History & Methods (U1)

Question 1

Psychology

Answer 1

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Question 2

Structuralism

Answer 2

William Wundt
-Root psychology
-Introspection (metacognition)
-What is producing the phenomenon of consciousness?

Question 3

Functionalism

Answer 3

William James
-Root psychology
-Evolution/ Adaptation
-What evolutionary advantage does consciousness give humans?

Question 4

Behaviorism

Answer 4

Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner
-Modern psychology
-Observable behavior
-Ignores mental processes
-Conditioning/ Societal influences
-No free will

Question 5

Cognitive

Answer 5

-Modern psychology
-Reasoning/Problem solving
-Interpretation of situations
-Rooted in structuralism

Question 6

Evolutionary

Answer 6

-Modern psychology
-Natural selection
-Rooted in functionalism

Question 7

Freudian/Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic

Answer 7

Sigmund Freud
-Modern psychology
-Repressed memories/ Early childhood memories have the most influence
-Unconscious mind in control
-Mental iceberg
-No free will

Question 7

Humanism

Answer 7

Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow
-Modern psychology
-Hierarchy of needs
-Humans have the ability to take control of conscious thoughts
-Free will

Question 7

Social-Cultural

Answer 7

-Modern psychology
-Impact of outside pressures
-Nurture view

Question 8

Biological/Neuroscience/Behavior genetics

Answer 8

-Modern psychology
-Brain development
-Hormones
-Neurotransmitters
-Genes
-Nature view

Question 9

Biopsychosocial

Answer 9

-Eclectic approach
-Biological, psychological, social pressures

Question 10

Hindsight bias

Answer 10

“I knew it all along” phenomenon

Question 11

False Consensus Effect

Answer 11

-Overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs
-Worsened by news shopping/ bubble effect of social media

Question 12

Illusory Correlation

Answer 12

Perception of a relationship/pattern where none exists

Question 13

Case Study

Answer 13

1 person is studied in depth

Question 14

Surveys

Answer 14

Analyzes self-reported attitudes and behaviors
-Affected by wording effect

Question 15

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 15

Analyzing behavior in naturally occurring situations without manipulating the environment

Question 16

Longitudinal Studies

Answer 16

-Small group
-Very long analysis
-Marshmallow experiment
-People dropping out is a huge problem because their reason for dropping out could be an important experimental aspect.

Question 17

Correlational Studies

Answer 17

-Not proving cause + effect
-Extent to which factors vary together
-Positive correlation ↑↑
-Negative correlation ↑↓

Question 18

Experimental Research

Answer 18

The ONLY type of research that can prove/disprove cause + effect

Question 19

Double-Blind Procedure

Answer 19

Participants and researcher are both unaware of the dependent variable.

Question 20

Placebo Effect

Answer 20

Fake pills with no effect
-Used normally in medical experiment
-Determines if the medication affects you, or the thought of taking the medication does.

Question 21

Operational Definition

Answer 21

How was the dependent variable tested/measured?

Question 22

The 4 Ethical Principles for Research on Humans

Answer 22

-Informed Consent (of IV)
-Protection from Harm (right to withdraw)
-Confidentiality
-Disclosure (of IV, DV, etc.)

Question 23

Measures of Central Tendency

Answer 23

Indicate the “center” of a data set
-Mean
-Median
-Mode

Question 24

Measures of Variance

Answer 24

Determines if the mean is a valid representation of the data set
-Yes: Low standard deviation, Mean and median are close, Small range, Low Z-Score.
-No: High standard deviation, Mean is far from median, Outliers, High Z-score.