History (King JOhn and Richards reign). Flashcards

Question

What does Crusade mean? What was the Angevin Empire? Where is Normandy? How did Christians in Medieval times justify a war? What were the immediate reasons for the Third Crusade? What were the longer term reasons for the Crusades generally?

Answer 1

It is a holy war fought by Christians The area of land in England and France owned by King Henry, Richard, John and Eleanor of Aquitaine The north of France If it was named by a legitimate authority It had a reason for fighting There would be little violence Four Crusader states had been taken over by the Muslim leader, Saladin The Holy Land was being threatened by Muslims

Answer 2

Knights and their military households (included trainee knights) France (King Philip) and Holy Roman Empire (Frederick I) 17,000 men I. Religion - they were promised forgiveness through an indulgence II. Rewards - they didn’t have to pay the Saladin Tithe and had the potential of becoming wealthy III. Responsibility - felt like they had to if other local people were fighting Supportive, can be seen by Richard’s nickname,’Lionheart’ Jews were seen as enemies of Christians, people showed support by carrying out the pogroms

Answer 3

I. People had to manage land while Knights were away II. The Saladin Tithe was expensive and put a financial burden on people III. People thought the King should be present to protect the country

Answer 4

I. Personal connections - his ancestor had been the King of Jerusalem II. Religious Devotion - believed it was the sacred duty of good Christians III. Personal Glory - chance to be remembered as a great warrior and celebrated for a long time IV. Opportunity - has a lot of wealth and power for the Crusade, never going to be a better time I. There was already bad feeling between the two Kings before the left II. Richard received a positive reception from people in Sicily but Philip didn’t III. Richard didn’t keep his promise to marry Philip’s sister Alice IV. Richard conquered Cyprus without Philip and refused to share the wealth of the island

Answer 5

The Muslims handed over their siege weapons and ships, and paid 200,000 gold coins Christian prisoners were released Saladin promised to return the fragments of Jesus’ cross (True Cross) to them Richard was successful and forced the Muslim army to flee the city

Answer 6

I. Feared Saladin’s Army would surround them II. Cut off from supplies if they moved to far from the coast III. The city was surrounded by a strong wall that would be difficult to break down IV. They wouldn’t be able to hold onto it even if they did succeed in taking control I. He had heard about John’s rebellion in England II. Crusader nobles were prepared to march on Jerusalem without Richard and didn’t want them to take the glory I. Feared Saladin would cut his supply lines to the coast if he pushed on II. Water was scarce for his soldiers III. He didn’t believe he would be able to hold the city

Answer 7

Saladin attacked Jaffa and Richard arrived and saved the city from collapse. Richard needed to return home and Saladin was ill A three year truce in the fighting The Christians would control the coastline from Tyre to Jaffa Muslims were to remain in control of Jerusalem but Christian pilgrims would have free and safe access to Jerusalem

Answer 8

Richard was on his way home when he caught going through Austria It was a heavy financial demand as the ransom was set at 100,00 marks Eleanor of Aquitaine took charge of collecting the ransom through taxes: A tax on Jews Land tax on every land owner 25% tax on income and moveables He crushed what was left of John’s revolt Appointed Hubert Walter as the head of government

Answer 9

He wanted to control the whole of France The Angevin Empire It was weak after John’s attack He knew he wouldn’t be able to fight against Richard -

Answer 10

It was a defensive structure A place where Richard could hold court It was built high above the town and harbour The walls were round which meant it had no weak points £12,000 Injury in his shoulder that became infected

Answer 11

He married de Lusignan promised wife Isabelle of Angouleme In 1200 The terms of a treaty when John became King Philip declared John’s lands forfeit (lost) and they went to Arthur He marched 80 miles in 48 hours and captured Arthur

Answer 12

I. The English barons didn’t want another war II. John had to give money to allies to keep their support III. Poitou had a long history of resisting control, John had to have forces there IV. Arthur was under the control of Philip and worked with him to attack different bits of land I. John had lost the trust of the Norman barons when he murdered Arthur, they defected to Philip II. John returned to England to sort problems he was facing there III. John didn’t have enough money to pay for a war IV. Reliant on the pope to help create a peace treaty between him and Philip

Answer 13

Pope Innocent III The withdrawal of church services from an individual or country The exclusion of an individual from the Church and all its services They didn’t agree on the candidate for the new Archbishop of Canterbury He refused to allow Stephen Langton into the kingdom He expelled Canterbury monks from their monastery He seized the land held by Italian clergy in England They were both stubborn Blessings were not given for the dying Sermons could only be preached in a church courtyard Marriages could not take place in church Christian burial was forbidden, souls wouldn’t go to heaven

Answer 14

Churches coped with the Interdict by holding services outside their doors He punished people he blamed for the Interdict John seized their land and revenue, using the money to come to an agreement with the Pope They had to decide who to follow, the Church or King John Invasion by Prince Louis of France Stephen Langton would be allowed to come to England as Archbishop of Canterbury Churchmen who had fled England during the quarrel were allowed to return John had to pay the Pope £27,000 If John broke the agreement he would lose his right to appoint people to Church offices forever He surrendered the kingdoms of England and Ireland to the pope, this made him a vassal to the pope

Answer 15

Using power based n a personal whim or prejudice John used their debts to increase his power over them John was the king and therefore the highest authority in terms of justice Some of John’s barons were in a plot with Prince Llewelyn of Wales to kill John John marched north to re-establish his control as King and then relaxed some of his demands for taxes

Answer 16

He had charged scutage, heavy taxes and feudal fines on the barons and knights John failed as a warrior John had permanently lost the revenues from Normandy John could not reward the Barons with land in France The Barons plotted a rebellion against him A written document that outlined the limits on the King’s power They confronted John at Bury St Edmunds and tried to force him to adopt the Great Charter John initially refused and said that he would give a decision in April John attempted to stall for more time but the Barons ran out of patience and captured London

Answer 17

John’s high financial demands had put a lot of pressure on the Barons The Barons were losing power as John was bringing in ‘new men’ John’s use of arbitrary power to treat his barons badly

Answer 18

He feared that if he didn’t sign it quick enough, greater restrictions would be put on him The English church was to be free from interference by the King The King could not imprison, outlaw or arrest anyone unless it was done according to the law The Pope declared the Magna Carta illegal because John was forced to sign it John renounced the Magna Carta He had a distant claim to the throne of England Rochester castle had a strong strategic position and John knew he needed it In October he attacked it and cut off access He destroyed it and undermined its foundations, causing it collapse John quickly moved northand captured other castles on route Louis landed in May 1216 and took control of Rochester castle Next he moved onto London and then to Winchester Not many people mourned King John

Answer 19

Fears that the rebels would crown Louis as king Henry was only 9 years old and needed a Lord Protector, William Marshall He took charge of the government finances and the campaigns against the rebels He reissued a revised version of the Magna Carta He quickly had the young King Henry III crowned to make sure the Barons would show loyalty to him as a rightful King

Answer 20

England was in the middle of a Civil War The kingdom was bankrupt as taxes could not be collected during the civil war Land was captured in the north by the Scottish king and in the west by Llewelyn