History of Architecture Flashcards
A prehistoric monument consisting of an upright megalith, usually standing alone but sometimes aligned with others.
Menhir - Long stones
Rudston Monolith
the talles menhir in the UK
The Geant du Manio
a 6.5m menhir in France
Head Statues, Easter island
Rapa Nui
A heap of stones pile up as a monument, tombstone or landmark.
Cairn, Carn
maen ceti (arthur stone)
Cairnholy
Clava Cairns
Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland
An artificial mound or earth or stone, esp over an ancient grave.
Tumulus, Barrow
Central Section of crescent-shaped monument at Lajuad W Sahara
A prehistoric monument consisting of two or more large upright stones, supporting a horizontal stone slab, foundesp in Britain and France and usually regard as a tomb.
Dolmen
Poulnabrone Dolmen
Dolmen | Dolmen in Steinfeld/Germany (ca. 2000-2500
A megalithic tomb of the neolithic and early bronze ages found in the British Isles and Europe, consisting of a roof burial chamber and narrow entrance passage, covered by Tumulus.
Passage Grave, Chamber Grave, Galler Grave
Hunebed, Passage grave
A simple passage tomb in Carrowmore near Sligo in Ireland
Located at the southern part of Salisbury Plain, about 8 miles north of Salisbury, 2 miles west of Avebury.
The focal point of the densest concentration of Neolithic and Bronze Age
Undergone in 4 period of building and use
Used from c 30000 BCE until after 1100 BCE
Stonehenge
AD means
anno Domini[a][1][2] (AD) and before Christ[b][3][4][5] (BC)
AD meaning “the year of Christ”
Stonehenge Phase 1
c3000 BCE
About 91m across
Ditch and bank, work began c2800 BCE
Probably a place of Neolithic astronommical observations, worship, and burials for about 7 centuries
Discovered by John Aubrey
Aubrey Holes 17C
Never held upright posts
unknown purposes
treated wit hchalks
the holes were immediately refilled
reused for burials of cremated human bones.
Aubrey Holes
Stonehenge 2
Introduction of a new axis, a more east than previous one
addition of the Avenue (510m)
addition of the Bluestones
The probable builders of Stonehenge II
Early Bronze Age (c2000 - 1500 BC) people buries around Stonehenge because of the pottery beakers found in graves.
Beaker People
Stonehenge 3-A
2000 BC
Composed of 30 upright stones in uniform height capped by a horizontal ring of stone lintels.
Trilithons
7 tons
with morties holes and tenon joints
25 tons each
lintels are wider above and were cut to curves
slight convex outline
illusion of increased height
effect of verticality
Stonehenge
5 Thrilithons or Central Thrilithons also called ________
Sarsen Hoseshoe
Invented name of bloody Drudical Sacrifice
One of the pair of Sarsen stones (5.5m) high standing close together in the entrance of the earthwork, so as to frame between them the sun rising over the horizon at midsummer for an observer at the center.
Slaughter Stone
Stonehenge 3-B
Y and Z Holes
59 holes in all
59 days in 2 lunar months
Bluestone Horseshoe -
19 bluestones
19 cycles of the moon, curcial for the prediction of eclipses
Stonehenge 3-C
Some bluestones in 3-B were reused in III-C, some were shaped and some were jointed together
Bluestone Circle
60 stones
Bluestone Horseshoe-19 stones
The final arrangement of the bluestones
The term ______ in Britain is used in a loose sense to cover all of the “foreign” stones at Stonehenge.
Bluestone
Stonehenge 4
c 1100 BCE
The avenue was extended from the end of the first straight stretch built in period 2 to the river Avon near west Avebury
The land between two rivers
Greek Mesos - Middle; Potamos - River
An ancient region in western Asia between the Tigris ad Euphrates rivers, comprising the land of Sumer and Akkad and occupied successively by the Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians and Persians. (Now part of Iraq)
Mesopotamia
An agricultural region arching from the Eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea i n the west of Iraq and in the location humankinds earliest cultures.
Fertile Crescent
First Pre-Deluvial Settlements/Cities
House in a faraway Built
E.ri.du
Eridu (Sumerian: 𒉣𒆠, NUN.KI/eridugki; Akkadian: irîtu; modern Arabic: Tell Abu Shahrain) is an archaeological site in southern Mesopotamia (modern Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq). Eridu was long considered the earliest city in southern Mesopotamia and is still today argued to be the oldest city in the world.[1] Located 12 km southwest of Ur, Eridu was the southernmost of a conglomeration of Sumerian cities that grew around temples, almost in sight of one another. These buildings were made of mud brick and built on top of one another.[2] With the temples growing upward and the village growing outward, a larger city was built.[2] In Sumerian mythology, Eridu was originally the home of Enki, later known by the Akkadians as Ea, who was considered to have founded the city. His temple was called E-Abzu, as Enki was believed to live in Abzu, an aquifer from which all life was believed to stem.
First Pre-Deluvial Settlements/Cities
Bright Place where the Ores are made final.
Bad.tibira
Bad-tibira(Sumerian: 𒂦𒁾𒉄𒆠, bad3-tibiraki), “Wall of the Copper Worker(s)”,[1] or “Fortress of the Smiths”,[2] identified as modern Tell al-Madineh, between Ash Shatrah and Tell as-Senkereh (ancient Larsa) in southern Iraq,[3] was an ancient Sumerian city, which appears among antediluvian cities in the Sumerian King List. Its Akkadian name was Dûr-gurgurri.[4] It was also called Παντιβίβλος (Pantibiblos) by Greek authors such as Abydenus, Apollodorus of Athens and Berossus. This may reflect another version of the city’s name, Patibira, “Canal of the Smiths”.[5]
First Pre deluvial Cities
Seeing the Bright Glow
La ra ak
First Pre Deluvial Cities
Bird Cities
Slippar
First Pre-deluvial cities
The place of the utmost Being
Shu Rum pak
Massive architecture
- mud brick construction set with clay mortar
- heavy walls articulated by pilasters and recesses and faced with glazed bricks
Columns were rare
Small and infrequent windows
Acuated Architecture System - doorways were spanned by double semicircular arches.
Buildings were designed for both internal and external effects
Roofs were burnt brick vault
moldings were rare
temples - principal building type
Tripartite Plan - the standard and basic layout of their structures
Orginally employed in ziggurats of Sumer
Mesopotamian Architecture
The architecture developed by the Sumerians who dominated southern Mesopotamia from the 4th to the end of the 3rd millenium BCE, characterized by the monumental temples of sundried brick faced with burnt glazed brick, often built upon the ruins of their predecessors.
Architecture is made of locally available materias
clay tied bundles of reeds used as structural framing for hut and halls
sun dried bricks for the wall between buttresses
monumental temples and places were built around a series of courtyards
large cities have well developed drainage and sewer systems and were protected by strong ramparts
Sumerian Architecture
An ancient region in southern Mesopotamia, where a number of independent cities and city-states were established as early as 6000BCE.
Major cities and archaological sites:
Eridu
Uruk
Ur
Lagash
Kish
Nippur
The land was the first known and fully documented civilization sprange up after the Duluge.
Sumer (The biblic Shine’ar, Genesis 10:10)
3 Principal Temples of Eridu
The e en gur ra
the bit resh
the irigal
Also know as the Temple of Anu
The E en gur ra
- no less than 18 strata or district phases were discovered
Cones of baked clay were set in mud plaster over many of the wall faces
traditions maintained that the Great Gods (Annunnakis) themselves had fashioned its parts
belived built by the annunaakis for the celestial visit and for the honor of Anu
The ____ (main temple) also a stage tower.
Bit-resh
The ____ temple dedicated to In Anna / Ishtar
Irigal
The largest of sumerian Cities, more than 9km perimeter
First colored pottery baked in a kiln
evidence of the first use of potters wheel
Oldest limestone pavement construction
First inscribed texts
First cylinder seals
other sites bear evidence of the emergence of the metal age
First ziggurat on the top of which stood a white temple and red temple.
URUK (the biblical Erect, Genesis 10:10, Modern warca
A high pyramidal staged tower, of which the angles were orinted to cardinal points, which formed an important element in ancient mesopotamian temple complexes. The number of stage rises from one to seven.
Ziggurat / Ziqqarat
Believed to be the predecessor of the ziggurat.
The E. Anna (House/Temple of Anu) Ziggurat the White Temple (4000 BCE)
Literally means very “old”
The cult center of nannar/Sin (moon god).
UR (Genesis 11:28, The birthplace of Abraham, modern Muqaril’ya)
E Kish Nu Gal (The house of Thirty, The great Seed)
Dedicated to Nannar/Sin - already very old, remodeled by Ur -nammu (the joy of Ur), first ruler of Dynasty III
The Ziggurat of Ur (c2100 BCE)
THe capital City of ELAM (genesis 10:22)
Susa
Built by Untash-Gal
The best preserved Ziggurat
The Ziggurat at Tchoga-Zanbii (c1300 BCE)
Exterior Oval Precinct
-within it the layout was rectilinear.
The corners oriented to the four cardinal points
Before construction, the whole temple was dug down to a virgin soil, through the accumulated depth of earlier building levels
the dug area was filled with clean sand
foundations of a depth greater than structurally requiresite were laid in the sand
finally clay packed down against the walls (assurance of the purity of the soil underneath the temple)
The Temple Oval, Khafaje, NE of Baghdad
Assyrian Architecture
Capital City?
Assur / Ashur
Assyrian architecture
character of its cities?
Fortified with crenellated and battlemented towers
Assyrian Architecture
Character of its Palaces?
Large and emphasizing the central role of the monarchy
Took precedence over religious buildings
Assyrian Architecture
Character of its External Structures?
Ornamented in carved relief or polychrome glazed bricks (originated by the assyrians)
Use of high plinths or dadoes of great stone slabs placed on edged and usually carved with relief sculpture
Assyirian Architecture
Character of its Vaults?
Barrel Type. made in bricks
Assyrian Architecture
Character of its Columns?
Filled the interior courts
Slender with high molded bases, fluted shafts. and capital of recurring vertical scroll
Widely spaced to support timber and clay roofs
Assyrian Architecture
Characteristics of its Doorways?
With semicircular arches
With glazed bricks around the circumference
Assyrian architecture
Characteristics of its WindowS?
Square-headed and high up in the wall
The ancient and religious cemter of the Assyrian State
Dedicated to Ashur, Assyrians National god/
Contained:
- The temple of In Anna / Ashtar - First Shrine (early dynastic period)
- The ziggurat temple of Ashur
- The double temple of Anu and Adad
- With twin Ziggurats
City of Ashur
Restored and enlarged as capital by Ashurnasirpal II (c 883 - 859 BCE).
The city layout with ziggurat complex, throne room, administrative block and residential wind, all enclosing large public court, became standard.
The City of Nimrud (Genesis 10:8 - 9, Modern Calah)
Built toward the end of 9C BCE
A double sanctuary in the main wing for the deity in his consort.
A well located in front of the sanctuary
- a source of water in mixing the finest clay used for the tablets for writing by the scribed in cuneiform
A double sanctuary in the north wing
- used for the new year festival each spring
The temple of Nabu (Ezida, The God of Writing), Nimrud
Laid and built by Sargon II (722 - 705BCE), unfinished. abandoned at his death.
Similar in plan to Nimrud and Nineveh
Square in plan. covered nearly one square mile
-Total city area was never entirely occupied by buildings
Palaces - erected on huge platform as protection against floods
The Dur-Sharrukin (present day Khorsabad)
The citadel covered 23 acres
It has Three main parts: A group of 3 large and 3 small temples on the left
- Administrative offices and service quarters on the right
- private and residential apartments and state chambers behind.
The main portal: Flanked by great towers
- Guarded by Lamassus
- Approched from a broad ramp
The palace of Sargon (Shuru-kin), Khorsabad
Reconstructed Model of Palace of Sargon at Khorsabad 1905
Lamassus
This is the Assyrian Lamassu at the Oriental Institute Museum at the University of Chicago. Gypsum (?) Khorsabad, entrance to the throne room Neo-Assyrian Period, ca. 721-705 B.C. OIM A7369 This 40 ton statue was one of a two flanking the entrance to the throne room of King Sargon II. A protective spirit known as a lamassu, it is shown as a composite being with he head of a human, the body and ears of a bull, and the wings of a bird. When viewed from the side, the creature appears to be walking; when viewed from the front, to be standing still. Thus it is actually represented with five, rather than four legs. Being approximately 2700 years old, copyright does not apply to this statue.
7 stages
Square in volume
-45m both in heigh and base
Ascended by winding ramp
-1.8m wide
The Ziggurat of Khorsabad
The capital of Assyriam Empire, built by Sargon’s Son Sennacherib (705 - 681 BCE)
Contained the following structures:
- The palace of Sennacherib (The South-West Palace)
- THe “Palace without Rival”
– undergone a massive labor in securing the foundation
–Platform on the mound formed by successive levels of earlier occupation
Finally Fell in 612BC after a prolonged assault by the Medes and the Babylonians, and was never to rise again.
The CIty of Nineveh
Mud brick walls articulated by pilasters and faced with glazed brick.
Babylonian Architecture (2000 - 1600 BCE)
Contained the Tower of Babel (the famed Hanging Garden of Semiramis) and the Ishtar Gate.
- Dominated the region in 6BC and was heavily fortified.
The City of Babylon
This strong gatehouse is adorned with colored bricks showing animal symbols of Babylonian gods on a blue background.
The Ishtar Gate
Found in norther Syrian and Asia Minor
- Centered in Lake Van
Characterized by:
- fortifications consttructed with stone masonry and gateways ornamented with a sculpture
- massive fortifications
Hittite Architecture (2000 - 1200BCE)
Lion’s Gate, Bohazkoy, Outer Side (c1360 BCE)
Yazilikaya Hittite Rock Sanctuary
Chamber B, the niches were probably used for offerings.
Developed under the kings who ruled ancient Persia during the Achaemenid Dynasty
Characterzied by: A synthesis of archtiectural elements from surrounding countries such as Assyria, Egypt and Greece
Persian Archtiecture (550 - 330 BCE)
Begun in 518 BCE by Darius
Mostly executed by Xerxes (486 - 365 BCE)
Finished by Artaxerxes
The palace of Persepolis
Hall of the Hundred Columns (c 518 - 460)
The architecture of the ancient civilization that flourished along the Nile River in northwestern Africa before 3000BCE up to its annexation by Rome in 30BCE
Egyptian Architecture
The Elements of Egyptian Architecture
Plans
Buildings are planned along a central axis
Courts and halls were designed to produce an impressive internal effect
Hypostyle Hall
- A pillated hall in which the roof rest on columns. Applied to the many-columned hall of Egyptian temples
- the grandest of achievement of Egyptian axial planning
Elements of Egyptian Architecture
Walls?
Sloped inward towards the top. giving a massive appearance
Columns were not often used externally
Massive blanks walls crowned with Gorge cornice and roll and hollow molding
Collonades and doorways were spanned by massive lintels.
Gorge Cornice
Elements of Egyptian Architecture
Roofs?
Religious buildings; heavy stone slabs side by side
Flat roofs
Served for ceremonies and processions
Arch rings were soldom single laid one on top the other up to nine.
Arches sloped backwards to evade temporary timberwork.
