History midterm study Flashcards
Zheng He:
Was the most famous Chinese Admiral, and Muslim Eunuch and led 7 naval expeditions through his life.
Aztec-
Powerful Central MesoAmerican civilization in the heart of Mexico, capital was Tenochtitlan, The Empire was founded as a Triple Alliance between the three cities of Texcoco, Tenochtitlan, and Tlacopan
Montezuma-
He was the last emperor of the Aztecs and was kidnapped by Hernan Cortes and killed by either him or his citizens. Got blamed for their downfall.
Incas-
The Incan Empire was an indigenous South American civilization located in the western coast of South America and were famed for their architecture, art, finely crafted buildings, and adaptation of landscapes.
Atahualpa-
Because the past emperor died because of diseases, the remaining sons started a 6 year civil war, Atahualpa claiming the empire and being the last emperor because of Pizarro conquering it during Atahualpa’s reign.
“Guns, Germs, Steel” thesis-
These three factors are what helped the Europeans take down uncharted lands.
Mercantilism-
An economic system of trade; idea to increase exports and limit import
Triangular Trade-
Atlantic Ocean trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
Europe of Africa-
Europeans sailed down to Africa and either traded goods for enslaved people or bought goods like gold, ivory, and hardwoods.
Africa to Americas (Middle Passage):
Europeans brought enslaved Africans to their colonies in the Americas for plantation labor.
Americas to Europe-
Europeans brought raw materials produced in the Americas back to Europe. They also sold their manufactured goods back to their colonies.
Main colonies that imported enslaved Africans-
The Caribbean and South America had the most enslaved people. The British and Portuguese bought the most enslaved people.
Columbian Exchange-
The exchange of diseases, ideas, food. crops, and populations between the New World and the Old World
Circumnavigation-
When someone travels around the world.
Caravel-
Small and fast boat used for exploration by the Spanish
Juan de la Cosa-
He was famous for making the very first world map.
Crossstaff, Quadrant, Astrolabe-
Navigation tools used to measure the latitude to determine where a person is.
Bartolomeu Dias-
He rounded the cape of hope (around Africa), confirming that the Atlantic and Indian oceans were connected
Why did the Europeans want to start explorations?
To find another way for trade and to get to the spice islands.
Which city became the main hub for trade in Europe?
Venice, Italy
Spice trade-
The spice trade, the trade of spices that made Mediterranean city-states extremely wealthy.
Vasco Da Gama-
Portugal, he wanted to find an ocean route to India. He discovered an ocean trade route to India. And he established a long lasting colonial empire in Asia and in Africa, and a direct access to asian markets and goods.
Amerigo Vespucci-
Spain, He wanted to go to the south from Hispinloia to explore the Caribbean. He sailed farthest from any other sailor. He found out that the land mass that Christopher Columbus found was not Asia. He discovered that the land Christopher Columbus found was the New World. America is named after him.
Ferdinand Magellan-
Spain, he believed that he could sail to India by going west to find a western route to the spice islands. He was the first to circumnavigate the globe and discovered that the Atlantic and Pacific oceans were connected.
Christopher Columbus-
Spain, he was trying to find a route to India by going west. He founded the New World. Europeans are starting to move to America. He set the groundwork for the Spanish Empire.
Francis Drake-
England, He wanted to explore the sea, to set up England’s trading posts. He destroyed a fleet in Portugal, first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe. He cemented English’s dominance at sea.
Hernan Cortes-
Spain, he wanted to go to the Yucatar region of Mexico for colonization. He conquered Mexico for Spain and defeated the Aztec Empire. He is known for colonization and conquering the Aztec Empire.
Francisco Pizarro-
Spain, He wanted to explore South America, he captured and executed the Inca Empire. And he increased Spain’s hold in South America
Absolutism-
A form of government where power is concentrated in the hands of a single ruler, typically a monarch, who holds absolute and indivisible authority.
Philip II of Spain-
Was an authoritarian king who had political marriages that helped solidify his rule. Prioritized religious unity and had religous wars.
St. Petersburg-
Peter the Great ordered the contruction of St. Petersburg as new capital with a land of western art and culture and sign of new direction for Russia.
Peter the Great of Russia-
Was heavy on modern era, put tax on not going to church often, mandated western fashion; no beards and modern clothing. Built Russia’s first army, modernized them in a western fashion. Invited western thinkers into new Russian colleges and school set up.
Divine Right-
The belief that god chose a monarch to rule over a person.
Westernization-
A process whereby societies come under or adopt Western culture, Peter the Great did this to his citizens.
Louis XIV of France-
Was the “Sun King”, believed in divine rule, ruled without a chief minister and used the Palace of Versailles and politicking to pacify the nobles. Heavily persecuted the French Protestant and Jewish minorities in France. Heavy on arts.
Palace of Versailles-
It was the main residence of the French Court and government, including Louis the 14th.
“Sun King”-
A title Louis the 14th gave to himself to show his power and control over his people. Creating the image that he is very powerful and strong.
Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire-
Janissaries, practiced The Devshirme System where conquered Christian families would send their children to become Janissary soldiers and be raised by Muslims. Conquered lots of land in Central Europe, North Africa, Persia/Iran. Reign was called “The Golden Age”. Constructed many mosques, infrastructure projects, aqueducts, etc to benefit people and show his benevolence.
Kangxi of the Ming Dynasty-
Only recruited scholar elites for his government to make it most effective. Conquered Southern China. He never raised taxes, even in wartime; in fact, taxes were reduced or exempted many times during his reign; in three years starting in 1711, all provinces received tax relief. Loved books and opened a study hall in the Forbidden City.
Akbar the Great of the Mughal Empire-
Was the third ruler of the Mugal dynasty. Encouraged religious differences and religious tolerance. Skilled military innovator, reorganized the army, built new fortifications, used gunpowder weaponry. Tripled the size of his empire during his reign. During his reign, the economy thrived; was a good ruler.
Renaissance-
A period in Europe of artistic and cultural achievement.
Printing press-
Johann Gutenberg makes a printing press that leads to the printing revolution that allows easier access to books.
Johann Gutenberg-
Created the first printing press in the West and complete edition of the bible.
Vernacular-
The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.
Martin Luther-
German Priest and Professor of Theology who created his own religion and wrote the 95 theses.
95 Theses-
Arguments against the selling of indulgences and posted them on the church door in Wittenberg.
Indulgences-
A piece of paper that you could buy to lessen the time a soul spent in purgatory.
Council of Trent-
Meeting of church officials to determine aspects of the Catholic faith (Fixing the church).
Jesuits-
(Society of Jesus) Spread and enforced Catholic Church doctrine, spread Catholicism to the Americas
educated people in the Christian faith, and were spiritual soldiers of the Catholic Church.
Predestination-
The idea that god determined long ago who went to heaven and hell. (PRE-DESTINATION)
Henry VIII (8) of England-
He drove the English Reformation, wanted to separate England from the Catholic Church for political reasons, took over as the head of the English Church, and established the Church of England.
Calvinism-
A religion created by John Calvin that preached living a Christian life and building a true Christian society and predestination.
Heliocentric Theory-
A theory that places the Sun at the center of the Solar System proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus.
Geocentric Theory-
A theory that says the Earth is the center of the Solar System believed by the Catholic Church because it instilled the idea that humans were special.
Isaac Newton-
Combines all the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo to help create the Law of Universal Gravity, three laws of motion, helped understand how the universe works.
Nicolaus Copernicus-
Was a famous scientist who proposed the heliocentric theory and whose ideas contradicted the works of Aristotle and Ptolemy.
Galileo Galilei-
Famous scientist who proved the heliocentric theory right, developed the first telescope, tried for heresy by the church and his trial SYMBOLIZES the CONFLICT between religious beliefs and scientific knowledge
Francis Bacon-
Invented the scientific method and rejected the traditional beliefs.
Philosophe-
Enlightenment thinkers of the age; French term for the philosophers.
Thomas Hobbes-
English writer and philosopher, believed in absolutist government and that human are born evil (gloomy). Man enters a social contract with goverment, freedom for law and order.
Salon-
Gatherings organized by wealthy women that gave opportunities for Philosophes to spread their ideas about politics, economy, and humanity
Baron de Montesquieu-
French philosopher and aristocratic (upper class). Wanted to limit absolutist power in government. Purposes ideas about branches of governments and separations of powers. Mostly concerned about political and legal issues.
Separation of powers-
The legislative, executive, and judicial functions of government that are divided among separate and independent branches
Voltaire-
French philosopher, greatest enlightenment thinker, didn’t like organized religion and challenged the catholic church.
John Locke-
English philosopher. NATURAL RIGHTS. Under two treaties of government, man enters a social contract with the government to protect natural rights. Locke believed that if the government didn’t protect natural rights, one could overthrow it.
Natural rights-
Life, liberty, property.
Adam Smith-
Scottish economist, Laissez-faire supporter. Believed that the state’s role is to act as a “policeman” for the economy, only intervening when necessary.
Social contract-
When people agree to give up certain rights and accept a central authority to protect their other rights.
Laissez-faire-
Hands-off approach of the government on the economy.
What are the characteristics of Renaissance art?
Brighter colors than medival art, more emotion, increased emphasis on secular themes, classical Greek and Roman ideals, and more oil paint.
Why did the Renaissance start in Italy?
Thats where ancient Rome and Greece originated from, so the environment was perfect for it.
Capitalism-
An economic and political system where trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.
What are the key causes of the Protestant Reformation?
Christian religious unity in Europe destroyed, many religious wars, Northern Europe becomes primarily Protestant, while Southern Europe was primarily Catholic, Peace of Augsburg, where the prince of a city can choose the religion his people follow. Thirty year war also happens.
What are beliefs shared by Protestant groups (Lutherans, Calvinists, Anglicans)?
The idea of salvation through faith alone, the bible is the sole source of authority, and that priests don’t have special powers given from god.
How did the way Europeans viewed the world change during these time periods?
Before these periods, people devoted their lives to Christ and the renaissance focused on more of a secular view on humanity.
Petition of Right-
Prohibited the king from raising taxes without the consent of Parliament or from imprisoning anyone without just cause.
Cavaliers-
Wealthy nobles who had fashionable long hair and supported Charles I and against Parliament.
Oliver Cromwell-
English military and political leader known for his role in the English Civil War where he led the Parliamentarian army against King Charles I, later becoming the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England,
Roundheads-
People who followed Oliver Cromwell who was a Puritan member with the Parliament. They were called roundheads because of their bowlcuts.
Parliament-
An assembly of representatives, usually of an entire nation, that makes laws.
Constitutionalism-
Belief that a government’s authority is determined by a body of laws or constitution.
First Estate-
The Clergy
Second Estate-
The nobles
Third Estate-
Everyone else, from peasants to bourgeoisie.
Bourgeoisie-
Materialistic middle classmen
Committee of Public Safety-
This was a committee of the National Convention that formed the provisional government and war cabinet. Led the Reign of Terror.
Moderate phase of French Revolution-
The period of mostly liberal but moderate reforms during the French Revolution that turned France into a Constitutional monarchy.
Tennis Court Oath-
June, 1789. The men of the National Assembly swore an oath never to stop meeting until a constitution had been established.
Storming of the Bastille-
Peasants were fed up with the taxes and 800+ Parisans attacked prison Bastille for weapons which they didn’t find and then sparked revolts.
March on Versailles-
Concerned over the high price and scarcity of bread, women from the marketplaces of Paris led the March on Versailles on October 5, 1789 (WATCH OUT FOR THE PICTURE).
Sans-culottes-
Working classs men
Guillotine-
Machine used to behead many people, including King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette.
Thermidorian Reaction-
Marked end of Reign of Terror, Directory took control, and moved to a more conservative direction.
Maximilien Robespierre-
Person who led Reign of Terror
Scorched earth-
When the opposing people set fire/destory all of your supplies, food, or shelter, causing you to run dry on necessities (Russia used this to defeat Napoleon).
Directory-
Created by the Third Constitution, government after king’s execution, ruled by wealthy middle class
Simon Bolivar-
Creole, crossed Andes mountains and defeats Spanish in Bogota. Creates the republic of Columbia.
Guerilla warfare-
“Hit and run” war strategy.
Napoleon Bonaparte-
Famed for Brit. defeat in Egypt, overthrew Directory to become solo ruler to have many wars. Master of Europe, weakened +taken over. Exiled 2 times- escaped from first island.
Napoleonic Code-
Was the Civil code for the French that said all male citizens are equal and recognized the principles of civil liberty, equality before the law, and the secular character of the state.
Toussaint L’Ouverture-
Black leader who inspired millions of slvaes to seek freedom and equality. Was Haitian general and leader of the Haitian Revolution.
Battle of Waterloo-
Napolean’s final battle to end his reign.
Father Hidalgo-
Creole, “Él Grita de Dolores”, starts revolt. Revolt not successful, captured and killed.
Why was there a conflict between the (English) Stuart Kings and Parliament?
Because the kings wanted to continue raising taxes for dumb wars and the Parliament strong disagreed with those actions.
Tupac Amaru-
Native american who led revolt against Spanish. Revolt not successful, captured and executed.
Why was the Haitian Revolution important?
It was the first ever successful slave revolt in history.
Why did African slavery develop in North America?
There was a Native American shortage, most died already due to being killed by Europeans, the labor, or diseases.
Why were Europeans able to start exploration by sea?
They wanted to find more trade routes straight to India. Thinking they could get there by sea, a lot of people started sailing.
Conquistadors-
Men who set out to conquer new lands, adventurers from Europe.
Reign of Terror-
Led by Maximilien Robespierre. Killed anyone against Republic, 40,000 died- mostly peasant and san-culoettes.
