surgery

Answer 16

1860s

Question 17

when did HC Gram pioneer gram staining

Answer 17

1880s

Question 18

what three years did mary mallon cause typhoid outbreaks

Answer 18

1904, 1907 and 1910

Question 19

who led the search for typhoid mary

Answer 19

george soper

Question 20

name three microbial diseases with major historical impact

Answer 20

bubonic plague - 1348-1350, Y.pestis, black postuals, killed 1/3 european pop.
cholera - 6 major pandemics, V.cholerae, profuse diarrhoea,
flu - 1918 spanish flu 20mil people killed, 1957 H2N2, 1968 H3N2, 2009 H1N1

Question 21

what pathogen was responsible for the irish potato famine 1845-1847

Answer 21

Phytophora infestans- a major fungal protein with broad host specificity

Question 22

what 4 trends give reason for potentially rising infectious diseases

Answer 22

emergence of new pathogen and return of old ones
effect of population increase
climate change
resistance to chemotherapeutics