History & Methods (U1) Flashcards
Psychology
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Structuralism
William Wundt
-Root psychology
-Introspection (metacognition)
-What is producing the phenomenon of consciousness?
Functionalism
William James
-Root psychology
-Evolution/ Adaptation
-What evolutionary advantage does consciousness give humans?
Behaviorism
Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner
-Modern psychology
-Observable behavior
-Ignores mental processes
-Conditioning/ Societal influences
-No free will
Cognitive
-Modern psychology
-Reasoning/Problem solving
-Interpretation of situations
-Rooted in structuralism
Evolutionary
-Modern psychology
-Natural selection
-Rooted in functionalism
Freudian/Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
Sigmund Freud
-Modern psychology
-Repressed memories/ Early childhood memories have the most influence
-Unconscious mind in control
-Mental iceberg
-No free will
Humanism
Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow
-Modern psychology
-Hierarchy of needs
-Humans have the ability to take control of conscious thoughts
-Free will
Social-Cultural
-Modern psychology
-Impact of outside pressures
-Nurture view
Biological/Neuroscience/Behavior genetics
-Modern psychology
-Brain development
-Hormones
-Neurotransmitters
-Genes
-Nature view
Biopsychosocial
-Eclectic approach
-Biological, psychological, social pressures
Hindsight bias
“I knew it all along” phenomenon
False Consensus Effect
-Overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs
-Worsened by news shopping/ bubble effect of social media
Illusory Correlation
Perception of a relationship/pattern where none exists
Case Study
1 person is studied in depth
Surveys
Analyzes self-reported attitudes and behaviors
-Affected by wording effect
Naturalistic Observation
Analyzing behavior in naturally occurring situations without manipulating the environment
Longitudinal Studies
-Small group
-Very long analysis
-Marshmallow experiment
-People dropping out is a huge problem because their reason for dropping out could be an important experimental aspect.
Correlational Studies
-Not proving cause + effect
-Extent to which factors vary together
-Positive correlation ↑↑
-Negative correlation ↑↓
Experimental Research
The ONLY type of research that can prove/disprove cause + effect
Double-Blind Procedure
Participants and researcher are both unaware of the dependent variable.
Placebo Effect
Fake pills with no effect
-Used normally in medical experiment
-Determines if the medication affects you, or the thought of taking the medication does.
Operational Definition
How was the dependent variable tested/measured?
The 4 Ethical Principles for Research on Humans
-Informed Consent (of IV)
-Protection from Harm (right to withdraw)
-Confidentiality
-Disclosure (of IV, DV, etc.)
Measures of Central Tendency
Indicate the “center” of a data set
-Mean
-Median
-Mode
Measures of Variance
Determines if the mean is a valid representation of the data set
-Yes: Low standard deviation, Mean and median are close, Small range, Low Z-Score.
-No: High standard deviation, Mean is far from median, Outliers, High Z-score.
