History Of Counseling profession Flashcards
1
Q
When did the counseling profession begin, what brought it about, and what was its original focus?
A
Late 1800s. Resulted from the industrial revolution and social reform movements. Early 1900s – population growth, industrialization, and urbanization, World War I, growing immigrant population. Vocational guidance counseling was the original focus.
2
Q
Who was the founder of vocational guidance?
A
Frank Parsons
3
Q
What organization did Frank Parsons open?
A
Bureau of vocational guidance in Boston (vocational bureau of Boston) established in 1908– helped match individuals with suitable careers, based on their skills and personal traits. Was the first career counseling center. Helped growing population of immigrants in their search for work.
4
Q
What book did Frank Parsons write?
A
Choosing a vocation (published posthumously when he died in 1908)
5
Q
Earliest counseling association
A
The national vocational guidance Association (NVGA) – founded in 1913. Since renamed the national career development association NCDA)
6
Q
Early leader of the mental health movement Who focused on needed reforms and mental health facilities
A
Clifford Beers
7
Q
What did the early health movement advocate for?
A
The construction of mental health clinics and more humane treatment of institutionalized patients with psychological disorders
8
Q
The first outpatient mental health clinic in America
A
Clifford beers clinic in New Haven, Connecticut, founded by Clifford beers in 1913
9
Q
What is a trait and factor theory?
A
Develops by Frank Parsons. based on the idea that people have different traits and that effective vocational counseling matches a person’s traits with job requirements.
10
Q
What is the Minnesota point of view?
A
AKA the Minnesota model. Created by EG Williamson in 1930s, a trait and factor theory considered to be one of the first counseling theories. Williamson and colleagues at the University of Minnesota built on the foundational work of traitfactor theory . The Minnesota point of view was an empirically based strategy to help students at the university and people who are unemployed, learn about their traits, interests, and skills and use this knowledge to make effective vocational decisions. This was a directive model that emphasize counselors role as mentors and teachers and dominated the counseling fields during much of the 1930s and 1940s. During World War II, Williamson’s theory was used to classify and assign recruits to positions in the U.S. military
11
Q
What was the significance of the Wagner Oday act?
A
Passed in 1932, created US employment services to help the unemployed find work through vocational guidance
12
Q
From what three specialty areas did the counseling profession emerge?
A
School counseling, rehabilitation/vocational, counseling, and community mental health
13
Q
Who was considered the father of vocational guidance?
A
Frank Parsons
14
Q
Who was the first school counselor?
A
Jesse Davis
15
Q
What was Jesse Davis’s contribution to the counseling profession?
A
1907 – a principal who helped start school counseling with “a call to vocation“ and implementing vocational guidance lessons into class time into his high school in Grand Rapids Michigan. This led to a citywide vocational guidance department in the Grand Rapids school district. Similar vocational service programs were created in several other regions of the country throughout the 1920s.
16
Q
What book did Clifford Beers write?
A
A mind that found itself-1908 – focused on needed reforms and mental health facilities. Beers autobiography about his experiences with being treated for mental health problems under wretched conditions in psychiatric institutions, Helped create a shift in the stigma around mental illness and prompted the emergence of the mental hygiene movement. Also laid a foundation for the formation of advocacy, such as the creation of the national mental health association, which he founded in 1909.
17
Q
What university trained teachers to engage in classroom guidance?
A
In 1911 Harvard begin training teachers to engage in classroom guidance
18
Q
Who opened the first marriage and family counseling center?
A
Abraham and Hannah Stone opened the first marriage and family counseling center in New York in 1929
19
Q
What was the Smith Hughes act of 1917?
A
Made funding available for educational guidance in public schools
20
Q
What was the soldiers rehabilitation act of 1918?
A
Mandated guidance services to veterans with service related disabilities
21
Q
What was the Smith Fess act of 1920?
A
Mandated guidance to civilians with disabilities who had the capacity to re-enter the workforce
22
Q
During what decades did the professionalization of counseling pick up speed?
A
1940s and 1950s
23
Q
Which two scholarly works led to the professionalization of counseling in the late 1940s and 1950s
A
Carl Rogers 1942 book Counseling and Psychotherapy his article “the necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change” (1957)
24
Q
Who introduced humanistic principles?
A
Carl Rogers person centered (client centered) approach
25
First force of counseling
Psychanalysis
26
Second force of counseling
Behaviorism
27
Third force in counseling
Humanistic
28
Caplow’s criteria for an occupation to be considered a profession
1. Establish a professional society or association
2. develop standard for training programs and a vehicle to enforce those
3. create a code of ethics and standards for admitting and regulating practitioners
According to Rothman‘s criteria, the additional criteria of public recognition would be number four 
29
When did counseling meet Caplow’s criteria?
The 1950s and beyond
By the late 1970s counseling had achieved all four of Rothman‘s criteria and became an independent professional separate from teaching or psychology. However, the roots of counseling would forever be grounded in education and psychology. 
30
Which social movements was the counseling profession influenced by in the early 20th century?
Vocational guidance, school guidance, mental hygiene, and mental health movements
31
Who laid the foundation for the trait theory of career counseling?
Frank Parsons – created a systemic approach by considering peoples interest skills and qualifications for careers
32
Who proposed the first plan for educating counselors?
Frank Parsons proposed a plan for educating career counselors
33
Precursor to American counseling Association
American personnel and guidance association (APGA)
34
How did World War I and II impact the vocational guidance movement?
WWI
Three US federal acts addressed issues servicemember faced while re-integrating into society:
2. 1917 – Smith – Hughes act: established the federal board for vocational education, which later administered the veteran and civilian vocational rehabilitation programs
3. 1918 soldiers rehabilitation act: created a vocational rehabilitation program for disabled World War I veterans (administered by the federal board for vocational education)
4. 1920– the Smith-Fess act (also known as the civilian vocational rehabilitation act) established the first vocational rehabilitation program for civilians, not just veterans, with disabilities
WWII
The US Army ordered that psychological tests( the Army Alpha and Beta IQ tests) to be developed to screen personnel. Soon after, psychological testing, became commonplace in US education, business, and personnel offices.
35
Consider to be the beginning of the rehabilitation counseling specialty
The Smith-Fess act
36
Who proposed that vocational guidance become integral part of the Seattle school curriculum?
Anna Reed, 1917 – reported the public schools were not adequately preparing students for most businesses
37
Who organized a guidance program for boys in the New York City schools and had them work on farms during the summer to gain work experience (purpose to provide guidance before entering the workforce)
Eli Weaver – 1920s
38
When and where were school counselors first certified?
1920s – counselors in school systems from New York and Boston were expected to help all students make education and career decisions
39
When was the emergence of the mental hygiene movement?
Early 1920s
implemented actions aimed at reducing the preconditions for mental illness by taking such social measures as the right upbringing, selection of decent work, adequate living and working conditions, and fast and accessible psychiatric services (
40
Who founded the national mental health Association?
Clifford beers – 1909 (original name was national committee on mental hygiene). Mission was to develop measures that would prevent mental illness, promote mental health, provide support to people, dealing with mental health issues, and reform psychiatric treatment. Spearheaded legal reforms in several states, provided grants for research for the causes of psychiatric illnesses, and funded training for medical students period. Eventually became mental health America in 2006.
41
What was the first community based psychiatric clinic?
1909 – Juvenile psychopathic institute in Chicago established by William Healy. Created to find the causes of juvenile delinquency, which was rampant during that time in Chicago.
42
What organizations did the national mental health association eventually turn into?
Mental health America (2006)
43
What event shaped the counseling field in the 1930s?
The great depression led to a heightened focus on researching and developing vocational/career counseling strategies as millions of adults and young people lost their jobs
44
Who proposed that school systems were responsible for preparing students for life post graduation?
John Brewer advocated integrating guidance into the school curriculum in the 1930s. Preparation included making vocational decisions and being guided by counselors about courses and life skills needed to live as an emerging adult.
45
What was the focus of the counseling during an after World War II?
Increase number of counselors begin working full-time at postsecondary educational institutions, community agencies, and vocational rehabilitation centers,
Assessment, career, mental health, and rehabilitation counseling. As in the first world war, the government needed help selecting the most suited individuals for different jobs within the military and related industries. counselors and psychologists were hired to conduct testing. And psychologists were also needed on the front lines and then at home to help soldiers deal with shell shock or battle fatigue (PTSD). To meet that  need, government created basic training and begins credentialing research-oriented, psychologists and new medical school graduates. The VA (veterans administration) also created counseling centers in their hospitals. The VA coined the term, counseling psychology and created counseling, psychology positions and training programs to fill these positions. The VA provided stipends and paid internships to train mental health professionals to provide counseling services. The entry level for these positions was a doctorate. This placed restrictions on the hiring of counselors, the majority of whom had masters degree
46
How did Carl Rogers influence the counseling profession during the 1940s and 1950s
Roger believed the clients were experts about their lives and did not need to be directed by counselors, challenging the directive, counselor centered approach of the Williamson and Freudian psychoanalysis. Rather than serving in the role of teacher, Rogers proposed the counselor serve as non-judgmental mirrors for their clients. Rogers shifted the focus of counseling to how to use the counseling relationship. (how we interact) to help clients affect change.
47
Describe federal legislation and acted in the 1930s that influences the counseling professions development
Wagner O’Day act (1933) established the US employment services
The George-Dean act (1936) established continued federal grants to support nationwide vocation education program (created by the Smith’s-Hughes act of 1917)
1938-the US office of education established the
Occupational information guidance, services bureau, which researched vocational guidance issues, and stressed the need for school counseling.
48
Describe federal legislation passed in the 1940s that influenced the counseling professions developments
1944 – US employment service opened 1000 offices across the country staffed by employment counselors
1946-the George-Barden act was passed to establish counselor training programs, focused on vocational counseling. This helped to set a precedent for funding the preparation of counselors.
1946 – the national Institute of mental health (NIMH) was established
1946. The national mental health act was passed. This act authorized funds for research, demonstration, and training to prevent and treat  mental health disorders. The NIMH continued to provide training stipends for students in PhD programs, and they asked the American psychological association to create training standards. Those standards may well have been the first step in the eventual credentialing process for psychologists. Those standards precluded most counselors.
49
When would Masters level professional counselors meet the criteria to be hired by the VA?
2006 when the veterans benefits, healthcare, and information technology act was passed
50
Decade with most profound impact on counselors and summary of contributing factors
1950s the APA established division 17, the society of counseling psychology; the American personnel and guidance association was established as a professional organization separate from APA;
significant federal legislation was passed that impacted the development and recognition of specialty of school counseling;
continued research and development of new guidance and counseling theories
51
When was the American personnel and guidance Association (APGA)founded? How long was it known as APGA?
1952. From 1952–1983. In 1983, the name was changed to American Association for counseling and development (AACD) to represent its members work more accurately
52
When was APGA name changed to?AACD? How long before it was changed again?
1983. 1983–1992. in 1992, the name was changed to the American counseling association(ACA) 
53
How many chartered divisions does the ACA have currently?
19
54
How many interest networks does the ACA have?
27
55
How many branches does the ACA have?
56
56
How many regional assemblies does the ACA have?
4
57
How and when was the ACA formed?
Before ACA was established, the council of guidance and personal associations (CGPA) was a federation comprised of organizations that all had interest in vocational guidance, educational guidance, psychology, and personnel. At the 1950 convention of the council, a committee presented a plan to unify these different organizations. In 1951, the NVGA and the American College personnel association (ACPA) (two of the CGPA organizations) Approved the plan. They joined together as a new organization, the personnel and guidance association (PGA). Next year, 1952, the name was changed to the American personnel and guidance Association (AGPA), formed by the merger of the National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA) (now known as the national career development Association) the National Association of Guidance and College Trainers (NAGCT) (now known as the association for counselor education and supervision, ACES), the Student Personnel Association for Teacher Education (SPATE), since renamed the counseling Association for humanistic, education and development (C-AHEAD), the association for humanistic counseling (AHC). and the American College Personnel Association (ACPA)
58
To ACA divisions that were established during the 1950s
The American school counselors association, 1953 (dissolved 1918) and the division of rehabilitation counseling (known as the American rehabilitation counseling Association)
59
What was created by the AP the same year that the ACA was founded
APA created the society of counseling psychology, known as division 17.
60
Difference between counseling, counseling psychology, and clinical psychology
Like like counselors, counseling psychology, focuses on typical growth and development, compared to those in clinical psychology, who tend to work with individuals with more severe and chronic mental disorders. Members of ACA and APA division 17 shared interests and vocational counseling and humanistic therapy. A major distinction between counseling and counseling psychology is the requirement of a doctoral degree to practice independently.
61
Who tried to limit the practice of counseling in the 1970s?
In the 1970s, the APA began to establish state legislation that limited the practice of counseling to doctoral level psychologists or to other mental health professionals who worked under their supervision
62
Federal legislation that impacted the counseling profession in the 1950s
In the 1950s, Thorazine was used to treat symptoms of severe mental disorders. With better symptom management, many people who had been treated in state hospitals were released into communities. Were not well set up to provide the necessary services or prepared to meet the needs of World War II veterans.
The vocational rehabilitation act [VRA) was passed in 1954 in part to address those needs. Created funding for the training of rehabilitation counselors. Congress required that funds be allocated for training counselors who specialized in working with people with disabilities (psychological and physical).
The mental health study act was passed in 1955 to study and make recommendations on mental health and mental illness in the US, establishing the joint commission on mental illness and health. The act authorized NIMH to study and make recommendations on mental health and mental illness in the US. The act also authorized the creation of the joint commission on mental illness and health..
The launching of the Soviet Union’s first space satellite, Sputnik one, led to the announcements of the national defense education act (NDEA)in 1958. The act funded school counseling programs focused on encouraging students to go into science and math fields. The NDEA provided grants to offer counseling in high schools and authorize contracts to colleges and universities to train counselors to work in schools. The NDEA provided schools with increased funds to improve their curriculum and pick out students showing promising in math and science. This was significant in developing the standards for the preparation of professional counselors, and the number of counselors hired by schools across the country rose dramatically.
63
Summary of significance events in the 1960s and 1970s and their impact on the counseling profession
The Vietnam war, civil rights movements, assassinations of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy, and the woman’s movements brought attention to social issues.
The Johnson’s administration (1963) great Society initiatives developed social service agencies, leading to the opportunity for legislation that impacted counseling services across different settings.
Major works related to cross cultural counseling written by pioneers, such as William Cross, Paul Pedersen, and Detald Sue were published in counseling and psychology journals, reflecting a growing focus on counseling on cultural issues.
Individuals in the counseling field published books and articles that increased the counseling professions interest in multicultural issues, such as cultural identity development, multicultural awareness, racism, and counseling minorities. 
64
What’s ACA divisions were added in the 1970s?
Association for non-white concerns in personnel and guidance (ANWIC) added in 1972 to address the concerns about minority representation within APGA And the counseling profession and the social movements that were occurring in the 1960s and 1970s. Changed its name to association for multicultural counseling and development (AMCD) in 1984, just after APGA became known as the American Association for counseling and development (AACD)
The public offender counselor Association (POCA, now known as the international Association of addictions and defenders counselors) was established in 1974. It’s members focused on an increasing juvenile and probation population, and the staff who worked in prison systems
1974 association for spiritual, ethical, and religious values and counseling (ASERVIC) was established as a division (first called the national Catholic guidance Association), beginning meaningful cultural discussions related to religious issues in counseling
With the passage of the community mental health centers act, there was an increase in counseling outside educational settings. Counselors were being hired in settings, such as community mental health clinics, employees assistance programs, rehabilitation centers, substance, abuse treatment facilities, psychiatric hospitals, and hospices. The American mental health, counselor association (AMHCA) was founded as a division of AGPA in 1976 to meet the needs of community counselors working in diverse settings. Disaffiliated in 2019
65
When did the foundation for national training standards for professional counselors begin?
In the 1960s. The ACES and American school counselor associations (ASCA) formed a joint commission to develop training standards, focused on preparation of school counselors. The “standards for counselor education in the preparation of secondary school counselors” was created in 1964 and adopted by ACESin 1967. The also established the “standards for preparation of elementary school counselors“ in 1967 and guidelines for programs in the preparation of school personnel workers in higher education in 1969. The council for rehabilitation education (CORE) was founded in 1972 as the first specialized accrediting body for graduate programs in counseling, establishing standards for masters programs in rehabilitation counseling. CORE was the forerunner for establishing educational standards for the preparation of professional counselors.
66
When was the first ACA code of ethics published?
1961
67
When did state regulations for the practice of professional counseling begin?
During the 1970s, the APA began to establish state legislation that limited counselors by requiring a doctoral degree to practice psychology. This restriction led to the First licensure law for professional counselors. Although John Weldon advertised himself as providing guidance and career counseling services and private practice, The Virginia state board of psychologist examiners served him with a assist order, stating that he was practicing psychology without a license. The Virginia courts failed and guilty of practicing outside of the law established for psychologists and noted that personnel and guidance were a professional onto itself and should be regulated separately from psychology  after that ruling, the Virginia legislature passed the first general practice act for professional counselors in 1976. licensure laws for professional counselors were also enacted in Arkansas and Alabama during the 1970s
68
What are the two different types of licensure laws?
Practice act: requires practitioners, except for those who meet criteria to be exempt from the law, to be licensed to engage in the practice. Most stringent form of state regulation for practitioners.
Title act regulate the use of counseling related titles (those who can call themselves a professional counselor), but do not regulate the practice of counseling, meaning that someone could legally practice counseling without being licensed 
69
Different credentials that bestow recognition of the education and skills required to be a professional counselor
Licensure ( granted or sanctioned by state governments.)
State Certification (granted by state entities to ensure they meet qualifications to hold specific jobs.) for example state board of education, certified school counselors to work in public K-12 schools, department of vocational rehabilitation, certified rehabilitation counselors to provide services, and departments of state health and human services, certified substance abuse or addictions counselor.
Voluntary national certification/national board certification
70
How did national board certification for counselors begin?
With the certification of professional counselor specializing in rehabilitation counseling. The commission on rehabilitation counselor certification [CRCC) offered voluntary national board certification to masters level rehabilitation counselors in 1973. Also offers certification for those with doctoral degree and counseling or rehabilitation counseling.
AMCHA created a certification committee and in 1978 the AMCHA board adopted procedures to certify clinical mental health counselors. In 1979, the AMHCA established the national Academy of certified clinical mental health counselors (NACCMHC) to train and certify counselors,which finalized the process and guidelines for certifying clinical mental health counselors. NACCMHC would later merge with the national board for certified counselors.
The national board of certified counselors(NBCC) formed in 1982 and began credentialing counselors and established standards for the court educational expectations for counselors: human growth and development, social and cultural foundations, helping relationships, groups, lifestyle and career development, appraisal, research and evaluation, and professional orientation
71
Federal legislation/policies past during the 1960s and 1970s that had impact on counseling profession
Landmark civil rights legislation:
Legislation for individuals with disabilities emerges, leading to a heightened demand for rehabilitation counselors and school counselors
the civil rights act of 1964 ended segregation in public places and band employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
The title IX education amendments  to the civil rights act of 1964 protected people from discrimination based on sex and education, programs or activities that receive federal financial assistance
Lyndon B. Johnson signed The community mental health act of 1963: established over 2000 community mental health centers across the country and increased employment opportunities for counselors outside of educational or vocational settings. Provided affordable counseling services to individuals and was critical to moving large numbers of people who had been treated long-term in state psychiatric hospitals
The elementary and secondary education act (ESEA) of 1965 expanded school counselor services into elementary settings.
The 1970 Hughes act led to the creation of the national Institute of drug abuse (NIDA) and increased research into the prevention and treatment of alcoholism
Public law 94–142: 1975 – revised and extended the vocation education act of 1963 (ACA and ACRA division were strong advocates.) this law, “now most commonly referenced as the individuals with disabilities education, act or IDEA“ required that all children were entitled to a free, appropriate public education, regardless of their abilities. To ensure that all children could be served in public school student with special needs, was required to have an individualized education plan. School counselors coordinated the evaluation of students and the design and implementation of individualized plans.
Veterans health care amendments – 1979: passed by Congress. Set up a network of Vet centers across the country, separate from other VA facilities. Although this changed in the 1990s, initially, the vet centers were limited to Vietnam veterans because of their special needs.
72
Major emphasis and milestones of the counseling profession in the 1980s and 1990s
Increase focus on accreditation (credentialing of training programs), the recognition of counseling as profession, credentialing counselors through state licensure and national certification, and emphasis on human growth and development. Continued emphasis on multiculturalism and diversity. For example, Sue (1992) publish multicultural counseling competencies and standards, which was endorsed by the American counseling Association in 1992.
73
What is the process of becoming a national division of ACA?
Groups first apply for organizational affiliate status, which requires a minimum of 200 ACA members and approval by the ACA governing council. To become a division, groups must have at least 500 ACA members and submit an application to the ACA Governing council along with proposed bylaws or operating rules.
74
What organizational affiliates were added to ACA in the 1980s and 1990s
Military educators and counselors association (MECA) – 1984
Association of gay, lesbian, and bisexual issues, in counseling (AGLBIC) – 1996
75
What divisions were added to the ACA in the 1980s and 1990s
Association for adult development and aging– 1986
International Association of marriage and family counselors – 1988
AGLBIC ((association of gay, lesbian, and bisexual issues in counseling) 1997; known as the association for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender issues and counseling from 2007–2020 and the society for sexual, affectional, intersex, and gender, expansive identities as of April 2020)
Association for counselors and educators in government (formally MECA) – 1994, now known as the military and government counseling Association
76
Why did APGA change its name to American Association for counseling development (AADC) in 1983?
Reflected a shift in professional identity away from the terms, guidance and personnel, while keeping a focus on the developmental nature of counseling
77
Why did American Association for counseling and development (AACD) change its name to American counseling Association (ACA) in 1992?
To reflect the common bond among association members and to reinforce their unity of purpose 
78
What organization became a replacement division for American College personnel association (ACPA) in 1992
The American College counselors Association
79
What is Chi Sigma Iota (CSI)?
An international honor Society established in 1985 by Thomas Sweeney that promotes scholarship and professional excellence and counseling through its publication of the journal of counselor, leadership and advocacy, which “provides research and evidence based recommendations, and topics that promotes scholarship, research, professionalism, leadership, advocacy, and excellence in counseling“ also provides leadership, training and mentoring, professional development, opportunities, grants for research and chapter development, a career center, community service events, a registry for CSI members who are licensed professional counselors, and a directory to help counselors find supervisors
80
What was the forerunner to the council for accreditation of counseling and related educational program (CACREP)
CORE was in incorporated in 1972 as an accrediting Boddy focused on setting standards for graduate programs and rehabilitation counseling
81
How were professional training standards/accreditation developed for counselors?
ACES developed the entry preparation of counselors and other personnel service specialist in 1973. The ACA Governing council adopted the standards in 1979. CACREP became an organization affiliate of ACA in 1981 to accredit masters and doctoral programs and counseling. CACREP was recognized by the then US council of post secondary accreditation (COPA) now known as council for higher education, accreditation, or CHEA) in 1987. This was significant because it put CACREP on par with other crediting bodies, such as the APA. CACREP refined the association for counselor, education and supervision (ACES) standards for counselor training and supervision
82
When was the national board for certified counselors (NBCC) established?
1982. Broadened the specialization scopes of the CRCC and NACCMHC. 
83
When was the national board for certified counselors (NBCC) established?
1982. Broadened the specialization scopes of the CRCC and NACCMHC. 
84
How was the regulation of counselors broadens in the 1980s and 1990s
The 1990s saw:
Merger of the NACCMHC and NBCC
Significant growth in CACREP accredited, counselor education programs
Increased counseling publications
Growth of CSI
Additional state licensure laws
The national Board of certified counselors (NBCC) was established in 1982. It began by offering a more generic national certified counselor (NCC) credential to counselors with a minimum of a masters degree who passed the NCE (national counselor exam). In 1992, the NACCHMC merged with NBCC, and NBCC began to certify clinical mental health counselors and administer the national clinical mental health counseling examination (NCMHCE), which is required to become a certified clinical mental health counselor. NBCC currently offers national specialty certifications in school counseling (NCSC) and addictions counseling (masters addiction counselor (MAC), created in collaboration with ACA and the ACA division of IAAOC
There was progress in enacting state licensure laws throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Between 1981 and 1994, 36 more states enacted title or practice licensure laws for professional counselors. By 1997, 44 states and Washington DC had enacted state licensure or certification laws.
In 1994 the ACA endorsed a revised model licensure law to help states pass practice acts that included uniform standards for professional counselors, training, or preparation . There remains variance in the laws enacted regarding the titles granted license counselors, the number of graduate credits required to apply for licensure, and the requirements for postmasters supervised experience.
The American Association of state counseling boards (AASCB) was founded in 1985/86 by Tom Remley to promote licensure and “cooperation among individuals and associations involved in providing counseling services to the public”. AASCB has been active and working with other counseling organizations to achieve licensed portability.
85
Federal legislation and policies that impacted the counseling profession in the 1980s and 1990s
Increased the counseling, professions recognition, and impacted counseling services. The 1990s saw the emergence of managed care.
1994 President Clinton signed the elementary school counseling demonstration act into law, for which the ACA had strongly advocated . The act set aside $2 million in grants for states to have schools develop elementary school counseling programs. That same year was the first time that counseling awareness month was celebrated.
Counseling was included as a primary mental health profession in 1992 healthcare human resource Statistics published by the center for mental health services and the national Institute of mental health. This was the first time counseling was included alongside psychology, social work, and psychiatry. Recognition by federal agencies and states was also important for counselors to be providers by managed care organizations, which had grown tremendously during the 1990s .
The health professions education partnership act (HEPA) 1998 put professional counseling on par with other masters levels mental health professions (social work) by including professional counselors under the health, professional training programs. Made counseling students, graduates of counseling programs, and counselor, education programs, eligible for grants for curriculum and faculty development, scholarships, and loans to individuals training and recognize training programs.
1999 – the Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP balanced budget refinement act required the Medicare payment advisory commission (medpac) to the possibility of including licensed professional counselors as recognize Medicare providers. Although the medpac report did not support establishing professional counselors, as provided, the act was still significant because it was the first time the Congress and the president had enacted legislation even referencing, licensed professional counselors with respect to Medicare.
The Americans with disabilities act (ADA) 1990 – required equal access to services and accommodations for people with disabilities
The rehabilitation act of 1973 was reauthorized in 1998 and funded training for rehabilitation counselors and upheld requirements that professionals meet state or national certification or license requirements to work in state agencies or provide contractors of state agencies
The higher education act amendments (1998) – ACA leaders advocated for this legislation because the law included lowering student loan interest rates and increasing pal, grant awards, making college more accessible. This also included provisions for advising and counseling regarding financial aid and college admission and counseling services for at risk and low income elementary, middle, and secondary students.the law also provided for personal and family counseling and home visits for students with limited English proficiency
86
How have human made a natural disasters of the 21st-century solidified the status of mental health professionals as first responders
The American Red Cross is national efforts for trained licensed professionals to become disaster mental health certified, a movement toward trauma informed care and serving those who have been impacted. The recognition of counselors on the front lines can be seen in various contacts, including the aftermath of hurricane Katrina, COVID-19 response in hospitals and internationally with red Cross, the aftermath of hate crimes, mass shootings.
87
What ACA divisions have been added during the 21st-century
Counselors for social justice (2002)
The association for creativity in counseling (2004)
The association for child and adolescent counseling [2014)
88
What’s consensus, definition of counseling was developed by the20/20: a vision for the future of counseling oversize committee in 2010?
Counseling is a professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals.
89
What step did the professional counseling field take to combat systematic barriers to effective counseling for people from diverse backgrounds in the 21st-century?
The ACA advocacy competencies were endorsed in 2003 and we’re updated in 2018. The ACA also endorsed several other sets of documents developed by ACA divisions to guide counselors and becoming culturally confidence social justice advocates. For example:
The ASERVIC competencies for addressing spiritual and religious issues and counseling (2009)
The ALGBTIC competencies for counseling transgender clients (2009)
The ALGBTIC competencies for counseling, LGBQIQA individuals (2012)
The multicultural and social justice counseling competencies (MSJCC) – 2015
The ARCA disability related counseling competencies (2019)
90
How often has the ACA code of ethics been revised?
Every 7 to 10 years since it was first adopted in 1961(2005, 2014) 
91
How has the regulation of counselors broadened in the 21st-century?
 As of 2009, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have passed licensure laws. In 2015, 88.5% of the 52 counselor credentialing laws in place (50 states,etc) were practice acts. Professional organizations, such as ACA, AMHCA, NBCC, and CRCC have been advocating for counselors right to administer and interpret standardized instruments based on their education and training, not based solely on the degree they earned. Throughout the 21st century, the focus has been on strengthening, title laws, working toward uniform scopes of practice based on the ACA model, licensure legislation, and increasing licensure portability
92
What are some federal legislation/policies that were advocated for by professional counseling organizations between 2000 and 2020?
Addressing the opioid epidemic, passage of Medicare provider, recognition for professional counselors and marriage and family therapists, increasing hiring of license counselors within the VA system, expanded federal definition of mental health workforce to include professional counselors, funding for school, counseling programs, and the provision of Tele behavioral health
93
Federal legislation/policies that impacted the mental health counseling profession in the 21st-century
2001-no child left behind act included the reauthorization of the elementary school counseling demonstration program (past in 1995). Removed the word demonstration from the program, expanded the program to secondary schools, and required a certain dollar amount appropriated for the program to support counseling services in elementary schools.
The students support and academic enrichment (SSAE) Grant program was included in the 2019 labor HHS education package. The act included a $70 million increase over funds from the previous year. The grants fund activities, expand access to, or coordinate resources for, school-based mental health services and supports, including developing critical tools, such as trauma informed practices and establishing and maintaining school counseling and bullying prevention programs
2006 Congress pass the veterans benefits, healthcare, and information technology act, which recognized counselors as mental health specialists within the VA system. It allowed for licensed professional counselors to be hired in clinical and supervisory positions.
2015 – the national defense authorization was re-authorized and added licensed Counselors who graduated from CACREP or regionally accredited programs to the tri-care program list of independent practitioners. The act specified that as of 2017, those providers must have passed the NCMHCE. After January 2021, they must be graduates from CACReP accredited programs.
2016-Congress Pass the 21st century Cures act with almost unanimous by partisan support. One of this laws goals was to improve the integration and coordination of mental health and substance use disorder services across federal agencies. The law lacks the language needed that would grants Medicare providers status to license counselors. However, this bill was significant and increasing focus on prevention and early intervention, including the provision of counseling services in school and community settings. Also established a minority fellowship program to increase mental health and substance use services to people from under serves populations.
2016 comprehensive addiction and recovery act became the first legislation in 40 years that authorized $181 million to fight the opioid crisis and included provisions for education and prevention
Support patients and communities act (2018) included to increase and strengthen the mental health and addictions treatment, workforce and reduce barriers to delivery of addiction medicine via telemedicine in rural areas. The language in the support act and used by the centers for Medicare and Medicaid services expanded the definition of allowable mental healthcare services. It included that any license, professional counselors, or licensed mental health counselors who worked in opioid treatment programs, providing services to clients with opioid use disorder and provide counseling services without any disruption to bundled payments received by the opioid treatment program.
Mental health access improvement active 2019 – amended title XVIII of the Social Security act to provide for the coverage of marriage and family therapist services and mental health, counselor services under part B of the Medicare program
Veterans administration (VA) bill, S785 com, the commander John Scott Hannon veterans mental health care improvement act: Mark directs the VA to establish an occupational series for mental health counselors with the federal office of personnel management within a year of enactment. Being included in the occupational series will allow for professional counselors to work in federal government agencies under the title of mental health counselors. (Providing more services to military personal and veterans)
94
Solastalgia
Witnessing and experiencing the pain caused by the loss and isolation of one’shome and environment
95
When did the American school counseling association (ASCA) receive its charter?
1952 and became a division of APGA the next year
96
The first helping skills programs
Started by Truax and Carkhuff (1967) and Ivey (1971). This became the foundation for counselor education as we know it today.
In 1966, Garry Walz founded the education resources information center [Eric) clearing house counseling and personnel services. (CAPS) at the University of Michigan.
97
How were mental health and rehabilitation counselors united in 2013?
In 2013, the council on rehabilitation counseling (CRC) merged with CACREP, uniting mental health and rehabilitation counselors under one accrediting board
98
What was the final states to obtain licensure?
California obtained counseling licensure in 2010
99
What decision did NBCC make to restricts certification applicants?
NBCC announce that as of 2020 it would no longer certify applicants who did not graduate from a CACREP accredited program for the national certified counselor credential
100
How does counseling differentiate itself from other helping professions?
Through its focus on wellness
101
What are the current top concerns for the counseling field?
Telehealth, social justice, internationalization, pay parity and Medicaid participation, licensure, portability, uniformity of educational requirements across states
102
What is the ACA vision?
Every person has access to quality professional counseling to thrive
103
How does the ACA define itself?
As an educational, scientific, and professional organization, whose members work in a variety of settings and service in multiple capacities
104
Where does the ACA have branches outside of the US?
Europe and Latin America
105
Association for adult development and aging AADA
Founded in 1986 – focuses on adult development across the lifespan
106
Association for assessment and research in counseling -AARC
 founded in 1965 – advances assessment and research in the counseling profession
107
ACAC– association for child and adolescent counseling
Founded in 2013 – supports counselors, working with children and adolescents
108
ACC– association for creativity in counseling
Founded in 2004 – Promotes the use of creativity in counseling and counselor education
109
ACCA-American College counseling Association
Founded in 1991 – Support counselors, working with students at colleges, universities, and community colleges
110
ACES-Association for counselor, education, and supervision
Founded in 1938 – promotes quality, supervision, and education of counselors
111
AHC-association for humanistic counseling
Founded in 1931 provides training and information regarding humanistic counseling
112
ACSSW-association of counselingsexology and sexual wellness
ACA affiliate since 2022 – advocates for the intersectionality of sexual expression and identity as well as sex positive approach to counseling
113
AMCD-association for multicultural counseling and development
Found it in 1972 – seeks to enhance cultural, ethnic, and racial empathy within the counseling profession
114
ARCA– American rehabilitation counseling Association
Founded in 1958 – promotes excellence in rehabilitation counseling
115
ARCA– American rehabilitation counseling Association
Founded in 1958 – promotes excellence in rehabilitation counseling
116
ASERVIC-association for spiritual, ethical and religious values in counseling
Founded in 1974 support counselors who believe that spiritual, religious, and ethical values are essential to holistic human development
117
ASGW-association for specialists in group Work
Found it in 1973 – supports counselors engaged in group work
118
CSJ- Counselors for social Justice
Founded in 1999 – empowers counselors to be change agents striving to end oppression and injustice
119
CSJ- Counselors for social Justice
Founded in 1999 – empowers counselors to be change agents striving to end oppression and injustice
120
IARTC-international Association for resilience and trauma counseling
Founded in 2022 – focuses on trauma informed practices in counseling
121
IARTC-international Association for resilience and trauma counseling
Founded in 2022 – focuses on trauma informed practices in counseling
122
IAAOC– international Association of addictions and offender counselors
Founded in 1972 advocates for best practices for counseling individuals with addictions and offenders
123
IAAOC– international Association of addictions and offender counselors
Founded in 1972 advocates for best practices for counseling individuals with addictions and offenders
124
IAMFC-international Association of marriage and family counselors
Founded in 1989 – supports counselors who focus on family systems
125
MGCA-military and government counseling Association
Founded in 1984 focuses on counselors, serving government employees and military related agencies
126
MGCA-military and government counseling Association
Founded in 1984 focuses on counselors, serving government employees and military related agencies
127
NCDA– national career development Association
Founded in 1913 – Promotes best practices in career development
128
NECA-national employment counseling Association
Founded in 1966 supports counselors who provide employment counseling 
129
NECA-national employment counseling Association
Founded in 1966 supports counselors who provide employment counseling 
130
SAIGE-society for sexual, affectional, intersex, and gender, expansive identities
Founded in 1996-seeks to reduce homoprejudice and supports counselors who are LGBTQIA+and who serve LGBTQIA+ populations
131
Besides CACREP, what other accrediting agency is recognized by the counselor for higher education accreditation?
The masters in psychology and counseling accreditation council (MPCAC). Most state law is still reference the CACREP alone
132
How is the MPCAC accrediting approach different from CACreP
MPCAC takes more interdisciplinary approach. Their mission is to accredit academic programs that provide science based education and training in the practice of counseling and psychological services at the masters degree level, using both counseling and psychological principles and theories, as they apply to specific populations and settings. CACREP’s vision is to provide leadership and to promote excellence and professional preparation through accreditation of counseling and related educational programs
133
Which two documents does NBCC require that certified counselors abide by?
The NBCC’s code of ethics and the policy regarding the provision of distance services
134
Which two documents does NBCC require that certified counselors abide by?
The NBCC’s code of ethics and the policy regarding the provision of distance services
135
Which credentials does the NBCC offer?
National certified counselor (NCC)
Certified clinical mental health counselor (CCMHC)
National certified school counselor (NCSC)
Master addictions counselor (MAC)
136
What is the purpose of the center for credentialing and education (CCE)
An affiliate of NBCC the CCE works with numerous states licensure boards to coordinate the examinations required for most state licenses: NCE, NCMHCE, and some state jurisprudence exams. The CCE also offered specialized credentialing to counselors, including the following: approved clinical supervisor (ACS), board-certified coach (BCC), board certified telehealth provider (BC – TMH), Global career development facilitator (GCDF), and human services – board-certified practitioner (HS – BCP)
137
What is the difference between accreditation, certification, and credentialing?
Accreditation is the process through which counseling programs are vetted and deemed to meet the standards of practice.
Certification or credentialing is a process through which a private organization verifies and recognizes the training, supervision, and or experience of an individual counselor
138
AASECT
American Association of sexuality educators
AASECT certified sex therapists, certified sexuality counselors
139
AMHCA
American mental health counselors association
Specialist in child and adolescent counseling, couples or family, counseling, developmental and learning, disabilities, counseling, geriatric, counseling, integrated behavioral healthcare, counseling, military, counseling, substance use, and occurring disorders, trauma, counseling, forensic evaluation
140
AMHCA
American mental health counselors association
Specialist in child and adolescent counseling, couples or family, counseling, developmental and learning, disabilities, counseling, geriatric, counseling, integrated behavioral healthcare, counseling, military, counseling, substance use, and occurring disorders, trauma, counseling, forensic evaluation
141
APT
Association for play therapy
RPT registered play therapist
RPT-S: registered play therapist – supervisor
SB-RPT: school based registered play therapist 
142
DBT – Linehan board of certification
Dialectical behavior therapy – DBT-Linehan board of certification, certified DBT clinician
143
DBT – Linehan board of certification
Dialectical behavior therapy – DBT-Linehan board of certification, certified DBT clinician
144
EMDR international Association
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
EMDR certified therapist
145
When was the association for assessment and research in counseling (AARC) chartered as a division of APGA?
1965 was known then as the association for measurement and evaluation in guidance (AMEG)
146
When was the national employment counseling Association (NECA) chartered?
A division of APGA chartered in 1966
147
When was the association for multicultural counseling and development (AMCD) founded?
1972 a division of APGA
148
When was the association for specialists and group Work (ASGW) created?
1973 – a division of APGA
149
When were the association for spiritual, ethical, and religious values in counseling (ASERVIC) and the international Association of addictions and offender counselors (IAAOC) founded?
1974- Both divisions of APGA
150
What was the significance of the US Supreme Court decision in Donaldson versus O’Connor?
1975– resulted in the deinstitutionalization of patients in state mental hospitals. This precedent setting decision was one of the most significant in mental health law. it barred mental institutions from committing individuals involuntarily if they were not an immediate threat to themselves or other people. 
151
When was the American mental health counselors association (AMHCA) chartered
1978 a division of APGA
152
When was the association for counselors and educators and government (ACEG) chartered?
1984 – division of AACD. Has since been renamed the military and government counseling Association (MCGA)
153
When was the association for adults development and aging (AADA) chartered?
1986 – a division of AACD
154
When was the international Association of marriage and family counselors(IAMFC) chartered
1989 – a division of AACD
155
When was the American College counseling Association (ACCA) charred
1991 – a division of AACD
156
When did the ACA make a major revision to its coat of ethics, allowing members and divisions to submit suggestions and ideas and revising the format of the document to make it more cohesive and organized?
1995
157
When was the association for gay, lesbian, and bisexual issues and counseling (AGLBIC) chartered?
1997 division of ACA
158
When was the association for gay, lesbian, and bisexual issues and counseling (AGLBIC) chartered?
1997 division of ACA
159
When was counselors for social justice (CSJ) chartered?
2002-division of ACA
160
After the turn of the century, what revisions were made to the ACA code of ethics?
In 2005, the ACA code of ethics was revised and included new sections on technology, end of life care, making diagnoses, ending practice, and choosing therapeutic interventions
161
When was the association for creativity and counseling (ACC) established?
2004 a division of ACA
162
When did AGLBIC change its name?
In 2007 the AGLBIC name was changed to the association for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender issues and counseling (ALGBTIC)
163
After the turn of the century, when did CACREP publish revisions to its accreditation standards
2009
164
What three legal cases set the stage for clarifying the role of counselor personal values in the ACA code of ethics (2014) 
Keetom versus Anderson-Wiley, 2011
Ward versus Polite, 2012
Ward versus Willbanks, 2010
Involved the role of value conflicts for counselor trainees, working with lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning clients
165
When was the most recent revision to the ACA code of ethics published?
The seventh and most recent revision of the ACA code of ethics was published in 2014. It included new or expanded guidelines to address issues related to technology and social media, distance counseling, multiculturalism and social advocacy, imposition of personal values, confidentiality, record keeping, diagnosis, end of lifecare, and selection of counseling interventions.
166
When did CACREP and the council on rehabilitation education (CORE) merge
2017 – rehabilitation counseling program seeking accreditation now apply through CACREP
167
Who founded the National Mental Health Association (now Mental Health America)
Clifford Beers 1909
