history of criminology Flashcards
origin of the word “criminology”
the term criminology was derived from the italian term “criminologia” coined by Raffaelle Garofalo in 1885
french anthropologist, used the term “criminologie”
Paul Topinard in 1887
according to him criminology is the entire body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon.
Edwin Sutherland
evolution of criminal laws
prehistoric crime and punishment the early codes the hittites code of drakon laws of solon romes twelve tables
primitive tribes prehistoric crime and punishment
- punishment may be in the form of ostracism and expusion
- adultery may be punished by the aggrieved husband who may kill the adulterer and his own offending wife
- crime may be avenged by the victim himself or by the victim’s family
the king of bayblon during the 18th century bc, is recognized as the first codifier of laws
Hammurabi
it provides the first comprehensive view of the laws in the early days
code of Hammurabi
the punishment should be the same as the harm inflicted on the victim
law of talion
principle of “tit and tat”
law of talion
an eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth
law of talion
according to the code of Hammurabi a son who struck his father would suffer
amputation of the hand
according to the code of Hammurabi if in an assault a victim’s bone is broken the punishment is
braking of the same bone of the assailant
according to the code of Hammurabi if a house has collapsed and the owner’s son died the punishment would be
execution of the builders son
according to the code of Hammurabi a killer is answerable not to the family of the victim but to the _______
KING
according to hittites capital punishment was used for many offenses except
homicide and robbery
according to hittites rape, sexual intercourse with animals, defiance of the authority and sorcery were all punishible by _________
death
according to hittites law enforcement and judicial functions were placed in the hands of
commanders of military garrisons
known as the “ultimate in severity”
code of Drakon
the athenian law giver of the 7th century BC
Drakon
in code of Drakon murderers might avoid execution by going into _______
Exile
one of the first to see that a lawgiver had to make laws that applied equally to all citizens and also saw that the law of punishment had to maintain proportionality to the crimes committed
Solon
in laws of Solon the punishment for theft is
the thief is required to return stolen property and pay the victim a sum equal twice its value
foundation of all laws in rome and written in tablets of bronze
Rome’s twelve tables
the twelve tables were drafted by the?
Decemvirs
a body of men composed of patricians
Decemvirs
a group of ruling class families in ancient Rome
patricians
in 12 tables a person who committed arson of a house or a stack of corn will be punished by
burned alive
in 12 tables any act of treason was punishable by
crucifixion
in 12 tables judges who accepted bribes as well as those who bribed them were subjected to
execution
in 12 tables if a man break another’s limb and does not compensate the injury he shall be liable to _______
retaliation (revenge)
He believed that criminal characteristics were inherited and recommended that people with such characteristics should not be allowed to reproduce
Charles Goring
According to him, people with epilepsy, insanity and feeblemindedness were among those who should not be allowed to have children
Charles Goring
German phrenologist who was the assistant of Gall
Johann Kaspar Spurzheim
He was the man most responsible for popularizing and spreading phrenology to a wide audience
Johann Kaspar Spurzheim
This refers to the study of the body build of a person in relation to his temperament and personality and the type of offense he is most prone to commit
Physiology or Somatotype
The study which searches the relationship pf body build to behavior became popular during the first half of the 20th century
Physiology or Somatotype
He correlated body build and constitution with characters or temperamental reactions and mentality
Ernest Kretchmer
Ernest Kretchmer distinguished 3 types of physique
Asthenic
Athletic
Pyknic
Medium height, rounded figures, massive neck, broad face; they to tend to commit deception, fraud and violence
Pyknic
Lean, slightly build, narrow shoulders; their crimes are petty thievery and fraud
Asthenic
Medium to tall, strong, muscular, coarse bones; they are usually connected with crimes of violence
Athletic
Formulated his own group of somatotype: type of physique temperament
William Shelldon
Relatively large viscerotonic - generally digestive viscera; round body; relax and comfortable short tampering limbs, small person, loves luxury and bones; smooth, velvet skin essentially extrovert
Endothermic
Relative pre-dominancecerebrotonic - introvert of skin and its appendages which prone to allergies, skin troubles, includes the nervous system; it has chronic fatigue, insomnia, sensitive fragile and delicate bones skin and sensitive to noise with droopy shoulders, small face and sharp nose, fine hair and with relatively small body
Ectomorphic
With relative romotonic - active predominance of muscles, bones dynamic; walk, talks and motor organs of the body and gestures assertively with large wrist and hand and behaves aggresively
Mesomorph
He studied the lives of the members of the Jukes family and reffered to Ada Jukes as the mother of criminals
Richard Dugdale
He claimed that since families produce generations of criminals, they must have been transmitting degenrate traits down the line
Richard Dugdale
Descendants of Ada Jukes there were
280 paupers 60 thieves 7 murderers 40 other criminals 40 persons with venereal deseases 50 prostitutes
Studied Martin Kalikak and his family
Henry Goddard
This explains the psychological determinants of which define a behavior of a person
Psychological determinism
Father of Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
Founded the psychoanalytic theory of criminality
Sigmund Freud
In psychoanalytic theory personality is compromised by three components
ID
Ego
Super Ego
Serves as the moral conscience of an individual
Super Ego
ID
Instinctual Drive
Governed by the “pleasure principle”
ID
Considered to be the sensible and responsible part of an individual’s personality and is governened by the “reality principle”
Ego
Structured by what values were taught by the parents, the school, and the community, as well is the belief in god
Super Ego
It is largely responsible for making a person follow the moral codes of society
Super Ego
A theory that looks at the pffender as having the same psychological make-up as that of a non-offender
Emotional problems Theories
A theory that believes that a law offender does not have a great mental sickness that causes him to commit crimes but rather, he commit crimes because of the everyday emotional problems that made him enable to cope. As a result, the offender acts out criminality
Emotional problems theory
Two (2) general types of mental disorder
Organic disorder
Functional disorder
A disorder were the psychological cause can be identified such as, head injury that left the mind blank, senility, parkinson’s desease and alzheimer’s desease
Organic disorder
Refers to the brain’s disorder or sickness
Organic disorder
Characterized by strange behavior that cannot be traced to any known organic desease. Examples of it are those people with no apparent brain sickness who hear voices that others do not hear, or who see things that others do not see
Functional disorder
Types of mental disorder
Neuroses
Psychoses
Most common neuroses
- Anxiety
- Obssessive compulsive behavior
- obssession
- compulsion
- phobia
- depression
- impulse disorder
Most common types of psychoses
- schizoprenia
- paranoia
- delusion
- hallucination
- delusions of grandeur
- delusions of persecutions
Gradual impairement of the intellect, characterized by delusions or hallucination
Paranoia
False belief
Delusion
A repetitive and irresistible thoughts or urge
Obsession
A common type of mental disorder used to explain criminal behavior
Neuroses
Neuroses also referred to as
Hysteria or neurasthenia
Characterized by distortions or withrawal fron reality, disturbances of thoughts and language and withrawal from social contact
Schizoprenia
False perception
Hallucination
Schizoprenia is also called
Dementia preacox
Excessive or uncontrollable fear of something generally exaggerated fear of things that normal people do not fear with the same degree
Phobia
An excessive or unreasonable desire to do or have something an irrational or irresistible motive; examples of this are kleptomania, pyromania, dipsomania and others
Impulse disorder
People who suffer from this have unwanted, intrusive and repetitive thoughts or behaviors
Obssessive compulsive behavior
A false belief that you are greater than everybody else
Delusions of grandeur
A false belief that other people are conspiring to kill, harm or embarrass you
Delusions of persecutions
Characterized by the person feeling ancious, fearfull anticipation or apprehension; the person may be iritable, have poor concentration and over reacts to things that are anoying
Anxiety
A repetitive behavior that is thought to produce or prevent somethig that is thought to be magically connected to the behavior
Compulsion
Extreme feeling of low morale, sadness, loneliness, self-pity aand despair
Depression
A more serious type of mental disorder which can be organic or functional
Psychoses
People who have this tends to lose contact of reality and have dificulty distinguishing reality from fantasy
Psychoses
People who is psychoses are called
Psychotic
this school of thought is based on the assumption that individuals choose to commit crimes after weighing the consequences of their actions
classical criminology
according to classical criminologists individuals have _______
free will
this theory , does not give any distinction between an adult and a minor or a mentally-handiccapped in as far as free will is concerned
classical theory
founders of classical criminology
Cesare Beccaria
Jeremy Bentham
full name of Cesarre Beccaria
Cesare Bonessana Marchese DI Beccaria
Cesare Beccaria published a book in 1764 titled
“on crimes and punishment “
this book presented a coherent and omprehensive design for an enlightened criminal justice system that was to serve the people
“on crimes and punishment”
his book was influential in the reforms of penal code in France, Russia, Prussia and it influenced the first ten (10) emendments to the US constitution
Cesare Beccaria
in forming a human society, men and women sacrifice a portion of their liberty so as to enjot peace and security
Beccaria quotes
punishments that go beyond the need of preserving the public safety are in their nature unjust
Beccaria quotes
founded the concept of Utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham
assumes that all our actions are calculated in accordance with their likelihood of bringing pleasure and pain
Utilitarianism
devised the pseudo-mathematical formula called “felicific calculus”
Jeremy Bentham
states that individuals are human calculators who put all the factors into an equation in order to decide whether a particular crime is worth committing or not
felicific calculus
this theory modified the doctrine of free will by stating that free will of men may be affected by other factors and crime is committed due to some compelling reasons that prevail. these causes are pathology, incompetence, insanity or any condition that will make it impossible for the individual to exercise free will entirely.in the study of legal provisions, this is termed as either mitigating or exemoting circumstances
neoclassical theory
criminal law must be clear and certain judges must make uniform judjments in similar crimes
Beccaria
the law must be specify the degree of evidence that will justify the detention of an accused offender prior to his trial
Beccaria
accusations must be public. false accusations should be severely punished
Beccaria
during the late 18th centurysignificant advances in knowledge of both the physical and social world influenced thinking about crime
Positivist criminology
this moved the field of criminology from philosophical to a scientific perspective. from there, a more diligent search of criminal behavior began
positivism and evolutionism
the first to claim the importance of looking at individual difference among criminals.
positive theorist
positive theorist
concentrated on the individual structures of a person, stated that people are passive and controlled, whose behaviors are imposed upon them by biological and environmental factors
pathology
the science of the causes and effects of diseases
considered the father of modern criminology
Cesare Lombroso
he claimed that criminals are distinguishable from non-criminals due to the presence of atavistic stigmata
Cesare Lombroso
the physical features of creatures at an earlier stage of development
atavistic stigmata
according to Cesare Lombroso crimes are committed by those who are born with
certain recognizable heredity traits
according to Cesare Lombroso’s theory criminals are usually in possession of
huge jaws and strong canine teeth, the arm span of criminals is often greater that their height, just like that of apes who use their forearms to push themselves along the ground
three classes of criminals according to Lombroso
born criminals
insane criminals
criminaloids
this explantaion for the existence of criminal traits associates an individual’s evil disposition to physical disfigurement or impairment
biological determinism
those with make up of an ambiguous group that includes habitual criminals, criminals by passion and other diverse types
criminaloids
individuals with at least five (5) atavistic stigmata
born criminals
those who are not criminals by birth; they become criminals as a result of some changes in their brains which interfere with their ability to distinguish between right and wrong
insane criminals
italian physcian who founded the school of human physiognomy
Giambatitista Dela Porta (1535 - 1615)
physiognomy
study of of facial features and their relation to human behavior; the study of judging a person’s character from facial features to determine whether the shape of the ears, nose and eyes and the distances between them were associated with anti-social behavior
swiss theologian who believed that people’s true characters ad inclinations could be read from their facial features
Johann Kaspar Lavater (1741 - 1801)
a renowned neuroanatomist and physiologist and a pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the brain
Franz Joseph Gall (1758 - 1828)
a method to study the personality and development of mental and moral faculties based on the external shape of the skull
cranioscopy
cranioscopy was renames as
phrenology
phrenology
the study that deals with the realationship between the skull and human behavior
who developed cranioscopy
Franz Jospeh Gall
