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BIOL 271- Heredity > History of DNA > Flashcards

History of DNA Flashcards

1
Q

Who is Fredrich Miescher?

A

Discovered the nuclei in 1871

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2
Q

Who theorized that proteins were the cause of inherited diseases?

A

Archibald Garrod (1902), said that inherited diseases were caused by the lacking of certain enzymes

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3
Q

What did Frederick Griffiths do?

A

Worked with a type of strep bacteria with two types to later discover Bacterial Transformation, termed conversion of one bacteria type into another

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4
Q

Name the two types of the bacteria used in the experiment and why they were different:

A

Two types of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Smooth- Type S, has polysaccharide capsule
- allowed for evasion of immune system
Rough- Type R, no capsule

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5
Q

How was the experiment done?

A

Mice were injected with..
1 with type S- mouse died
1 with type R- mouse lived
1 with killed type S- mouse lived
1 with type R and killed type S- mouse died
The killed type S transferred its deadly quality to type R causing the mouse to die even though the type S was killed.

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6
Q

MacLeod and McCarty 1944, Transforming Principle

A

Treated lysed S bacteria w/ protease and DNase
Only DNase prevented transformation, killed all DNA only proteins left

Therefore, DNA is transforming principle which is why type R was converted to type S

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7
Q

Hershey and Chase 1953

A

Infected E. Coli bacteria with a virus that had a protein head surrounding the DNA
Blended virus transfers DNA not protein into bacterial cell

Therefore, DNA is genetic material used to make the viral protein and DNA = new copies of virus

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8
Q

Discovery of DNA Structure

A

Franklin and Wilkins, 1952
Used X-ray Diffusion
Figured out overall structure through x-ray deflection patterns
2 DNA forms A (dry and crystalline)
B ( wet and cellular)

Photo 51 shows the B form of DNA in its helix shape due to the x pattern that was created

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9
Q

Watson and Crick

A

Created the final model of DNA using past research to show 3D model

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10
Q

Building Block of DNA

A

Nucleotide

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11
Q

What are Nucleotides made of?

A

Sugar (Deoxyribose)
Phosphate
Base

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12
Q

Purines

A

bases with 2 ring structure
Guanine
Adenine

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13
Q

Pyrimidines

A

bases with single ring structures
Thymine
Cytosine

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14
Q

Nucleotides are joined in chains by what?

A

phosphodiester bonds between the sugars and phosphates

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15
Q

What is the bond between sugars and phosphates called?

A

sugar-phosphate backbones

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16
Q

DNA is….

A

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

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17
Q

A polymer consisting of a chain of nucleotides

A

DNA

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18
Q

Bases contain..

A

Nucleic Acid

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19
Q

Double Helix

A

Shape of DNA

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20
Q

What are the directional ends of DNA strands labeled as?

A

5’ and 3’

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21
Q

The separate strands of DNA are…

A

complementary and anti-parallel

22
Q

Adenine pairs with

A

Thymine (Uracil in RNA)

23
Q

Cytosine pairs with

A

Guanine

24
Q

Chromatin forms

A

Chromosomes

25
Q

Tips of Chromosomes

A

Telomeres

26
Q

Centromeres…

A

constrict the chromosome attach spindle

27
Q

Telomeres are..

A

origin of replication sites

28
Q

Euchromatin

A

don’t stain

active genes

29
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Stain

few protein genes

30
Q

Centromere patterns

A

Telocentric- tip
Acrocentric- off center
Submetacentric- close to center
Metacentric- at center

31
Q

Cytogenetics

A

subdiscipline of genetics
focuses on chromosome variations
abnormal number of gene copies or chromosomes can lead to genetic abnormalities

32
Q

Fetal Tissue Studying

A

Amniocentesis
Chronic Villi Sampling
Fetal Cell sorting
Chromosome microarray analysis

33
Q

Adult Tissue

A

White Blood cells

Cheek swabs- Skin

34
Q

Karyotype

A

chart arranging chromosomes according to size and grouped in pairs

35
Q

FISH stands for

A

Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization- DNA probes labeled with dyes bind complementary DNA

36
Q

What do the letters in DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

37
Q

Who are the two scientists credited with discovering the structure of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

38
Q

If DNA is a polymer made up of monomers what are those monomers called?

A

Nucleotides

39
Q

The backbone of DNA is made up of two components. What are they?

A

Deoxyribose (sugar) and phosphate

40
Q

There are four different bases what are they?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

41
Q

There are two different types of molecules: purines and pyrimidines. What is the difference between the two?

A

Purines have two rings in their structure and pyrimidines have one ring in there structure.

42
Q

What is Chargoff’s rule of DNA?

A

Any species that contains equal amounts of adenine and thymine also have equal amounts of cytosine and guanine.

43
Q

Bases are paired by…?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

44
Q

Adenine and Thymine have how many H bonds?

A

Two

45
Q

Cytosine and Guanine have how many H bonds?

A

Three

46
Q

DNA Structure (Draw & Label)

A

… In notebook

47
Q

Write Complementary Strand

AATTCGCCGGTATTAGACGTT

A

TTAAGCGGCCATAATCTGCAA

48
Q

In a nucleic acid molecule that contains thymine what kind of sugar would you expect to find?

A

Deoxyribose

49
Q

In a nucleic acid molecule that contains thymine what other bases would you expect to find?

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine

50
Q

If it is established that thymine makes up 13% of the bases in the molecule and that the molecule is double stranded, what are the percentages of the other bases?

A

A will be same because of complementary base pairing so 13%

C and G together will be 74% (divide this by 2 because there are 2 bases therefore each will be 37%)

51
Q

If it is established that thymine makes up 13% of the bases in the molecule and that the molecule is single-stranded, can you predict the percentages in which the other bases would occur?

A

You can’t determine this because its a single stranded molecule and there is no complementary base pairing

BIOL 271- Heredity (3 decks)

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