History - medicine Flashcards
Industrial revolution
Period from 1750 - 1900 when Britain changed from a country based on agriculture to industry
Anaesthetic
Substance that stops you feeling pain
Antiseptic
A substance that is applied to a wound to kill germs
Chloroform
Simpson discovered that this chemical could be used to prevent people from feeling pain in surgery
Carbolic acid
A spray that was used to clean sewers - lister found that this could be used to kill germs and prevent infection in surgery
Compulsory
When people are required to do something by law
Microbe
Bacteria that can cause disease
Epidemic
A widespread outbreak of disease
Cesspit
A place for collecting and storing sewage
Tax
Money collected by the government
What was the most widely accepted cause of disease before 1861?
Miasma (bad air)
When did Pasteur publish germ theory?
1861
Who published germ theory?
Louis pasteur
When did Robert Koch find the bacterium that was causing a disease called anthrax?
1876
When was the first time anyone identified a specific bacteria that caused an individual disease?
1876
Who found the bacterium causing anthrax?
Robert koch
When was the bacteria causing typhoid discovered?
1882
When was the bacteria causing the plague discovered?
1894
Who noticed that milkmaids who caught cowpox didn’t catch smallpox?
Edward Jenner
When did edward Jenner publish his work describing how to prevent smalllpox?
1798
In Edward jenners published work, how did he describe how to prevent smallpox?
By infecting people with cowpox first, to make them immune (vaccination)
When was smallpox completely wiped out?
In the 1970s
What was the problem with Edward jenners work?
He did not know how vaccination worked so it could only be used to prevent smallpox
When did the government make it compulsory to be vaccinated for smallpox?
1853
When was the first successful vaccination since smallpox and what was it for?
1885 for rabies
When was there a cholera outbreak in London?
1854
What did John snow say regarding the cholera outbreak?
That it was caused by dirty water
What did John snow do to investigate the cholera outbreak?
He mapped out the deaths in his local area and found that most deaths were of people who got their water from the broad street pump. He removed the pump and there were no more deaths in the area
What was later found regarding the broad street pump?
That a cesspit was leaking into the water
Why did many people not believe snow?
Because they believed that miasma caused disease
When were Snows findings accepted?
After the germ theory was published
When did the government introduce the first public health act?
1848
Why was the 1848 public health act introduced?
To improve towns but most of the rules weren’t compulsory so made little diference
What did the 1875 public health act state?
That it was compulsory for local councils to improve sewers and drainage, provide fresh water supplies, and to appoint medical officers to insert public health facilities
Give two reasons for why the 1875 public health act was introduced?
1) germ theory had proved that there was a scientific link between dirt and disease
2) in 1857 working men received the vote which meant that the government had to pass laws to help everyone
Which war was Florence nightingale a nurse in?
The Crimean war
What was Florence nightingale appalled by? What did she concentrate on?
The dirty conditions, she concentrated on cleaning the hospitals and the death rate fell.
Wheee and when did Florence nightingale set up her first ‘nightingale school for nurses’
In Britain, 1860
When did Florence nightingale write ‘notes on nursing’?
1859, leading to better trained nurses
When did Florence nightingale write ‘notes on hospitals’?
1863
What did nightingale emphasise due to her belief that miasma caused disease?
Hygiene and good air
What did nightingale make sure of in hospitals?
That they had good sanitation, ventilation, food supplies, clean clothing and washing facilities
When did James Simpson discover that chloroform was an effective anaesthetic?
1847
Who discovered chloroform? (Anaesthetic)
James simpson
When was surgery’s ’black period’
1850s - 1870s
What was the surgery’s ’black period’?
When the number of patients dying in surgery increases (mostly due to infection’)
When did Joseph lister discover that carbolic acid can be used as an antiseptic?
1867
Who discovered that carbolic acid could be used as an antiseptic?
Joseph lister
After the discovery of carbolic acid, what was the difference in death rates in operations?
Death rates in operations fell from 46% in 1866 to 15% in 1870
When has aseptic surgery developed
By the late 1980s
What is meant by aseptic surgery?
Removing all germs from the operating theatre?
How did the government start taking in a bigger role in medicine in the 1800s
They gave Jenner £30000 to develop vaccinations and made them compulsory. They also stopped taxing soap so more people could afford it in 1853. They a.so introduced laws to improve public health
How did new technology lead to progress in the industrial period?
Listers microscope helped identify bacteria. New engineering allowed Bazalgette to design and build the new London sewer in 1858
Who is bazalgette?
He designed and built the new London sewer in 1858
How did the discovery of the germ theory in 1861 lead to progress in medicine?
It meant that people now understood the actual cause of disease and treatments and preventative methods could be developed
What time period were individuals such as: Koch, Pasteur, lister, nightingale and Jenner from?
The industrial / enlightenment period
What is a magic bullet?
Chemical that targets a specific germ
What is an antibiotic?
Drug made from bacteria that kills other bacteria and so cures an infection
What is streptococci and staphylococci?
Harmful bacteria that caused infections
What is a gene?
Parts of a cell that determines how our bodies look and work, they are passed from parents to children
What is an electron microscope?
Microscopes which allowed people to see much smaller objects in much finer detail
What is crystallography ?
Crystallography uses radiation to take high power x ray photos
What is a genome?
Complete set of genes in a living creature
What two improvements in technology allowed scientists to discover that DNA existed and somehow controlled what we are like?
1) electron microscopes
2) better x rays using crystallography
When did crick and Watson discover the structure of DNA?
1953
Who discovered the structure of DNA?
Crick and Watson
What did crick and Watson prove?
That DNA was present in every cell and showed how it passed information on from parents to children
Who did crick and Watson work with?
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
What was Rosalind Franklin the first to develop?
A technique to photograph DNA
When did the human genome project start and end?
1986 - 2001
What was the purpose of the human genome project?
To identify the purpose of each gene in the body
What have scientists discovered since the human genome project
Scientists have discovered specific genes which pass on particular conditions such as downs syndrome
When did Paul Ehrlich develop the first chemical drug that killed bacteria inside the body? what was it called?
1909, Salvarsan 606
What did Paul Ehrlich develop in 1909?
First chemical drug that killed bacteria inside the body
What was the problem with Salvarsan 606?
It not only killed the bacteria that caused syphilis but also the patient
What did Domagk find in the 1930s?
That prontosil cured blood poisoning in mice and humans
What was Prontosil?
The first chemical care
What did scientists discover was the important chemical in both Salvarsan and Prontosil?
Sulphonamide
Drug companies developed sulphonamide cures for disease such as……..?
Pneumonia and scarlet fever
Who accidentally discovered penicillin?
Alexander flemming
When did Alexander Fleming accident,y discover penicillin?
1928
What did Fleming notice when penicillin mould had grown in a petri dish?
That around the mould the staphylococci bacteria had dissapeared
When did Fleming write about how penicillin can used to fight infection in a medical journal?
1929
What did Fleming write about in his 1929 medical journal?
How penicillin can be used to fight infection
Who decided to carry out the research on penicillin?
Florey and chain
When did Florey and chain decide to carry out the research on penicillin?
1938
What did Florey and chain find with the governments money?
That penicillin could help mice recover from imfectiom
What did Florey and chain do in 1941?
Test penicillin on a policeman who had an infection
What went wrong when Florey and chain tested penicillin on an infected policeman
They ran out of antibiotics after five days and he died
What did the American government do during ww2 since penicillin cost a lot of money to mass produce?
Gave loans to drug companies so that they could mass produce penicillin to use to treat wounded soldiers
When was the NHS set up?
July 1948
What was the purpose of the NHS when it was created in 1948?
To deliver free care for all since around 8 million people had NEVER seen a doctor before this
What did the labour government do when the nhs was set up?
Rebuild many hospitals and supply doctors and nurses with new, better equipment
Give an example of specialist skills nurses developed when the nhs was set up?
Caring for cancer patients who had undergone chemotherapy
What happened as a result of the nhs ?(hint.. pregnancy)
There were fewer women dying in childbirth and life expectancy increased
Who discovered blood groups?
Karl landsteiner
Who are forced to check care in hospitals and force hospitals to make improvements if necessary?
The care quality commission
When did Karl Landsteiner discover blood groups?
1901
How was the problem of solving blood solved in WW1?
Adding sodium citrate to prevent clotting and storing the blood at a cool temperature
Who discovered x rays In 1895?
Wilhelm rontgen
When did wilhelm rontgen discover x rays
1895
How did x rays revolutionise medicine?
They changed the care of pregnant woman as it became easier to monitor the development of the baby in the womb
They were also used a lot during ww1 to locate bullets
Who discovered radium?
Marie curie
How has radium revolutionised medicine?
Been used to diagnose and treat cancers (in radiotherapy)
When was the first kidney transplant?
1954
When was the first liver transplant?
1963
When was the first heart transplant?
1967
What is keyhole surgery?
When surgeons operate through a tiny hole using an endoscope (which is controlled by surgeons using a miniature camera) fibre optic cables and computers
What does keyhole surgeries allow surgeons to do?
Rejoin vessels and nerves
When were anaesthetics developed that could be injected into the bloodstream?
1930s
When was a vaccine for polio made?
1954
When was a vaccine for measles made?
1964
What does genetic screening do?
Can identify potential illness allowing doctors to act before an illness has developed
What has the NHS created to encourage people to adopt healthier lifestyles?
Health campaigns
Give an example of a campaign the NHS has created to encourage people to adopt healthier lifestyles?
‘Five a day’
What is legislation?
Reducing pollution and increasing food safety
Give 4 factors that led to progress in medicine
Technology, changes to the franchise, ww1, ww2
How did technology lead to progress in medicine ?
More powerful microscopes allowed for the discover of dna.
Advances in tech have allowed for more complex surgery to be developed
E.g. keyhole surgery
How did changes to the franchise lead to progress in medicine?
In 1918 all men and women over 30 could vote.
In 1928 this was given to adults over the age of 21
This meant that the government had to win the support of everybody
How did ww1 lead to progress in medicine?
There were many diff injuries so there was a need to develop new treatments
Treatments also had to be adapted for the western front, leading to the development of storing blood.
How did ww2 lead to progress in medicine?
Made the government out more money into developing treatment
E.g. the American government put a lot of money into the development of penicillin to treat soldiers
Name individuals that led to progress in medicine in the 20th century
Curie, crick, Watson, Franklin, Watkins, Fleming
