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midterms > history midterm > Flashcards

history midterm Flashcards

1
Q

rules discovered by reason that Enlightenment thinkers applied to human behavior?

A

Natural Law

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2
Q

Government policy supported by physiocrats?

A

Laissez Faire

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3
Q

Why did Enlightenment writers face censorship?

A

they challenged the old order

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4
Q

enlightened despot

A

a ruler that influenced political and social change

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5
Q

how were social distinctions different in the colonies opposed to Europe?

A

colonies had more diverse religious and ethnic groups.

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6
Q

Navigation Acts

A

were passed to regulate trade and manufacturing in the colonies

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7
Q

how did Scientific Revolution influence Enlightenment thinkers?

A

influenced by the idea of natural law that emerged from the Scientific Revolution

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8
Q

best form of government according to Hobbes

A

absolute monarchy

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9
Q

where did the U.S founding fathers get the idea of checks and balances

A

Montesquieu

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10
Q

why was Diderot’s Encyclopedia important?

A

it spread Enlightenment ideas

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11
Q

what did Adam Smith say about the supply and demand?

A

that it would regulate business activity in a free market

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12
Q

what did John Locke say the purpose of government was

A

safeguard the natural rights of the people

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13
Q

how did government and church officials justify the censorship during the Enlightenment?

A

God set up the old order

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14
Q

the Constitution divided power between who?

A

National & State governments

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15
Q

Montesquieu

A

credited with the idea of separation of powers in the Constitution

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16
Q

what happened to Jacques Necker

A

he was dismissed for proposing taxing the first and second estate

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17
Q

the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was a model for what?

A

American Declaration of Independence

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18
Q

how did National Assembly pay its debt?

A

raising taxed on property

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19
Q

Reign of Terror

A

gave way to the Jacobins who became the dominate political force

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20
Q

how did Russia defeat Napoleon

A

by using the scorched earth policy

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21
Q

Congress of Vienna and its promotion of the principle of legitimacy

A

restored hereditary monarchies

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22
Q

who made up the National Assembly

A

Third estate

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23
Q

Tennis Court Oath

A

swore to continue meeting until they create a just constitution

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24
Q

poorest member of the third estate

A

urban workers

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25
Q

what did the women that marched on Versailles demand?

A

the King to return to Paris

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26
Q

Constitution of 1791

A

National Assembly created a limited monarchy

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27
Q

Declaration of Pilnitz

A

Prussia and Austria threatened to intervene to protect the French monarchy

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28
Q

when radicals took control of the Legislative Assembly what did they do?

A

extended voting rights to all male citizens

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29
Q

according to Robespierre how could France achieve a “republic virtue”

A

the use of terror

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30
Q

Committee of Public Safety

A

they carried out trials and executions during the Reign of Terror

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31
Q

Consulate

A

a three man governing board under Napoleon

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32
Q

Napoleonic Code

A

men regained authority over their wives

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33
Q

Continental Sysytem

A

form of economic warfare

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34
Q

major goal of the decision makers at the Congress of Vienna

A

suppress revolutionary uprisings in Europe

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35
Q

how did life change during the Industrial Revolution?

A

people migrate to cities

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36
Q

the first factories

A

developed in the textile industry

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37
Q

Luddites

A

one of the first labor organizations

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38
Q

Thomas Malthus view on vaccinations

A

did not like because believed disease was natures way of controlling populations

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39
Q

goal of utilitarism

A

the greatest happiness for the greatest number

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40
Q

Karl Marx view on capitalism

A

despised it because he felt it created prosperity for a few and poverty for many

41
Q

Abraham Darby’s effect on iron

A

made a better quality of iron by using coal to smelt the iron

42
Q

James Watt

A

made improvements that allowed steam to become an efficient power source

43
Q

what did steam power allow

A

growth of railroads

44
Q

railroads compared to canals

A

railroads did not have to follow a river

45
Q

putting-out system

A

producing cloth in individual homes

46
Q

why were most early factory workers women

A

could be paid less than men

47
Q

long term results of the Industrial Revollution

A

raised the standard of living

48
Q

Laissez-faire economists believed what was the cure for poverty?

A

unrestricted free marke

49
Q

socialists believed what was the cure for poverty?

A

shared ownership of the means of production by the people

50
Q

Michael Faraday

A

invented the dynamo that led to electric generations

51
Q

assembly line

A

production method where workers preform one task in the manufacturing process

52
Q

normal schools

A

purpose was to train teachers

53
Q

Social Darwinism

A

applied the theory of natural selection

54
Q

romanticism

A

revolt against the Enlightenments emphasis on reason

55
Q

why did Russia struggles to industrialize?

A

lacked political stability

56
Q

where did America get their technology from for their textiles?

A

Britain

57
Q

Bessemer process

A

method for producing stronger steel

58
Q

what invention made the flying machine possible?

A

international combustion engine

59
Q

Joseph Lister

A

discovered that sterilizing instruments w/ antiseptics prevented infection

60
Q

temperance

A

argued that the use of alcohol harmed the family life and reduced worker productivity

61
Q

Dmitri Mendeleyev

A

chemist that developed a table that became the basis for the periodic table

62
Q

Paul Gauguin

A

post impressionist painter known for primitive folk art

63
Q

Charles Lyell

A

was a pioneer in the science of Geology

64
Q

Factory Acts

A

passed to reform child labor

65
Q

why did David Livingstone want to open the interior of Africa to Christianity and trade?

A

he felt like it would end the salve trade

66
Q

cause of the Boer War?

A

gold and diamonds were discovered on Boer held lands

67
Q

why did Russia want Bosporus and Dardanelles?

A

seaports to help in trade

68
Q

cause of the Sepoy Rebellion

A

cartridges greased with animal fat

69
Q

Open Door Policy

A

purpose was to protect the U.S’s trading rights in China

70
Q

what did European powers have to do to claim part of Africa

A

had to set up a government office there

71
Q

how did Catholic and Protestant missionaries interact with African natives

A

saw natives as children in need of guidance

72
Q

what sparked genocide against the Armenians

A

tensions between Turkish nationalists and ethnic groups

73
Q

Muhammed Ali

A

known as the “father of modern Egypt” due to the reforms he made

74
Q

result of the Sepoy Rebellion

A

parliament ended the rule of the East India Company

75
Q

results of the Taiping Rebellion

A

the Qing government survived and had to share power

76
Q

Treaty of Nanjing

A

Britain gained control of Hong Kong

77
Q

Effect of nationalism on Austria

A

Austria began fearing rebellion from their subjects

78
Q

what caused Britain to fight in WWI

A

Germany invaded Belgium

79
Q

what did Schlieffen plan fail?

A

Russia was able to mobilize their army much more quickly than expected

80
Q

what caused the stalemate on the Western Front?

A

Trench Warfare made it difficult for either side to win an advantage

81
Q

why was the Ottoman Empire a valuable ally?

A

it controlled Russia’s supply routes

82
Q

Zimmerman Note

A

Germany offered to return lands to Mexico that that lost during the Mexico-American war

83
Q

Treaty of Versailles focused on what?

A

punishing Germany

84
Q

who seized control of Russia in 1917?

A

the Bolsheviks

85
Q

Triple Alliance

A

Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary

86
Q

why did Britain build the worlds biggest navy?

A

they needed to protect their overseas empires

87
Q

effects of nationalism in pre-war Europe

A

Germany as proud of their new empires military power and industrial leadership

88
Q

why did Russia enter the war?

A

Russia wanted to defend the Slavic people in Serbia

89
Q

what ended German’s hopes for a quick victory?

A

The First Battle of Marne

90
Q

what did the Allies do to defend their merchant ships?

A

organized the merchant ships into convoys

91
Q

how did the Eastern Front differ from the Western Front?

A

Trench warfare was not as widespread on the Eastern Front

92
Q

why was the British blockade a violation of international law?

A

the blockade confiscated food and clothing as well as contraband

93
Q

why did the Allies welcome the overthrow of Russia’s tsar?

A

they hoped that Russia would become more Democratic and a stronger ally

94
Q

why did Irish Americans oppose the war?

A

they resented British rule of Ireland

95
Q

Fourteen Points

A

one of the biggest points was the right of Eastern Europeans to choose their own form of government

96
Q

what did Georges Clemanceau want from the Paris Peace Conference?

A

he wanted to keep Germany weak so they would never be a threat again

97
Q

how did European colonies feel after the Paris Peace Conference?

A

they felt betrayed because they didn’t get their independence

98
Q

who led the Bolsheviks?

A

V. I. Lenin

99
Q

who made up the “white” armies?

A

Russian tartist officers, democrats, and other Bolsheviks

midterms (3 decks)

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