History Methods Flashcards
Empiricism
Empiricism: Knowledge comes from experiences. collect data from our senses and experiences.
Nativism:
Emphasizes native ability. Cognitive functions built in.
Structuralism
devoted to uncovering basic structures that makeup mind and thought. With proper training people could detect and report the workings of their own minds- introspection.– study in the lab.
Functionalism
Believed mental processes could best be understood in terms of their adaptive purpose and function.– Study in real life situations because the situations and adaptive purposes are what matters- Darwins evolution
Gestalt psychology
Interested in how we construct “perceptual wholes”- impose structure and order, simplify stimuli, you don’t see individual parts you see a whole
Behaviorism
Argued psychology should deal solely with observable events. –no introspection/structuralism.
Genetic Epistemology
Piaget: Developmental points. – identifiy different developmental structures behind cognitive functions. children use different structures because they don’t understand the same things.
Naturalistic Observation
Everyday contexts. Advantages: Ecological validity (things occure in the real world and not just in a lab). Disadvantages: control (can’t isolate the causes of different reactions and behaviors).
True experiments
(1) Experimenter manipulates IVs and observes how DVs change as a result. (2) Random assigment to groups (3) between subjects design or within
Quasi-experiments
Random assignment not possible or ethical. –Because your testing something like age or race its not possible. it’s not ethical if it would somehow hurt them. Quasi experiments lack elements that make them true experiments. Don’t have cologocial validity.
Controlled Observations
(1) Standardized setting for all participants. (2) advantages: gives researchers more control over observations (3) Disadvantages: simialar to naturalistic observations: planning, observer bias; control. (4) clinical interview- try to channel observations to address the subject/aim of the study.
Ethical issues in Psychological testing
Ethical principles of psychology and code of conduct APA. sheilds participants from potentially harmful procedures.Ensure confidentiality. Istitutional review board- IRB reviews all studies proposed
Paradigms of Cognitive Psychology
Information based processing. Connectionist approach. Evolutionary approach, and ecologcal approach.
A paradigm is a model, a body of knowledge based on assumptions, set of concepts.
Information-based approach
View that cognition is like a computer. information is stored encoded and tretrieved. infor we see hear read and think about passes through as system/ our mind.
Connectionist approach
Cognition as a network of connections among numerous units. Units are connected to eachother and each has some leel of activation. cognitive processed occur in parallel many at the same time (unlike IP which happens one at a time, one stage to the next). newer than info processing. Neural networks.
