History MidTerm Flashcards
Who was Prince Henry the Navigator
Wanted to sail across Mediterranean Sea to get to India
Sanger’s Successes
Navigation instruments, quadrant, and new math article tables to determine latitude
Who was Dias
Sailed in 1488 and got to the tip of Southern Africa (first European)
Who was Gama
Went to India in 1497-1499
Who was Mansa Manu
African king, who gave money
Ferdinand of Aragon Married
Isabella of Castile in 1496
When did Isabella of Castile make Spain a Catholic Country
1478
Reconquista (1492)
Jews and moors were kicked out
What did Columbus do
Sailed in 1492 to the Caribbean, Nina, pinta, Santa Maria (/8/1492-10/12/1492)
What did Magellan do
First person to sail across the world
What did Cortes do in 1519
Conquered the Aztecs
What did Pizzaro do in 1532
Conquered the Incas
What happened during France and Holland
Dutch settled in New Jersey/New York Peter Minuit-Bought Manhattan (24$) The French wanted to spread Catholicism in America
What happened in 1066
William the Conqueror, he was the last to conqueror England
King Henry VII (7)
Made England rich and powerful
1215-Runnymede
King John, beginning idea of peoples voices
Prince Arthur
Marries Catherine of Aragon, but dies
King Henry VIII (8)
Started the Church of England and was married 6 times
Daughter of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, marries Prince Arthur, then marries King Henry VIII, mother of Bloody Mary
Catherine of Aragon
Who Built St. Peter’s Basilica
Julius II (The Warrior Pope)
Who was Martin Luther
Wittenberg, Germany in 1517, hung 95 reasons why the Catholic Church was wrong
Henry Fitzroy
Ducke of Richmond is illegitimate son of Henry VIII
Henry VIII second wife, mother of Queen Elizabeth I
Anne Boleyn (1501 - 1536)
Utopia Act of Succession
King Henry created Church of England, putting him at the head of the church
Thrid wife of Henry VIII, dies after giving brith to Edward VI
Jane Seymour (1536-1537)
Fourth wife, they divorce
Anne of Cleves
Fifth wife and gets executed for having relationships with others
Katherine Howard
Was with King Henry when he died, sixth wife
Katherine Parr (1543-1547)
Became king at 9, died at 15
King Edward VI (1547-1553)
Who killed people and had brain problem
Queen Mary I “Bloody Mary” (1553-1558)
Longest reign at that time, married to England
Elizabeth I Queen (1558-1603)
Cheats on Elizabeth
Sir Robert Dudley
Pirate who asked Elizabeth for a colony aka Roanoke
Sir Walter Raleigh
What is the Spanish Armada Route (1588)
Spanish get every Catholic country to attack England, but a storm rolls in and no one steps foot on English land. This is when the English power starts to incline.
What is the carter of the Virginia Company
1607 when the colonist land in Jamestown
10,000 immigrants to start and in 1624 only 1,200
1610-1624
Scottish cousin of Elizabeth I and was king of Scotland and came to England to be king. Jamestown was named after him. He carpeted the King James Version of the English Bible
James I/VI
What is Widowarchy
When a woman inherits their dead husbands property
Roanoke the lost Colony
Founded in august 1585 by Sir Walter RaLeigh, resounded in 1587
Virginia is named after who
Virgin Marry
When did the colonist land in Jamestown
1607
What Problems did the settlers face
Mosquito and malaria
Where did John Winthrop live
The MA Bay Colony (Boston) (We shall be as a city upon a hill)
Where was John Smith from and what did he do
From Chesapeake, made people farm
Where was John Rolfe from and what did he do
From Jamestown, married Pocahontas and created Tobacco
Where are the Quakers from
Pennsylvania
Who was the governor of Plymouth Colony
William Bradford
A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south
Roger Williams
Pequot
Group of Indians
Who was Metacomet
Wants to kill white people, leader of Pequot
Where is Pocahontas from
Chesapeake
What was the long term significants of King Philip
No more Indian attacks
What happened in 1649
Virginia House of Burgess and first black slaves
What did Nathan Bacon do
Led a rebellion
What happened in Maryland 1649
Toleration act
What was important about the Toleration act
Gave people Christian religious Freedoms
What was the name of the boat in 1620
The Mayflower
What was the Mayflower Compact
Nov. 11 1620, set of rules for self-governance, everyone works together
Why was the mayflower compact important
It was the first democracy
What Native American helped the puritans grow corn
Squanto
Rhode Island
Outcast colony
Battle of Pequot
Battle of Indians and whites
Who was Metacom
Head of native Americans wanted to kill white people
Quakers did what
Excepted Indians
What happened in 1754
The French and Indian war
What did Ben Franklin do in 1754
Put together Albany Union
When was George Washington Born
February 22 1732
What happened in Ft. Duquesne
French (1754) the first class, split by French and British. Washington was sent to take it from France.
Ft. Necessity
Colonist retreat form Ft. Duquesne, French victory and Washingtons signs surrender document
Who was Edwards Braddock
Helped Washington and his last battle was Battle of Monongahela
Battle of Monongahela
July 9, 1755, French fought like natives, giving Washington the idea to fight like natives
What was the Battle of Jumonville Glen
May 27 1754, French commander Jumonville dies, starts French and Indian war
What happened in 1756
French and Indian war was formally declared
Treaty of Paris (1763)
France loses French and Indian war, Spain gets Louisiana and England gets Canada.
What was the British Proclamation line of 1763
East of the Appalachian Mnts. Is white, west is Indian
George Greenville’s program (1763-1765)
Sugar Act (1765), Currency Act (1764), Quartering Act (1764), Stamp Act (1756)
What was Townshend duties (1767-1766)
Taxed rich items, tea, paper, paint, led, glass
Who said, no taxation without representation
Samuel Adams
When was the Boston massacre
March 5, 1770
When was the Boston tea party and who led it
Dec. 16 1773, Adams and Hancock dressed as Indians (Sons of Liberty)
What did the Coercive or Intolerable Acts do
1774, closed Bostons ports (Port Bill), gov. Act, new quartering act, administration of Justice act
When was the first Continental Congress
1774, 55 delegates from 12 colonies
When does the Revolution began
1775-1783
Who said, give me liberty or give me death
Patrick Henry
Where did the revolution being
Lexington and Concord (April 18/19, 1775)
Who were the Minutemen
Paul Revere, William Dawes, Samuel Prescott
What did the minutemen do
Made a midnight ride to warn that the British were coming
What battle was, the shot heard around the world
Lexington and Concord
Why did the British go to Lexington and Concord
To capture John Hancock and John Adams, and to get gun powder
When was the Second Continental Congress
1775 (Olive Branch Petition)
What was the Boston siege June 1775- March 1776
John Adams elects Washington making it all the colonies their war
What is the Olive Branch Petition
Written to the King, complaining about unfair treatment
Bunker Hill (June 1775)
First real battle, we lose
Who said Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes
William Prescott, because they were low on amo
What happened at Bunker Hill
Showed that the colonies were willing to fight
What happened in the Battle of Brooklynn heights (1776)
New York City was in flames, Washingtons 7th lose
Independence Hall July 2, 1776
Declaration of Independence
May 10 1775
Lexington and concord
The shot heard around the world
Lexington and Concord
1775 July 2-4
Declaration of Independence
Who wrote the Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson
Who wrote Common Sense (1776)
Thomas Paine
What happened at Delaware crossing
Dec. 25/26 1776, Washington sneaks up on Hessians (Grassers truing point of the war)
What happened at Valley Forge
Winter of 1777, Washingtons camp off 12,000 troops, days march from Philadelphia
Who was Baron Von Steuben
Prussian who helps troops learn to march and shoot/fight
What happened at the battle of Saratoga
Truing point of war, France joins and helps colonist
10,000 immigrants to start and in 1624 only 1,200
1610-1624
Who was Metacom
Head of native Americans wanted to kill white people
Who was Benedict Arnold
American hero who ran West Point, 1780 he agreed to give fort to British for money
Who was John Paul Jones
Creator of U.S Navy, “I have not begun to fight”
Battle of Yorktown (1781)
Last battle, U.S wins because France gives us their navy
What was said after Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown
“The world turned upside down”
Who was Alexander Hamilton
1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt, is against Articles of Confederation
Who was known as the Father of the Constitution
James Madison
What were the Articles of Confederation
First written constitution of U.S., ratified by all states in 1781, they formed confederation
Who was Daniel Shay
A former caption who lost his farm because of taxes, and forms Shay’s Rebellion in 1787
What was the second founding Convention: The Virginia Plan
Calls for system of representation based on state population, proportion of state revenue contribution to nation gov. (Opponents claimed it was biased toward large states
What is The Great compromise
Created, house of representative by population of state, and the senate-sates have equal representation, regardless population
What was the Three-Fifths Compromise
Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)
What were the Federalist Papers
A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name “Publius” to defend the Constitution in detail. (Bill of rights)
Who was the first president
George Washington, led revolution
Who gave Washingtons funeral
Harry Lee
What was Newbrough
Group of Americans that wanted to overthrow U.S. gov. Group changed their mind after seeing what Washington had to go through
Who was Washingtons wife
Martha Custis (173-1802)
Who was Washingtons step son
John “Jack” Parker Custis
Who was Washingtons step daughter
Martha “Patsy” Custis
What was George Washingtons Religion
Episcopalian
What was Washingtons Occupation
Planter, soldier
What was Washingtons Political Party
Federalist
What was Washingtons nickname
Father of his Country
What happens in July 1789
French Revolution, but America stays out of it
In 1789 what did the judiciary act do
Specified the number of Federal courts and judges
In 1790 what group met for the first time
The summer court, with John Jay as Chief Justice
What did Hamiltons Report on Public Credit state
proposed by Hamilton to repair war debts; selling of securities and federal lands, assumption of state debts, set up the first National Bank
What was the dinner deal
Madison, Hamilton, Jefferson, Hamilton gets public credit and Jefferson gets Washington D.C.
What was the Whiskey Rebellion and when did it happen
1794, 25% of price was Taxed, Washington lead a 13,500 army and ends rebellion without shot. (Hamiltons idea)
What did the Whiskey Rebellion represent
That the U.S would enforce with military
What was Jay’s Treaty
British agreed to give up their forts by the U.S giving them money
Who the 2nd president
John Adams, beats Jefferson who becomes Vice President. Alien and Sedition Acts and XYZ affairs.
What was the Alien and Sedition Act
Adams banned foreigners and bad talk about him
XYZ Affair
In order to talk to Napoleon we have to give him money
3rd President
Thomas Jefferson, author of D.O.I
What was the Toussaint L’Ouverture
A former slave from Haiti and other slaves overthrow the French in Haiti. (scares Americans because their slaves may over throw them)
The Louisiana Purchase
Livingston bought purchase for 15mil, (unconstitutional)
Marbury vs. Madison
- Midnight judges, Adams appoints judges that hate Jefferson (Madison, and Marbury)
John Marshell
Chief Justice, tells Marbury he is not a judge
Judicial Review
Supreme court reviews laws
What was the cause of the War of 1812
Napoleonic Wars
1808-1811
Britain imprisoned over 6,000 American sailors
What was the Chesapeake-Leopard “Affair”
USS Chesapeake (ship), Leopard shot at America, 3 dead and 18 wounded.
What was Jeffersons response to Chesapeake-Leopard “Affair”
The Embargo Act (1807) stop trading with Britain, America orders 100,000 militiamen
4th President
James Madison 1808, Father of Constitution
Who was Dolley Madison
1814 British burn white house and Dolly saves Washingtons portrait. (First Lady)
What is the Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
makes law that states no more trading with Britain, hurts America badly
What is Britain the Instigation of Indians
Tecumseh attacks Americans in Battle of Tipecanoe 1811, Americas General William Henry, wins battle
Who was John C. Calhoun
From south Carolina, for slavery, vice president twice (Rep. South)
Who was Henry Clay
From Kentucky, nickname: the Great compromiser (Rep. West)
Who was Danie Webster
Represents the North
Who were the War Hawks
Henry Clay, Calhoun
5th president
James Monroe (Vice President did most of his work)
“Mr. Madisons War!” (the war of 1812)
1812-1814/15. America is not ready for war, Britain is
Battle Fort McHenry
1814 British attack, the start spangled banner was created. After this battle they attack Washington D.C
Who was Francis Scott Key.
The creator of the Star Spangled Banner
Hartford Convention
Dec. 1814-Jan 1815 New England considers secession
treaty of Ghent
Dec. 24, 1814. Sign treaty in Belgium and makes peace with Britain
7th president
Andrew Jackson, Trail of Tears, controversy guy
The Battle of new Orleans
1815, Andrew Jackson leads and absolutely destroys British, even though war was over.
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
March 1814 Creek Indians killed white people. Tennessee sends Jackson, Davy Crocket, and Sam Huston to kill Indians.
The Era of Good Feeling
1816-1824. (Duck Era) James Monroe becomes president (1816-1824)
5th president
James Monroe, era of good feeling
John Quincy Adams
acts as President for Monroe.
The American System
first massive expanse from Fed. gov 1816, tax imports, national bank is reintroduced, fed gov builds roads.
The Convention of 1818
We share Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and share with Britain
First Seminole War
Jackson invades Florida and takes villages and kills Red Sticks (Florida is Spain but Jackson still crosses) Indians die
Adams-Onis treaty
- America gets Florida from Spain by paying 5,000 of Spain debt. We tell Spain we will not cross Adams-Onis Treaty line 1819
The Erie Canal
Connects great Lakes to N.Y.C makes it the trade city
Who was Robert Fulton
creator of steamboats that can go upstream (the Clermont) 1807
Dartmouth vs. Woodward
1819, Court Case #1. Decisions: contacts are sacked until both parties change it.
MacCullock vs. Maryland
1819, Court Case #2. Decisions: Necessary and proper clause of constitution allows federal to make laws, no tax, federals don’t have to pay tax.
Gibbons vs. Ogden
1824, Court Case #3. Decision: Fed. gov. not the states to regulate state commerce. (25 states)
Laissez Faire
gov. did much to assist capitalism
Election of 1820
Monroe gets reelected
“Beginning of Civil War”
1820
The Compromise of 1820
Clay wrote, Missouri is a slave state, Maine is not a slave state, line is created that separates North and South (who has slaves and does not)
The tallmadge amendment
Slaves over 25 become free in Missouri, Passed by house of rep. North controlled house, south had enough power to block it in senate. This act tried to make slavery not profitable
The Monroe Doctrine
1823, America should take care of America (including Mexico, Canada) not mess with Africa, Asia, rest of world
1824 President election (Who wins? Who ran?)
Quincy Adams Wins
Henry Clary- American system designer, compromise of 1820 John Q Adams- America dissonant, representer for world
John C Calhoun- Voice of South
William Crawford- sea of versify
Jackson- New Orleans, Seminole
The Election of 1824: “The compt. bargain”
No one got majority of votes, house of rep. pick the president, Clay gets to pick and picks Adams
Who was the 6th president
John Q Adams, Finishes Erie Canal
Compt. Baragin
Calhoun- VP
Clay- sec of state
Crawford- recovers from stroke, refuses to stay
makes Jackson mad because he gets nothing
The New “Jackson coalition”
planter elite in South
people on frontier
state politions- spoils system
immigrants in the cities
Jackson’s faith in the “common man”
always talked about the “plain folk”
Key issues in 1828
First issue is election of 1828
Second issue his wife, wife may have been married during marriage with Jackson. (wife dies of a heart attack)
The Reign of “King Mob”
Jackson throws a rager at the white house after winning
The “Peggy Eaton” Afair
Margaret (Peggy) O’Neal who is 17, marries Timerlake who was 39. Husband kills himself because she was a slut. She then marries John Eaton right after.
Who is John Eaton
Marries a slut. Is in Jackson cabinet and his wife drives away the other wives of the men in the cabinet, because Jackson keeps him.
The Nullification Issue
1832 Tariff Conflict—1828 “Tariff of Abomination
South Carolina does not like tariff and says they will leave
Jacksons response is that they will invade S.C and he would hang John Calhoun.
What was Henry Clays response to the Nullification Issue
proposes a new Tariff to compromise bth sides
Jackson’s Native-American Policy
Jackson’s goal- Indian Removal Act (Oklahoma)
Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831)
Cherokee try to sue but still kick them out but say they are a country inside of a country.
Trail of Tears
(1838-?)
Renewing the charter of the 1st National Bank
Head of Bank (Nicholas Biddle) joins with Clay and Calhoun to sabotage Jackson. If bank is renewed it upsets Jacksons voters, If he kills the bank the the economy is destroyed. He takes the banks money and gives it to his buddies bank. People sill like him
The “Iron Horse” Wins
1830, first railroad, Baltimore and Ohio.
When was The Railroad Revolution
1850’s
When was the New England Textile Centers
1830’s
Who was Eli Whitney
(1791) Created cotton gin. Anyone can make it
Who was Oliver Evans
Makes mills for factories
John Deere and the steel plow
1837, invents stell plow, not tractor
Cyrus McCormick and the Mechanical Reaper
1831
1836-1850 (Texas History)
William Barret Travis, Sam Huston, Stephen F. Austin, go to Texas
Who was William Barret Travis
Lawyer and questionable figure
Who was Sam Huston
In and out of politics
Who was Stephen F. Austin
Father of Texas
1821-1835
Mexico owns Texas
Who was the Mexican Dictator
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
Beef between Tex-Mexicans and Santa Anna
Tariffs, slaves, immigration, land rights, constitution of 1824 (wanted rights back) had to be Catholic
Gonzalez
“First Battle”, Oct. 1, 1835 (Come and Take it Flag)
Bexar
Tex-acasn send Ben Milo to take San Antonia, Cos surrender Valero (aka Alamo)
Goliad Battle
Commander of Texas is Fannin, on Palm Sunday he attacks Goliad, but was killed by Mexicans. Pissed Texas off
Alamo
Feb. 23-March 6. WB Travis, Jim Bowie, Davy Crockett, fight Santa Anna. Anna rights a letter (victory or death). Travis responds with a canon. Travis, Bowie, Crockett, all die.
Declaration of Independence (Texas)
march 2, 1836. Washington-on-the-Brazzo, George C. Childress, Edward. Same as constitution
Battle that ends Texas Revolution
Battle San Jacinto. April 21/22, 1836, battle was less than an hour
Who was the 8th president
Martin Van Buren (1837-1841), vice president for Andrew Jackson
1837 Panic
every office in New York, this ruins Van Buren
WHIGS
New political party, William Henry Harrison. John Tyler becomes his V.P “Tippecanoe, and Tyler, Too!”
Who was the 9th president
William Henry Harrison, dies 30 days after becoming president.
25th amendment
Says vice president becomes president
Who was the 10th president
John Tyler, Nickname Assidentcy, doesn’t get a lot done
USS Princeton
Tyler wants Texas to become a state, senate doesn’t do it
Who was the 11th president
James K. Polk, wants to achieve- cut tariffs, reestablish an independent U.S Treasury, secure the Oregon territory and acquire the territories of California and New Mexica from Mexico. Does all this in one term
U.S and Mexican War
(1846-1848) Fight over Rio Grand and Nuessis border. We give them 15mil and pay off 3 mil of debt.
Who was the 12th president
Zachary Taylor, General during U.S Mexican war
Compromise of 1850
CA free state, NM-Tx gives up claim, No slave trade in D.C, Popular Sovereignty, Tx gets 10 mil dollars, fugitive slave law
The Second Great Awakening
Baptist, Methodist, Mormons
Transcendentalism (Not Religious)
Believe man and God are equally
The Transcendentalist Agenda
Freedom to slaves, give well-being to poor/miserable, give learning to ignorant, give health to sick, give peace and justice to society
Nathaniel Hawthorne
A transcendentalist critic writer, he writes the Scarlet Letter
Dorothea Dix
Wants to fix prison. Also fix Asylums (1849)
Temperance Movement
Women say alcohol is bad (1819)
Social Reform-Prosituion
Sarah Ingraham (1802-1887)
Education Reform
Religious Training, 1860
Horace Mann
(1796-1859) “Father of Education”
The McGuffey Electric Readers
Used Religious books to learn to read
The McGuffey Electric Readers
Used Religious books to learn to read
Separate Spheres
Women should be house wives (1830’s-1840’s)
Lucy Stone
Woman should have equality but still be good wives
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Candy Stanton (1848)
Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments
Abolishment Movement
1816, American Colonization Society free slaves and sail them back to Africa
William Lloyd Garrison
(1801-1879) Writes Newspaper called “The Liberator”
Slave Resistance and Uprising
Refusal to work hard, Islolated acts of Sabotage, escape via the Underground Railroad
Slave Rebellions
Nothing happens
Who was Nat Turner
1831, was a slave preacher and lead a rebellion on August 22, 1831, kills 60 whites including master and baby, he was hung on Nov. 11
Culture of Slavery
Christianity, more emotional relationship
Southern Pro-Slavery Propaganda
Southerners gets protective of slaves
Who was David Walker
Black Abolitionist, 1829
Fredrick Douglass
1817-1895 writes book after becoming a free slave
Who was Harriet Tubman
1820-1913 helped 500 slaves to freedom
Harriet Beecher Stowe
1811-1896, writes uncle toms cabin 1852
Who was the 13th president
1850-1852 Miller Fillmore takes over when Taylor dies
Who was the 14th president
Franklin Pierce
Kansas-Nebraska Act
1854
Bleeding Kansas
Some have slaves others don’t in Kansas
‘The Crime Against Kansas”
Charles Summer gives speech about the problem against slave owners. Congress Preston Brook is told he was being criticized and starts to beat Charles summer
Who was the 15th president
James Buchanan
Dred Scott vs. Sanford 1857
Dred master dies, now property of the mistress. He wants to be free, Supreme Court says that he is not. Also say balks have no rights and no right to sure. Shift in America
“A house divided against itself, cannot stand:
Quote form Lincoln about slavery 1858
Who was John Brown
1859 head of a raid that kills several whites and two black people in order to free slaves. Doesn’t work instead he is hung.
Who was the 16th president
Abraham Lincoln, southern s did not want him to win 1860
Secessional
Dec. 20, 1860 first state to leave, Tx was the last to leave
The Civil War
1861-1865
Who was Robert E. Lee
General for South
Who was Grant
General for the North
Confederate Seal
Washington’s Bday
Star of the West
January 9, 1861, base gets shot at
Ft. Sumter
4:30 am April 12, 1861. First “Battle” no one dies until after
Lincoln mis-step
Demands troops, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessean, Arkansas leave
Mansses/Bull Run
July 19-21, 1861. First Real Battle, Complete win for Southerns
RMS Trent
Ship is captured by U.S England is Super pissed
U.S Grant
Feb 1862, Grant is a low commander at this point. Wins Ft. Henry, Ft. Donelson
Feb. 20, 1862
Willie dies in White House, this is Lincoln’s son. This death splits up family
The Battle of the Ironclads
March, 1862 this means wood is useless
Shiloh/Pittsburgh Landing
April 6, 1862. This battle showed that it was going to be the last
The Battle of Antietam
Sept. 17. 1862 known as the bloodiest single say of the war
What was the Emancipation proclamation
This makes the war about slaves
Fredericksburg
CSA victory
The war in the West
July 4, 1863, America takes Vicksburg
Road to Gettysburg
1863, July first USA and CSA soldiers accidentally meet in Gettysburg and this starts a battle
Pickets Charge
Biggest battle of War. USA wins
Shermans “March to the Sea” through Georgia
Splits Georgia in half and completely destroys one half.
Shermans “March to the Sea” through Georgia
Splits Georgia in half and completely destroys one half.
1864
Lincoln wins, because people think he can win the war
Surrender at Appomattox
April 9, 1865 CSA surrenders
