history midterm Flashcards
rules discovered by reason that Enlightenment thinkers applied to human behavior?
Natural Law
Government policy supported by physiocrats?
Laissez Faire
Why did Enlightenment writers face censorship?
they challenged the old order
enlightened despot
a ruler that influenced political and social change
how were social distinctions different in the colonies opposed to Europe?
colonies had more diverse religious and ethnic groups.
Navigation Acts
were passed to regulate trade and manufacturing in the colonies
how did Scientific Revolution influence Enlightenment thinkers?
influenced by the idea of natural law that emerged from the Scientific Revolution
best form of government according to Hobbes
absolute monarchy
where did the U.S founding fathers get the idea of checks and balances
Montesquieu
why was Diderot’s Encyclopedia important?
it spread Enlightenment ideas
what did Adam Smith say about the supply and demand?
that it would regulate business activity in a free market
what did John Locke say the purpose of government was
safeguard the natural rights of the people
how did government and church officials justify the censorship during the Enlightenment?
God set up the old order
the Constitution divided power between who?
National & State governments
Montesquieu
credited with the idea of separation of powers in the Constitution
what happened to Jacques Necker
he was dismissed for proposing taxing the first and second estate
the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was a model for what?
American Declaration of Independence
how did National Assembly pay its debt?
raising taxed on property
Reign of Terror
gave way to the Jacobins who became the dominate political force
how did Russia defeat Napoleon
by using the scorched earth policy
Congress of Vienna and its promotion of the principle of legitimacy
restored hereditary monarchies
who made up the National Assembly
Third estate
Tennis Court Oath
swore to continue meeting until they create a just constitution
poorest member of the third estate
urban workers
what did the women that marched on Versailles demand?
the King to return to Paris
Constitution of 1791
National Assembly created a limited monarchy
Declaration of Pilnitz
Prussia and Austria threatened to intervene to protect the French monarchy
when radicals took control of the Legislative Assembly what did they do?
extended voting rights to all male citizens
according to Robespierre how could France achieve a “republic virtue”
the use of terror
Committee of Public Safety
they carried out trials and executions during the Reign of Terror
Consulate
a three man governing board under Napoleon
Napoleonic Code
men regained authority over their wives
Continental Sysytem
form of economic warfare
major goal of the decision makers at the Congress of Vienna
suppress revolutionary uprisings in Europe
how did life change during the Industrial Revolution?
people migrate to cities
the first factories
developed in the textile industry
Luddites
one of the first labor organizations
Thomas Malthus view on vaccinations
did not like because believed disease was natures way of controlling populations
goal of utilitarism
the greatest happiness for the greatest number
Karl Marx view on capitalism
despised it because he felt it created prosperity for a few and poverty for many
Abraham Darby’s effect on iron
made a better quality of iron by using coal to smelt the iron
James Watt
made improvements that allowed steam to become an efficient power source
what did steam power allow
growth of railroads
railroads compared to canals
railroads did not have to follow a river
putting-out system
producing cloth in individual homes
why were most early factory workers women
could be paid less than men
long term results of the Industrial Revollution
raised the standard of living
Laissez-faire economists believed what was the cure for poverty?
unrestricted free marke
socialists believed what was the cure for poverty?
shared ownership of the means of production by the people
Michael Faraday
invented the dynamo that led to electric generations
assembly line
production method where workers preform one task in the manufacturing process
normal schools
purpose was to train teachers
Social Darwinism
applied the theory of natural selection
romanticism
revolt against the Enlightenments emphasis on reason
why did Russia struggles to industrialize?
lacked political stability
where did America get their technology from for their textiles?
Britain
Bessemer process
method for producing stronger steel
what invention made the flying machine possible?
international combustion engine
Joseph Lister
discovered that sterilizing instruments w/ antiseptics prevented infection
temperance
argued that the use of alcohol harmed the family life and reduced worker productivity
Dmitri Mendeleyev
chemist that developed a table that became the basis for the periodic table
Paul Gauguin
post impressionist painter known for primitive folk art
Charles Lyell
was a pioneer in the science of Geology
Factory Acts
passed to reform child labor
why did David Livingstone want to open the interior of Africa to Christianity and trade?
he felt like it would end the salve trade
cause of the Boer War?
gold and diamonds were discovered on Boer held lands
why did Russia want Bosporus and Dardanelles?
seaports to help in trade
cause of the Sepoy Rebellion
cartridges greased with animal fat
Open Door Policy
purpose was to protect the U.S’s trading rights in China
what did European powers have to do to claim part of Africa
had to set up a government office there
how did Catholic and Protestant missionaries interact with African natives
saw natives as children in need of guidance
what sparked genocide against the Armenians
tensions between Turkish nationalists and ethnic groups
Muhammed Ali
known as the “father of modern Egypt” due to the reforms he made
result of the Sepoy Rebellion
parliament ended the rule of the East India Company
results of the Taiping Rebellion
the Qing government survived and had to share power
Treaty of Nanjing
Britain gained control of Hong Kong
Effect of nationalism on Austria
Austria began fearing rebellion from their subjects
what caused Britain to fight in WWI
Germany invaded Belgium
what did Schlieffen plan fail?
Russia was able to mobilize their army much more quickly than expected
what caused the stalemate on the Western Front?
Trench Warfare made it difficult for either side to win an advantage
why was the Ottoman Empire a valuable ally?
it controlled Russia’s supply routes
Zimmerman Note
Germany offered to return lands to Mexico that that lost during the Mexico-American war
Treaty of Versailles focused on what?
punishing Germany
who seized control of Russia in 1917?
the Bolsheviks
Triple Alliance
Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary
why did Britain build the worlds biggest navy?
they needed to protect their overseas empires
effects of nationalism in pre-war Europe
Germany as proud of their new empires military power and industrial leadership
why did Russia enter the war?
Russia wanted to defend the Slavic people in Serbia
what ended German’s hopes for a quick victory?
The First Battle of Marne
what did the Allies do to defend their merchant ships?
organized the merchant ships into convoys
how did the Eastern Front differ from the Western Front?
Trench warfare was not as widespread on the Eastern Front
why was the British blockade a violation of international law?
the blockade confiscated food and clothing as well as contraband
why did the Allies welcome the overthrow of Russia’s tsar?
they hoped that Russia would become more Democratic and a stronger ally
why did Irish Americans oppose the war?
they resented British rule of Ireland
Fourteen Points
one of the biggest points was the right of Eastern Europeans to choose their own form of government
what did Georges Clemanceau want from the Paris Peace Conference?
he wanted to keep Germany weak so they would never be a threat again
how did European colonies feel after the Paris Peace Conference?
they felt betrayed because they didn’t get their independence
who led the Bolsheviks?
V. I. Lenin
who made up the “white” armies?
Russian tartist officers, democrats, and other Bolsheviks
