History Of Counseling profession Flashcards
When did the counseling profession begin, what brought it about, and what was its original focus?
Late 1800s. Resulted from the industrial revolution and social reform movements. Early 1900s – population growth, industrialization, and urbanization, World War I, growing immigrant population. Vocational guidance counseling was the original focus.
Who was the founder of vocational guidance?
Frank Parsons
What organization did Frank Parsons open?
Bureau of vocational guidance in Boston (vocational bureau of Boston) established in 1908– helped match individuals with suitable careers, based on their skills and personal traits. Was the first career counseling center. Helped growing population of immigrants in their search for work.
What book did Frank Parsons write?
Choosing a vocation (published posthumously when he died in 1908)
Earliest counseling association
The national vocational guidance Association (NVGA) – founded in 1913. Since renamed the national career development association NCDA)
Early leader of the mental health movement Who focused on needed reforms and mental health facilities
Clifford Beers
What did the early health movement advocate for?
The construction of mental health clinics and more humane treatment of institutionalized patients with psychological disorders
The first outpatient mental health clinic in America
Clifford beers clinic in New Haven, Connecticut, founded by Clifford beers in 1913
What is a trait and factor theory?
Develops by Frank Parsons. based on the idea that people have different traits and that effective vocational counseling matches a person’s traits with job requirements.
What is the Minnesota point of view?
AKA the Minnesota model. Created by EG Williamson in 1930s, a trait and factor theory considered to be one of the first counseling theories. Williamson and colleagues at the University of Minnesota built on the foundational work of traitfactor theory . The Minnesota point of view was an empirically based strategy to help students at the university and people who are unemployed, learn about their traits, interests, and skills and use this knowledge to make effective vocational decisions. This was a directive model that emphasize counselors role as mentors and teachers and dominated the counseling fields during much of the 1930s and 1940s. During World War II, Williamson’s theory was used to classify and assign recruits to positions in the U.S. military
What was the significance of the Wagner Oday act?
Passed in 1932, created US employment services to help the unemployed find work through vocational guidance
From what three specialty areas did the counseling profession emerge?
School counseling, rehabilitation/vocational, counseling, and community mental health
Who was considered the father of vocational guidance?
Frank Parsons
Who was the first school counselor?
Jesse Davis
What was Jesse Davis’s contribution to the counseling profession?
1907 – a principal who helped start school counseling with “a call to vocation“ and implementing vocational guidance lessons into class time into his high school in Grand Rapids Michigan. This led to a citywide vocational guidance department in the Grand Rapids school district. Similar vocational service programs were created in several other regions of the country throughout the 1920s.
What book did Clifford Beers write?
A mind that found itself-1908 – focused on needed reforms and mental health facilities. Beers autobiography about his experiences with being treated for mental health problems under wretched conditions in psychiatric institutions, Helped create a shift in the stigma around mental illness and prompted the emergence of the mental hygiene movement. Also laid a foundation for the formation of advocacy, such as the creation of the national mental health association, which he founded in 1909.
What university trained teachers to engage in classroom guidance?
In 1911 Harvard begin training teachers to engage in classroom guidance
Who opened the first marriage and family counseling center?
Abraham and Hannah Stone opened the first marriage and family counseling center in New York in 1929
What was the Smith Hughes act of 1917?
Made funding available for educational guidance in public schools
What was the soldiers rehabilitation act of 1918?
Mandated guidance services to veterans with service related disabilities
What was the Smith Fess act of 1920?
Mandated guidance to civilians with disabilities who had the capacity to re-enter the workforce
During what decades did the professionalization of counseling pick up speed?
1940s and 1950s
Which two scholarly works led to the professionalization of counseling in the late 1940s and 1950s
Carl Rogers 1942 book Counseling and Psychotherapy his article “the necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change” (1957)
Who introduced humanistic principles?
Carl Rogers person centered (client centered) approach
First force of counseling
Psychanalysis
Second force of counseling
Behaviorism
Third force in counseling
Humanistic
Caplow’s criteria for an occupation to be considered a profession
- Establish a professional society or association
- develop standard for training programs and a vehicle to enforce those
- create a code of ethics and standards for admitting and regulating practitioners
According to Rothman‘s criteria, the additional criteria of public recognition would be number four 
When did counseling meet Caplow’s criteria?
The 1950s and beyond
By the late 1970s counseling had achieved all four of Rothman‘s criteria and became an independent professional separate from teaching or psychology. However, the roots of counseling would forever be grounded in education and psychology. 
Which social movements was the counseling profession influenced by in the early 20th century?
Vocational guidance, school guidance, mental hygiene, and mental health movements
Who laid the foundation for the trait theory of career counseling?
Frank Parsons – created a systemic approach by considering peoples interest skills and qualifications for careers
Who proposed the first plan for educating counselors?
Frank Parsons proposed a plan for educating career counselors
Precursor to American counseling Association
American personnel and guidance association (APGA)
How did World War I and II impact the vocational guidance movement?
WWI
Three US federal acts addressed issues servicemember faced while re-integrating into society:
2. 1917 – Smith – Hughes act: established the federal board for vocational education, which later administered the veteran and civilian vocational rehabilitation programs
3. 1918 soldiers rehabilitation act: created a vocational rehabilitation program for disabled World War I veterans (administered by the federal board for vocational education)
4. 1920– the Smith-Fess act (also known as the civilian vocational rehabilitation act) established the first vocational rehabilitation program for civilians, not just veterans, with disabilities
WWII
The US Army ordered that psychological tests( the Army Alpha and Beta IQ tests) to be developed to screen personnel. Soon after, psychological testing, became commonplace in US education, business, and personnel offices.
Consider to be the beginning of the rehabilitation counseling specialty
The Smith-Fess act
Who proposed that vocational guidance become integral part of the Seattle school curriculum?
Anna Reed, 1917 – reported the public schools were not adequately preparing students for most businesses
Who organized a guidance program for boys in the New York City schools and had them work on farms during the summer to gain work experience (purpose to provide guidance before entering the workforce)
Eli Weaver – 1920s
When and where were school counselors first certified?
1920s – counselors in school systems from New York and Boston were expected to help all students make education and career decisions
When was the emergence of the mental hygiene movement?
Early 1920s
implemented actions aimed at reducing the preconditions for mental illness by taking such social measures as the right upbringing, selection of decent work, adequate living and working conditions, and fast and accessible psychiatric services (
Who founded the national mental health Association?
Clifford beers – 1909 (original name was national committee on mental hygiene). Mission was to develop measures that would prevent mental illness, promote mental health, provide support to people, dealing with mental health issues, and reform psychiatric treatment. Spearheaded legal reforms in several states, provided grants for research for the causes of psychiatric illnesses, and funded training for medical students period. Eventually became mental health America in 2006.
What was the first community based psychiatric clinic?
1909 – Juvenile psychopathic institute in Chicago established by William Healy. Created to find the causes of juvenile delinquency, which was rampant during that time in Chicago.
What organizations did the national mental health association eventually turn into?
Mental health America (2006)
What event shaped the counseling field in the 1930s?
The great depression led to a heightened focus on researching and developing vocational/career counseling strategies as millions of adults and young people lost their jobs
Who proposed that school systems were responsible for preparing students for life post graduation?
John Brewer advocated integrating guidance into the school curriculum in the 1930s. Preparation included making vocational decisions and being guided by counselors about courses and life skills needed to live as an emerging adult.
What was the focus of the counseling during an after World War II?
Increase number of counselors begin working full-time at postsecondary educational institutions, community agencies, and vocational rehabilitation centers,
Assessment, career, mental health, and rehabilitation counseling. As in the first world war, the government needed help selecting the most suited individuals for different jobs within the military and related industries. counselors and psychologists were hired to conduct testing. And psychologists were also needed on the front lines and then at home to help soldiers deal with shell shock or battle fatigue (PTSD). To meet that  need, government created basic training and begins credentialing research-oriented, psychologists and new medical school graduates. The VA (veterans administration) also created counseling centers in their hospitals. The VA coined the term, counseling psychology and created counseling, psychology positions and training programs to fill these positions. The VA provided stipends and paid internships to train mental health professionals to provide counseling services. The entry level for these positions was a doctorate. This placed restrictions on the hiring of counselors, the majority of whom had masters degree
How did Carl Rogers influence the counseling profession during the 1940s and 1950s
Roger believed the clients were experts about their lives and did not need to be directed by counselors, challenging the directive, counselor centered approach of the Williamson and Freudian psychoanalysis. Rather than serving in the role of teacher, Rogers proposed the counselor serve as non-judgmental mirrors for their clients. Rogers shifted the focus of counseling to how to use the counseling relationship. (how we interact) to help clients affect change.
Describe federal legislation and acted in the 1930s that influences the counseling professions development
Wagner O’Day act (1933) established the US employment services
The George-Dean act (1936) established continued federal grants to support nationwide vocation education program (created by the Smith’s-Hughes act of 1917)
1938-the US office of education established the
Occupational information guidance, services bureau, which researched vocational guidance issues, and stressed the need for school counseling.
Describe federal legislation passed in the 1940s that influenced the counseling professions developments
1944 – US employment service opened 1000 offices across the country staffed by employment counselors
1946-the George-Barden act was passed to establish counselor training programs, focused on vocational counseling. This helped to set a precedent for funding the preparation of counselors.
1946 – the national Institute of mental health (NIMH) was established
- The national mental health act was passed. This act authorized funds for research, demonstration, and training to prevent and treat  mental health disorders. The NIMH continued to provide training stipends for students in PhD programs, and they asked the American psychological association to create training standards. Those standards may well have been the first step in the eventual credentialing process for psychologists. Those standards precluded most counselors.
When would Masters level professional counselors meet the criteria to be hired by the VA?
2006 when the veterans benefits, healthcare, and information technology act was passed
Decade with most profound impact on counselors and summary of contributing factors
1950s the APA established division 17, the society of counseling psychology; the American personnel and guidance association was established as a professional organization separate from APA;
significant federal legislation was passed that impacted the development and recognition of specialty of school counseling;
continued research and development of new guidance and counseling theories
When was the American personnel and guidance Association (APGA)founded? How long was it known as APGA?
- From 1952–1983. In 1983, the name was changed to American Association for counseling and development (AACD) to represent its members work more accurately
When was APGA name changed to?AACD? How long before it was changed again?
- 1983–1992. in 1992, the name was changed to the American counseling association(ACA) 
How many chartered divisions does the ACA have currently?
19
How many interest networks does the ACA have?
27
How many branches does the ACA have?
56
How many regional assemblies does the ACA have?
4
How and when was the ACA formed?
Before ACA was established, the council of guidance and personal associations (CGPA) was a federation comprised of organizations that all had interest in vocational guidance, educational guidance, psychology, and personnel. At the 1950 convention of the council, a committee presented a plan to unify these different organizations. In 1951, the NVGA and the American College personnel association (ACPA) (two of the CGPA organizations) Approved the plan. They joined together as a new organization, the personnel and guidance association (PGA). Next year, 1952, the name was changed to the American personnel and guidance Association (AGPA), formed by the merger of the National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA) (now known as the national career development Association) the National Association of Guidance and College Trainers (NAGCT) (now known as the association for counselor education and supervision, ACES), the Student Personnel Association for Teacher Education (SPATE), since renamed the counseling Association for humanistic, education and development (C-AHEAD), the association for humanistic counseling (AHC). and the American College Personnel Association (ACPA)
To ACA divisions that were established during the 1950s
The American school counselors association, 1953 (dissolved 1918) and the division of rehabilitation counseling (known as the American rehabilitation counseling Association)
What was created by the AP the same year that the ACA was founded
APA created the society of counseling psychology, known as division 17.
Difference between counseling, counseling psychology, and clinical psychology
Like like counselors, counseling psychology, focuses on typical growth and development, compared to those in clinical psychology, who tend to work with individuals with more severe and chronic mental disorders. Members of ACA and APA division 17 shared interests and vocational counseling and humanistic therapy. A major distinction between counseling and counseling psychology is the requirement of a doctoral degree to practice independently.
Who tried to limit the practice of counseling in the 1970s?
In the 1970s, the APA began to establish state legislation that limited the practice of counseling to doctoral level psychologists or to other mental health professionals who worked under their supervision
Federal legislation that impacted the counseling profession in the 1950s
In the 1950s, Thorazine was used to treat symptoms of severe mental disorders. With better symptom management, many people who had been treated in state hospitals were released into communities. Were not well set up to provide the necessary services or prepared to meet the needs of World War II veterans.
The vocational rehabilitation act [VRA) was passed in 1954 in part to address those needs. Created funding for the training of rehabilitation counselors. Congress required that funds be allocated for training counselors who specialized in working with people with disabilities (psychological and physical).
The mental health study act was passed in 1955 to study and make recommendations on mental health and mental illness in the US, establishing the joint commission on mental illness and health. The act authorized NIMH to study and make recommendations on mental health and mental illness in the US. The act also authorized the creation of the joint commission on mental illness and health..
The launching of the Soviet Union’s first space satellite, Sputnik one, led to the announcements of the national defense education act (NDEA)in 1958. The act funded school counseling programs focused on encouraging students to go into science and math fields. The NDEA provided grants to offer counseling in high schools and authorize contracts to colleges and universities to train counselors to work in schools. The NDEA provided schools with increased funds to improve their curriculum and pick out students showing promising in math and science. This was significant in developing the standards for the preparation of professional counselors, and the number of counselors hired by schools across the country rose dramatically.
Summary of significance events in the 1960s and 1970s and their impact on the counseling profession
The Vietnam war, civil rights movements, assassinations of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy, and the woman’s movements brought attention to social issues.
The Johnson’s administration (1963) great Society initiatives developed social service agencies, leading to the opportunity for legislation that impacted counseling services across different settings.
Major works related to cross cultural counseling written by pioneers, such as William Cross, Paul Pedersen, and Detald Sue were published in counseling and psychology journals, reflecting a growing focus on counseling on cultural issues.
Individuals in the counseling field published books and articles that increased the counseling professions interest in multicultural issues, such as cultural identity development, multicultural awareness, racism, and counseling minorities. 
What’s ACA divisions were added in the 1970s?
Association for non-white concerns in personnel and guidance (ANWIC) added in 1972 to address the concerns about minority representation within APGA And the counseling profession and the social movements that were occurring in the 1960s and 1970s. Changed its name to association for multicultural counseling and development (AMCD) in 1984, just after APGA became known as the American Association for counseling and development (AACD)
The public offender counselor Association (POCA, now known as the international Association of addictions and defenders counselors) was established in 1974. It’s members focused on an increasing juvenile and probation population, and the staff who worked in prison systems
1974 association for spiritual, ethical, and religious values and counseling (ASERVIC) was established as a division (first called the national Catholic guidance Association), beginning meaningful cultural discussions related to religious issues in counseling
With the passage of the community mental health centers act, there was an increase in counseling outside educational settings. Counselors were being hired in settings, such as community mental health clinics, employees assistance programs, rehabilitation centers, substance, abuse treatment facilities, psychiatric hospitals, and hospices. The American mental health, counselor association (AMHCA) was founded as a division of AGPA in 1976 to meet the needs of community counselors working in diverse settings. Disaffiliated in 2019
When did the foundation for national training standards for professional counselors begin?
In the 1960s. The ACES and American school counselor associations (ASCA) formed a joint commission to develop training standards, focused on preparation of school counselors. The “standards for counselor education in the preparation of secondary school counselors” was created in 1964 and adopted by ACESin 1967. The also established the “standards for preparation of elementary school counselors“ in 1967 and guidelines for programs in the preparation of school personnel workers in higher education in 1969. The council for rehabilitation education (CORE) was founded in 1972 as the first specialized accrediting body for graduate programs in counseling, establishing standards for masters programs in rehabilitation counseling. CORE was the forerunner for establishing educational standards for the preparation of professional counselors.
When was the first ACA code of ethics published?
1961
