History Midterm Flashcards
Gender
Social and cultural constructions of masculinities, femininities, and non-binary genders. As a social construct, gender varies from society to society and can change over time.
Sex
The different biological and physiological characteristics of females, males and intersex persons. At birth, infants are usually assigned a sex based on the appearance of their external anatomy (usually genitals). A person’s sex, however, is actually a combination of bodily characteristics including: chromosomes, hormones, internal and external reproductive organs, and secondary sex characteristics. Gender interacts with sex in various ways and is distinct from sex.
Gender Identity
Gender identity refers to a person’s deeply felt, internal and individual experience of gender, which may or may not correspond to the person’s physiology or designated sex at birth. Gender identity intersects with gender and sex in various ways, but is also distinct from both.
Gender Expression
External manifestations of gender, expressed through a person’s name, pronouns, clothing, haircut, behavior, voice, and/or body characteristics, comportment etc.
Gender Expression
External manifestations of gender, expressed through a person’s name, pronouns, clothing, haircut, behavior, voice, and/or body characteristics, comportment etc.
Gender Binary
the classification of gender into two distinct, opposite forms of masculine and feminine. In a binary model, sex and gender are often assumed to align by default.
Heteronormativity
The attitude that heterosexuality is the only normal and natural expression of sexuality. It assumes a gender binary and the natural alignment of gender, sex, gender identity, gender expression, and sexuality.
Patriarchy
A system in which males and men hold primary power and dominate in politics, economy, social structures, family life, etc. Patriarchal theory asserts a gender binary in which females and women are viewed as inherently inferior to males and men. Patriarchal theory asserts that gender inequity is an inherent part of human social structures and human nature. Patriarchy upholds heteronormativity.
Misogyny
A hatred of, aversion to, or prejudice against women based upon their gender and/or sex. Also refers to speech or behavior that reflects, fosters, or supports misogyny.
BCE vs CE
BCE before common era
CE common era
PMN
Paleolithic period: roughly 2.5 million years ago to 10,000 BCE
Mesolithic period: roughly 10,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE
Neolithic period: roughly 8,000 BCE to 3,000 BCE
How is gender depicted in stone age on social media?
Men are depicted as being dominating women, sexualization of women, early history being depicted with white people, rape culture, true masculinity as strong and broad and women are responsible for childcare.
Brain pelvis disjuncture
Brains got larger and they used them to understand them, it evolved quickly and tripled in size. The size of brain meant flared pelvis. Narrow pelvis meant you can stand/walk longer. Narrow pelvis became as brains got larger. Birth canals have gotten smaller making birth hard and dangerous.
Implications:
Birth required help
Very early on they made processes and rituals to help give birth
Men and women helping them.
Mothers relied on others.
Conclusion:
Males and females were involved in same labour practices
The Venus of Willendorf
Fertility, goddess, self-representation (the way you’re looking down at your body and what you see).
What emerges in the Bronze Age
-The rise of urban developments, directly tied to the emergence of large-scale sustained agriculture.
-A system of authority and hierarchy emerges (male patriarchy and gender hierarchy)
-Major shifts in architecture(roads, buildings, sewage)
-Writing emerges
Fertile Crescent
Refers to area that today is modern day Seria, Iraq, Jorden, Palestine, Israel and into Egypt (the middle east).
Polytheism
believe in many gods, main(widely followed) god is Inanna/Ishtar goddess of life and war; have many tempal structures dedicated to this goddess.
Earliest writing we have from Mesopotamians are about ?
temple, religion, and beer (used cuneiform clay writing)
Women in bronze age
-occupied roles in beer making and selling
-roles in the temples
-roles in taverns (tavern keepers)
Tavern Laws in Bronze Age Mesopotamia
Rules about tavern and beer drinking
The advice of an Akkadian Father to His Son
-There is an established hierarchy between genders and class; gender hierarchy should not have power in household and a good wife will be reverent and submissive.
-Slaves considered to be a low class and not an ideal wife is not a Slave girl.
-Don’t marry a women devoted to Inanna
- Very heteronormative view, in the sense that only thinking about the sex between men and women.
-Clear patriarchy but on the other hand that not always the case, perhaps anxiety of women being able to dominate men.
The Parthenon
temple dedicated to the goddess Athena, inside there’s devotional objects for the goddess, statue of Athena.
Hellenism
to speak Greek or identify with the Greeks (Greek culture, habits, education, architecture etc.,)
Hellenization
-The spread of Greek culture throughout the ancient world.
-The apex of Hellenization occurred between 300’s BCE
-Alexander the great did lots of campaigns in middle east to spread Greek culture
