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history of criminology Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

origin of the word “criminology”

A

the term criminology was derived from the italian term “criminologia” coined by Raffaelle Garofalo in 1885

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2
Q

french anthropologist, used the term “criminologie”

A

Paul Topinard in 1887

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3
Q

according to him criminology is the entire body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon.

A

Edwin Sutherland

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4
Q

evolution of criminal laws

A 
prehistoric crime and punishment
the early codes
the hittites
code of drakon
laws of solon
romes twelve tables
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5
Q

primitive tribes prehistoric crime and punishment

A
  • punishment may be in the form of ostracism and expusion
  • adultery may be punished by the aggrieved husband who may kill the adulterer and his own offending wife
  • crime may be avenged by the victim himself or by the victim’s family
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6
Q

the king of bayblon during the 18th century bc, is recognized as the first codifier of laws

A

Hammurabi

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7
Q

it provides the first comprehensive view of the laws in the early days

A

code of Hammurabi

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8
Q

the punishment should be the same as the harm inflicted on the victim

A

law of talion

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9
Q

principle of “tit and tat”

A

law of talion

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10
Q

an eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth

A

law of talion

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11
Q

according to the code of Hammurabi a son who struck his father would suffer

A

amputation of the hand

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12
Q

according to the code of Hammurabi if in an assault a victim’s bone is broken the punishment is

A

braking of the same bone of the assailant

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13
Q

according to the code of Hammurabi if a house has collapsed and the owner’s son died the punishment would be

A

execution of the builders son

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14
Q

according to the code of Hammurabi a killer is answerable not to the family of the victim but to the _______

A

KING

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15
Q

according to hittites capital punishment was used for many offenses except

A

homicide and robbery

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16
Q

according to hittites rape, sexual intercourse with animals, defiance of the authority and sorcery were all punishible by _________

A

death

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17
Q

according to hittites law enforcement and judicial functions were placed in the hands of

A

commanders of military garrisons

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18
Q

known as the “ultimate in severity”

A

code of Drakon

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19
Q

the athenian law giver of the 7th century BC

A

Drakon

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20
Q

in code of Drakon murderers might avoid execution by going into _______

A

Exile

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21
Q

one of the first to see that a lawgiver had to make laws that applied equally to all citizens and also saw that the law of punishment had to maintain proportionality to the crimes committed

A

Solon

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22
Q

in laws of Solon the punishment for theft is

A

the thief is required to return stolen property and pay the victim a sum equal twice its value

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23
Q

foundation of all laws in rome and written in tablets of bronze

A

Rome’s twelve tables

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24
Q

the twelve tables were drafted by the?

A

Decemvirs

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25
Q

a body of men composed of patricians

A

Decemvirs

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26
Q

a group of ruling class families in ancient Rome

A

patricians

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27
Q

in 12 tables a person who committed arson of a house or a stack of corn will be punished by

A

burned alive

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28
Q

in 12 tables any act of treason was punishable by

A

crucifixion

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29
Q

in 12 tables judges who accepted bribes as well as those who bribed them were subjected to

A

execution

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30
Q

in 12 tables if a man break another’s limb and does not compensate the injury he shall be liable to _______

A

retaliation (revenge)

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31
Q

He believed that criminal characteristics were inherited and recommended that people with such characteristics should not be allowed to reproduce

A

Charles Goring

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32
Q

According to him, people with epilepsy, insanity and feeblemindedness were among those who should not be allowed to have children

A

Charles Goring

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33
Q

German phrenologist who was the assistant of Gall

A

Johann Kaspar Spurzheim

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34
Q

He was the man most responsible for popularizing and spreading phrenology to a wide audience

A

Johann Kaspar Spurzheim

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35
Q

This refers to the study of the body build of a person in relation to his temperament and personality and the type of offense he is most prone to commit

A

Physiology or Somatotype

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36
Q

The study which searches the relationship pf body build to behavior became popular during the first half of the 20th century

A

Physiology or Somatotype

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37
Q

He correlated body build and constitution with characters or temperamental reactions and mentality

A

Ernest Kretchmer

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38
Q

Ernest Kretchmer distinguished 3 types of physique

A

Asthenic
Athletic
Pyknic

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39
Q

Medium height, rounded figures, massive neck, broad face; they to tend to commit deception, fraud and violence

A

Pyknic

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40
Q

Lean, slightly build, narrow shoulders; their crimes are petty thievery and fraud

A

Asthenic

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41
Q

Medium to tall, strong, muscular, coarse bones; they are usually connected with crimes of violence

A

Athletic

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42
Q

Formulated his own group of somatotype: type of physique temperament

A

William Shelldon

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43
Q

Relatively large viscerotonic - generally digestive viscera; round body; relax and comfortable short tampering limbs, small person, loves luxury and bones; smooth, velvet skin essentially extrovert

A

Endothermic

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44
Q

Relative pre-dominancecerebrotonic - introvert of skin and its appendages which prone to allergies, skin troubles, includes the nervous system; it has chronic fatigue, insomnia, sensitive fragile and delicate bones skin and sensitive to noise with droopy shoulders, small face and sharp nose, fine hair and with relatively small body

A

Ectomorphic

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45
Q

With relative romotonic - active predominance of muscles, bones dynamic; walk, talks and motor organs of the body and gestures assertively with large wrist and hand and behaves aggresively

A

Mesomorph

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46
Q

He studied the lives of the members of the Jukes family and reffered to Ada Jukes as the mother of criminals

A

Richard Dugdale

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47
Q

He claimed that since families produce generations of criminals, they must have been transmitting degenrate traits down the line

A

Richard Dugdale

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48
Q

Descendants of Ada Jukes there were

A 
280 paupers
60 thieves
7 murderers
40 other criminals
40 persons with venereal deseases
50 prostitutes
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49
Q

Studied Martin Kalikak and his family

A

Henry Goddard

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50
Q

This explains the psychological determinants of which define a behavior of a person

A

Psychological determinism

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51
Q

Father of Psychoanalysis

A

Sigmund Freud

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52
Q

Founded the psychoanalytic theory of criminality

A

Sigmund Freud

53
Q

In psychoanalytic theory personality is compromised by three components

A

ID
Ego
Super Ego

54
Q

Serves as the moral conscience of an individual

A

Super Ego

55
Q

ID

A

Instinctual Drive

56
Q

Governed by the “pleasure principle”

A

ID

57
Q

Considered to be the sensible and responsible part of an individual’s personality and is governened by the “reality principle”

A

Ego

58
Q

Structured by what values were taught by the parents, the school, and the community, as well is the belief in god

A

Super Ego

59
Q

It is largely responsible for making a person follow the moral codes of society

A

Super Ego

60
Q

A theory that looks at the pffender as having the same psychological make-up as that of a non-offender

A

Emotional problems Theories

61
Q

A theory that believes that a law offender does not have a great mental sickness that causes him to commit crimes but rather, he commit crimes because of the everyday emotional problems that made him enable to cope. As a result, the offender acts out criminality

A

Emotional problems theory

62
Q

Two (2) general types of mental disorder

A

Organic disorder

Functional disorder

63
Q

A disorder were the psychological cause can be identified such as, head injury that left the mind blank, senility, parkinson’s desease and alzheimer’s desease

A

Organic disorder

64
Q

Refers to the brain’s disorder or sickness

A

Organic disorder

65
Q

Characterized by strange behavior that cannot be traced to any known organic desease. Examples of it are those people with no apparent brain sickness who hear voices that others do not hear, or who see things that others do not see

A

Functional disorder

66
Q

Types of mental disorder

A

Neuroses

Psychoses

67
Q

Most common neuroses

A
  • Anxiety
  • Obssessive compulsive behavior
  • obssession
  • compulsion
  • phobia
  • depression
  • impulse disorder
68
Q

Most common types of psychoses

A
  • schizoprenia
  • paranoia
  • delusion
  • hallucination
  • delusions of grandeur
  • delusions of persecutions
69
Q

Gradual impairement of the intellect, characterized by delusions or hallucination

A

Paranoia

70
Q

False belief

A

Delusion

71
Q

A repetitive and irresistible thoughts or urge

A

Obsession

72
Q

A common type of mental disorder used to explain criminal behavior

A

Neuroses

73
Q

Neuroses also referred to as

A

Hysteria or neurasthenia

74
Q

Characterized by distortions or withrawal fron reality, disturbances of thoughts and language and withrawal from social contact

A

Schizoprenia

75
Q

False perception

A

Hallucination

76
Q

Schizoprenia is also called

A

Dementia preacox

77
Q

Excessive or uncontrollable fear of something generally exaggerated fear of things that normal people do not fear with the same degree

A

Phobia

78
Q

An excessive or unreasonable desire to do or have something an irrational or irresistible motive; examples of this are kleptomania, pyromania, dipsomania and others

A

Impulse disorder

79
Q

People who suffer from this have unwanted, intrusive and repetitive thoughts or behaviors

A

Obssessive compulsive behavior

80
Q

A false belief that you are greater than everybody else

A

Delusions of grandeur

81
Q

A false belief that other people are conspiring to kill, harm or embarrass you

A

Delusions of persecutions

82
Q

Characterized by the person feeling ancious, fearfull anticipation or apprehension; the person may be iritable, have poor concentration and over reacts to things that are anoying

A

Anxiety

83
Q

A repetitive behavior that is thought to produce or prevent somethig that is thought to be magically connected to the behavior

A

Compulsion

84
Q

Extreme feeling of low morale, sadness, loneliness, self-pity aand despair

A

Depression

85
Q

A more serious type of mental disorder which can be organic or functional

A

Psychoses

86
Q

People who have this tends to lose contact of reality and have dificulty distinguishing reality from fantasy

A

Psychoses

87
Q

People who is psychoses are called

A

Psychotic

88
Q

this school of thought is based on the assumption that individuals choose to commit crimes after weighing the consequences of their actions

A

classical criminology

89
Q

according to classical criminologists individuals have _______

A

free will

90
Q

this theory , does not give any distinction between an adult and a minor or a mentally-handiccapped in as far as free will is concerned

A

classical theory

91
Q

founders of classical criminology

A

Cesare Beccaria

Jeremy Bentham

92
Q

full name of Cesarre Beccaria

A

Cesare Bonessana Marchese DI Beccaria

93
Q

Cesare Beccaria published a book in 1764 titled

A

“on crimes and punishment “

94
Q

this book presented a coherent and omprehensive design for an enlightened criminal justice system that was to serve the people

A

“on crimes and punishment”

95
Q

his book was influential in the reforms of penal code in France, Russia, Prussia and it influenced the first ten (10) emendments to the US constitution

A

Cesare Beccaria

96
Q

in forming a human society, men and women sacrifice a portion of their liberty so as to enjot peace and security

A

Beccaria quotes

97
Q

punishments that go beyond the need of preserving the public safety are in their nature unjust

A

Beccaria quotes

98
Q

founded the concept of Utilitarianism

A

Jeremy Bentham

99
Q

assumes that all our actions are calculated in accordance with their likelihood of bringing pleasure and pain

A

Utilitarianism

100
Q

devised the pseudo-mathematical formula called “felicific calculus”

A

Jeremy Bentham

101
Q

states that individuals are human calculators who put all the factors into an equation in order to decide whether a particular crime is worth committing or not

A

felicific calculus

102
Q

this theory modified the doctrine of free will by stating that free will of men may be affected by other factors and crime is committed due to some compelling reasons that prevail. these causes are pathology, incompetence, insanity or any condition that will make it impossible for the individual to exercise free will entirely.in the study of legal provisions, this is termed as either mitigating or exemoting circumstances

A

neoclassical theory

103
Q

criminal law must be clear and certain judges must make uniform judjments in similar crimes

A

Beccaria

104
Q

the law must be specify the degree of evidence that will justify the detention of an accused offender prior to his trial

A

Beccaria

105
Q

accusations must be public. false accusations should be severely punished

A

Beccaria

106
Q

during the late 18th centurysignificant advances in knowledge of both the physical and social world influenced thinking about crime

A

Positivist criminology

107
Q

this moved the field of criminology from philosophical to a scientific perspective. from there, a more diligent search of criminal behavior began

A

positivism and evolutionism

108
Q

the first to claim the importance of looking at individual difference among criminals.

A

positive theorist

109
Q

positive theorist

A

concentrated on the individual structures of a person, stated that people are passive and controlled, whose behaviors are imposed upon them by biological and environmental factors

110
Q

pathology

A

the science of the causes and effects of diseases

111
Q

considered the father of modern criminology

A

Cesare Lombroso

112
Q

he claimed that criminals are distinguishable from non-criminals due to the presence of atavistic stigmata

A

Cesare Lombroso

113
Q

the physical features of creatures at an earlier stage of development

A

atavistic stigmata

114
Q

according to Cesare Lombroso crimes are committed by those who are born with

A

certain recognizable heredity traits

115
Q

according to Cesare Lombroso’s theory criminals are usually in possession of

A

huge jaws and strong canine teeth, the arm span of criminals is often greater that their height, just like that of apes who use their forearms to push themselves along the ground

116
Q

three classes of criminals according to Lombroso

A

born criminals
insane criminals
criminaloids

117
Q

this explantaion for the existence of criminal traits associates an individual’s evil disposition to physical disfigurement or impairment

A

biological determinism

118
Q

those with make up of an ambiguous group that includes habitual criminals, criminals by passion and other diverse types

A

criminaloids

119
Q

individuals with at least five (5) atavistic stigmata

A

born criminals

120
Q

those who are not criminals by birth; they become criminals as a result of some changes in their brains which interfere with their ability to distinguish between right and wrong

A

insane criminals

121
Q

italian physcian who founded the school of human physiognomy

A

Giambatitista Dela Porta (1535 - 1615)

122
Q

physiognomy

A

study of of facial features and their relation to human behavior; the study of judging a person’s character from facial features to determine whether the shape of the ears, nose and eyes and the distances between them were associated with anti-social behavior

123
Q

swiss theologian who believed that people’s true characters ad inclinations could be read from their facial features

A

Johann Kaspar Lavater (1741 - 1801)

124
Q

a renowned neuroanatomist and physiologist and a pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the brain

A

Franz Joseph Gall (1758 - 1828)

125
Q

a method to study the personality and development of mental and moral faculties based on the external shape of the skull

A

cranioscopy

126
Q

cranioscopy was renames as

A

phrenology

127
Q

phrenology

A

the study that deals with the realationship between the skull and human behavior

128
Q

who developed cranioscopy

A

Franz Jospeh Gall

Crime sociology (2 decks)

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