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ELIE > HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS AND GENERATION OF COMPUTERS > Flashcards

HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS AND GENERATION OF COMPUTERS Flashcards

1
Q

a device that accepts information (in the form of digitalized data) and manipulates it for some result based on a program, software, or sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed.

A

Computer

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2
Q

Four kinds of computer:

A
  1. SUPERCOMPUTERS
  2. MAINFRAME COMPUTERS
  3. MINICOMPUTERS
  4. MICROCOMPUTERS
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3
Q

any of a class of extremely powerful computers. The tem is commonly applied to the fastest high-performance systems avallable at any given dime.

A

Supercomuters

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4
Q

Is a computer used primarily by large organizations for critical appications like bulk data processing for tasks such as censuses, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and large-scale transaction processing

A

Mainframe computers

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5
Q

A mainframe computer informally called a mainframe or?

A

Big iron

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6
Q

computer that was smaller, less expensive, and less powerful than a mainframe or supercomputer but more expensive and more powerful than a personal computer.

A

Minicomputers

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7
Q

a complete computer on a small scale, designed for use by one person at a time.

A

Microcomputers

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8
Q

microcomputer is now primarily called a?

A

Personal computer

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9
Q

Two Classification of Microcomputers:

A
  1. Personal computers
  2. Workstations
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10
Q

Is a computer designed for individual use. It is typically used for tasks such as word processing, internet browsing, email, multimedla playback, and gaming.

A

Personal computer

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11
Q

a special computer designed for technical or scientific applications. Intended primarily to be used by a single user, they are commonly connected to a local area network and run multi-user operating systems.

A

Workstations

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12
Q

is a collection of code that drives a computer to perform a related group of tasks,

A

Software

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13
Q

There are two types of software:

A
  1. System Software
  2. Application Software
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14
Q

input is whatever Is put in (‘input” to a computer system. Input can be nearly any kind of data - letters numbers, symbols, colors, temperatures, sounds, or whatever raw material needs processing

A

Input operations

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15
Q

the set of activities and techniques used to manage and optimize the production of goods and services in an organization.

A

Processing operations

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16
Q

a mechanism that enables a computer to retain data, either temporarily or permanently.

A

Storage operations

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17
Q

Two types of storage operations:

A

Primary Storage and Secondary Storage

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18
Q

a key component of a computer system that enables it to function.

A

Primary storage

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19
Q

is non-volatile and is used to store data and programs for later retrieval.

A

Secondary storage

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20
Q

Secondary storage, sometimes called?

A

auxiliary storage

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21
Q

refer to data signals sent by the output device in response to the data input.

A

Output operations

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22
Q

Output has two types:

A

Softcopy and Hardcopy.

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23
Q

an electronic copy (or e-copy) of some type of data, such as a file viewed on a computer’s display, one that doesn’t exist in physical form or on paper, but is Instead or transmitted as an email attachment.

A

Soft copy

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24
Q

printed on the paper and sometimes it is referred as permanent copy.

A

Hard copy

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25
Q

any processes that allow you to communicate which feature a computer or computer program.

A

Communication operations

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26
Q

There are five basic operations of a computer:

A
  1. Input operations
  2. Processing operations
  3. Storage operations
  4. Output operations
  5. Communication operations
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27
Q

The first use of the word “computer” was recorded in?

A

1613

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28
Q

was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages.

A

Tally sticks

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29
Q

a mathematical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations.

A

Abacus

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30
Q

The abacus was invented in? And what b.c.?

A

Babylonia in 2400 B.C.

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31
Q

are numbered rods hich can be used to perform multiplication of any number by a 2 - 9

A

Napier’s bone

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32
Q

NAPIER’S BONE Also known as

A

Napier’s rod

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33
Q

Napiers bone was invented by? And what year?

A

John Napier in 1614.

34
Q

A hand-operated mechanical calculator consisting of slidable ruler for evaluating mathematical operations

A

Slide ruler

35
Q

Slide ruler was invented by? And what year?

A

Willam Oughtred in 1622

36
Q

The first calculator or adding machine invented by Blaise Pascal

37
Q

Pascaline is the first calculator or adding machine invented by?

A

Blaise Pascal

38
Q

A mechanical calculator invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.

A

Stepped reckoner

39
Q

STEPPED RECKONER a mechanical calculator invented by? And what year?

A

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.

40
Q

is a mechanical loom, which was invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1881,

A

Jacquard loom

41
Q

Jacquard Loom is a mechanical loom, which was invented by? And what year?

A

Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1881

42
Q

a mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820.

A

ARITHMOMETER

43
Q

ARITHMOMETER is a mechanical calculator invented by? And what year?

A

Thomas de Colmar in 1820

44
Q

Father of the Computer

A

Charles babbage

45
Q

Charles babbage in 1822 and 1834 also invented?

A

Difference and Analytical Machine

46
Q

What year charles babbage invented the Difference and Analytical Machine?

A

1822 to 1834

47
Q

Considered as the first computer programmer

A

AUGUSTA ADA BYRON

48
Q

Known as the first printing calculator, by spinning the handle, it automatically calculates and prints out the numbers in logarithmic table

A

SCHEUTZIAN CALCULATION ENGINE

49
Q

An electromechanical machine designed to assist in summarizing information stored on punched cards

A

TABULATING MACHINE

50
Q

Tabulating machine was invented by? And what year?

A

Herman Hollerith in 1890

51
Q

was one of the earliest general-purpose electromechanical computers used in the war effort during the last part of World War II.

52
Q

was a motor-driven mechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse.

A

Z1 computer

53
Q

Z1 computer was a motor-driven mechanical computer designed by?

A

Konrad Zuse

54
Q

was the first automatic electronic digital computer.

55
Q

which is integrated into every modern processor’s design.

56
Q

the first commercially successful portable computer, released on April 3, 1981 by Osborne Computer Corporation,

57
Q

The Osborne 1 is the first commercially successful portable computer, released on? And by the?

A

April 3, 1981 by Osborne Computer Corporation,

58
Q

was the world’s first general-purpose electronic computer. is also considered the world’s first programmable computer

59
Q

was one of the earliest electronic computers. Functionally, lt was a binary serial computer with automatic addition, subtraction, multiplication, programmed division and automatic checking with an ultrasonic serial memory

60
Q

was an early British computer. It was the second electronic digital stored-program computer to go into regular service.

61
Q

was the first general-purpose electronic digital computer design for business application produced in the United States.

62
Q

UNIVAC 1 designed principally by?

A

J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly

63
Q

was founded by J, Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

64
Q

EMCC was founded by?

A

J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

65
Q

is the earliest age of information
technology.

A

premechanical age

66
Q

is when we first start to see connections between our current technology and its ancestors.

A

Mechanical age

67
Q

can be defined as the time between 1840 and 1940. These are the beginnings of telecommunication.

A

Electromechanical age

68
Q

age is what we currently live in. It can be defined as the time between 1940 and right now.

A

Electronic age

69
Q

Five generations of computer:

A
  1. First generation ( 1946 to 1958 )
  2. Second generation ( 1959 to 1964 )
  3. Third generation ( 1965 to 1970 )
  4. Fourth generation ( 1971 to today )
  5. Fifth generation ( today to future )
70
Q

The technology behind the primary generation computers was a fragile glass device, which was called a?

A

vacuum tube

71
Q

-generation computers were used for calculation, storage, and control purpose.

A

First-generation computer

72
Q

-generation computers used the technology of transistors rather than bulky vacuum tubes.

A

Second-generation computer

73
Q

technology envisaged a shift from huge transistors to integrated circuits, also referred to as?

74
Q

a variety of transistors were placed on silicon chips, called?

A

semiconductors

75
Q

The most feature of this era’s computer was speed and reliability.

A

Third generation computer

76
Q

First microprocessors were used, the large-scale of Integration LS/ circuits built on one chip called?

A

microprocessors

77
Q

The computers using microchips were called?

A

microcomputers

78
Q

This generation provided even smaller size of computers, with larger capacities

A

Fourth generation computer

79
Q

The technology behind the fifth generation of computers is

80
Q

The technology behind this generation of computers is Al.

A

Fifth generation computer

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