History of criminalistics Flashcards
What are the types of physical evidence?
Fixed, Moveable, fragile.
What is a class characteristic?
Measurable features of an item that indicate a restricted group source based on design factors determined before manufacture.
What is heresy evidence?
Not heard or observed directly
What is the definition of a testimonial evidence?
Statement from the eyewitness or the accused
What is the definition of circumstantial evidence?
Evidence used to validate other evidence. Ex: prove B by proving A occurred.
Definition of non-testimonial evidence?
Non-statement evidence; biological
Mathieu Orfila
Father of forensic toxicology- In 1814, Orfila published the first scientific treatise on the detection of poisons and their effects on animals. This
treatise established forensic toxicology as a legitimate scientific endeavor.
Alphonse Bertillon
Father of criminal ID. Anthropometry; system of bodily measurements.
Francis Galton
Fingerprints - Galton undertook the first definitive study of fingerprints and developed a methodology for classifying them for filing. In 1892, he published a book titled
Finger Prints, which contained the first statistical proof supporting the uniqueness of his method
of personal identification.
Leone Lattes
Typing of dried blood- In 1901, Dr. Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood can be grouped
into different categories.
Calvin Goddard
Ballistics and comparison microscope- Goddard’s expertise established the comparison
microscope as the indispensable tool of the modern firearms examiner.
Alberts Osborn
Questioned documents- Osborn’s development of the fundamental principles of document examination was responsible for the acceptance of documents as scientific evidence by the
courts.
Walter McCrone
Use of microscopes for forensic examinations
Hans Gross
Author of criminal investigations. Application of science to legal matters.
Edmond Locard
Locard exchange principle- cross transfer of evidence. Established the first crime lab in Lyons, France.
