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Harris Certamen Cards > History Ketan Parts One and Two Outline Cards > Flashcards

History Ketan Parts One and Two Outline Cards Flashcards

1
Q

Parents of Romulus?

A

Rhea Silvia and Mars

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2
Q

Grandfather of Romulus?

A

Numitor

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3
Q

Who stole the throne of Alba Longa from the father of Rhea Silvia?

A

Amulius

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4
Q

What river were Romulus and Remus thrown into?

A

the Tiber River

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5
Q

Who raised Romulus?

A

Faustulus

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6
Q

Who was the wife of Faustulus?

A

Acca Laurentia

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7
Q

Which hills did Romulus and Remus settle on?

A

Romulus- PalatineRemus- Aventine

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8
Q

How many vultures did Romulus and Remus each see?

A

Romulus- 12Remus- 6

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9
Q

Why did Romulus kill Remus?

A

Remus overslept the boundaries of Romulus’ hill

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10
Q

What is the exact date of Rome’s founding?

A

April 21, 753 BC

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11
Q

How did Romulus populate Rome with males?

A

he opened the city to criminals and other outcasts and made it though they are safe from arrest within Rome

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12
Q

What did Romulus make 100 of the most noble and wealthy fathers?

A

patricians and senators

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13
Q

How did Romulus populate Rome with women?

A

The Rape of the Sabine Women

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14
Q

Whose daughter let the Sabines into Rome?

A

The Capitoline citadel commander, Spurrius Tarpeius

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15
Q

Who let the Sabines into Rome?

A

Tarpeia

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16
Q

What did Tarpeia want in exchange for letting the Sabines into the city?

A

she asked for “what they wear on their left arms”

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17
Q

What did Tarpeia intend to happen, and what actually happened?

A

she intended to receive their gold bracelets, but was instead crushed by their shields

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18
Q

Who eventually stopped the fighting between the Romans and Sabines?

A

Hersilia

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19
Q

Wife of Romulus?

A

Hersilia

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20
Q

Who did Romulus co-rule with?

A

Titus Tatius

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21
Q

What supposedly happened to Romulus?

A

he disappeared in a storm or whirlwind during or shortly after offering a public sacrifice near or at the Quirinal Hill

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22
Q

What probably happened to Romulus?

A

the senators probably killed him

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23
Q

What was Numa Pompilius’ origin?

A

Sabine

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24
Q

Who was Titus Tatius’ son-in-law?

A

Numa Pompilius

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25
Q

What was one major difference between Romulus and Numa Pompilius?

A

Numa was not warlike

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26
Q

Who was Numa Pompilius’ lover?

A

the nymph Egeria

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27
Q

What religious organization did Numa Pompilius bring to Rome from Alba Longa?

A

Vestal Virgins

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28
Q

Where were the Vestal Virgins from?

A

Alba Longa

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29
Q

What months did Numa Pompilius add to the calendar?

A

January and February

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30
Q

What priest did Numa Pompilius instate?

A

Pontifex Maximus, the high priest

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31
Q

What temple did Numa Pompilius found?

A

Temple of Janus

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32
Q

What different ways did the Temple of Janus represent Rome’s situation

A

Doors closed- peace, Doors open- wartime

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33
Q

How did Numa Pompilius die?

A

simply of old age

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34
Q

What was Tullus Hostilius’ origin?

A

Latin

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35
Q

What three brothers did Rome pick to fight Alba Longa?

A

Horatii

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36
Q

What three brothers did Alba Longa pick to fight Rome?

A

Curiatii

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37
Q

Which triplets won?

A

The Horatii

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38
Q

Who was the Alban king during Romulus’ reign?

A

Mettius Fufettius

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39
Q

What town did Mettius Fufettius incite against Rome?

A

Fidenae

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40
Q

What happened to Mettius Fufettius and why?

A

drawn and quartered for his treachery against Rome

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41
Q

Where did the Alban population settle after Alba Longa was destroyed?

A

the Caelian Hill

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42
Q

All of Alba Longa was destroyed except for what?

A

the temples

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43
Q

What government building did Tullus Hostilius build the first of?

A

the Curia Hostilia (the first senate house)

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44
Q

How did the gods voice their displeasure at Tullus Hostilius’ ignoring of religion?

A

Threw a shower of stones on the Alban Mountain and voices insulting the Albans for abandoning their ways

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45
Q

During which king’s reign does a plague fall on Rome?

A

Tullus Hostilius

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46
Q

How does Tullus Hostilius die?

A

his house is struck by lightning (he does in the fire)

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47
Q

Ancus Marcius is the grandson of who?

A

Numa Pompilius

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48
Q

What was Ancus Marcius’ origin?

A

Sabine

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49
Q

What priesthood did Ancus Marcius establish?

A

Fetiales

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50
Q

What was the purpose of the Fetiales?

A

to mediate disputes and declare war

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51
Q

Which hills were settled during Ancus Marcius’ reign?

A

Aventine and Janiculum

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52
Q

What salt water port did Ancus Marcius establish?

A

Ostia

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53
Q

Who built the Pons Sublicius?

A

Ancus Marcius

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54
Q

What was the Pons Sublicius?

A

the first (wooden) bridge over the Tiber

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55
Q

What happened to Tarquinius Priscus that meant he would become king?

A

an eagle took his cap and returned it shortly after

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56
Q

Where was Tarquinius Priscus originally from?

A

Corinth

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57
Q

What was Tarquinius Priscus originally named?

A

Lucumo

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58
Q

Who was the father of Tarquinius Priscus?

A

Demaratus

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59
Q

Who did Tarquinius Priscus marry?

A

an Etruscan woman named Tanaquil

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60
Q

Whose sons were Tarquinius Priscus made the guardian of?

A

Ancus Marcius

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61
Q

What did Tarquinius Priscus double the size of?

A

the equites (cavalry)

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62
Q

By how much did Tarquinius Priscus increase the senate by?

A

100

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63
Q

What structure on the Capitoline Hill did Tarquinius Priscus begin construction on?

A

the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus

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64
Q

What did Tarquinius Priscus begin construction on after draining the forum?

A

the Circus Maximus

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65
Q

Who killed Tarquinius Priscus?

A

assassins hired by the sons of Ancus Marcius

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66
Q

What did Tanaquil interpret about Servius Tullius that meant he should be king?

A

he was covered in flame but felt no harm (red head)

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67
Q

Where was Servius Tullius supposedly from?

A

slave

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68
Q

Who was Servius Tullius’ mom?

A

Ocrisia from the Etruscan town of Corniculum

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69
Q

Who did Servius Tullius marry?

A

Tarquinia

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70
Q

What temples did Servius Tullius establish?

A

the Temple of Diana (main one) and the Temple of Fortuna

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71
Q

What did Servius Tullius create, dividing the Roman people?

A

the census

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72
Q

What was Rome divided into by the census?

A

5 classes

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73
Q

Who introduced coinage to Rome?

A

Servius Tullius

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74
Q

Who built the first defensive wall around Rome?

A

Servius Tullius

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75
Q

What was the first defensive wall of Rome called?

A

the Servian Wall

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76
Q

Who was Servius Tullius assassinated by?

A

his daughter Tullia the younger and her husband, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus

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77
Q

What temple did Tarquinius Superbus either build or complete?

A

the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus

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78
Q

Who most likely built the Cloaca Maxima?

A

Tarquinius Superbus (maybe Tarquinius Priscus)

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79
Q

Which king finished building the Circus Maximus?

A

Tarquinius Superbus

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80
Q

What son of Tarquinius Superbus caused the downfall of the monarchy in Rome?

A

Sextus Tarquinius

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81
Q

Who did Sextus rape?

A

Lucretia

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82
Q

Who was Lucretia’s husband?

A

Tarquinius Collatinus

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83
Q

Where did Tarquinius Superbus flee to?

A

the Etruscan cities

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84
Q

Who did the Etruscans unite under?

A

Lars Porsenna

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85
Q

What city was Lars Porsenna king of?

A

Clusium

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86
Q

Who defended the Pons Sublicius against the Etruscans?

A

Horatius Cocles

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87
Q

Who thrust his hand into the coals to impress Lars Porsenna?

A

Mucius Scaevola

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88
Q

Who lead the hostages to freedom (but later returned)?

A

Cloelia

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89
Q

Give the years of the monarchy

A

753-510 BC

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90
Q

Give the years of the republic

A

509-27 BC

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91
Q

Who replaced the kings after the monarchy fell?

A

Consuls

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92
Q

Who were the first two consuls?

A

Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus

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93
Q

Why did Collatinus step down?

A

because his family name was “Tarquinius”

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94
Q

Who did Brutus die while fighting with?

A

Arruns, son of Tarquinius Superbus

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95
Q

The sons of Tarquinius Superbus, Titus and Tiberius, were part of what group?

A

a rebellion within Rome that tried to reinstall Tarquinius Superbus as king

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96
Q

Who were the sons of Tarquinius Superbus who rebelled?

A

Titus and Tiberius

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97
Q

What happened to the sons of Tarquinius Superbus that rebelled?

A

executed

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98
Q

Who became consul in place of Brutus?

A

Publius Valerius Publicola (or Poplicola)

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99
Q

What hill did Publicola try to build his house on?

A

Velian Hill

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100
Q

Why couldn’t Publicola build his house on the top of the hill?

A

the people became upset, thinking he was trying to become king

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101
Q

Where did Publicola end up building his house?

A

the foot of the Velian Hill

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102
Q

How many times was Publicola consul?

A

4

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103
Q

What does the agnomen Publicola mean?

A

“friend of the people”

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104
Q

What occurred in 494 BC?

A

the First Secession of the Plebs

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105
Q

How many secessions of the Plebs occur throughout Roman history?

A

5

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106
Q

Where did the Plebs succeed to and threaten to build a new town?

A

the Mons Sacer (Aventine Hill)

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107
Q

Who convinced the plebs to return form succession?

A

Menenius Agrippa

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108
Q

What created the office of tribune for the plebs?

A

the Lex Sacrata

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109
Q

What battle occurred in 496 BC?

A

Lake Regillus

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110
Q

Who was involved in the Battle of Lake Regillus?

A

Romans vs. Latin League + Tarquinius Superbus

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111
Q

According to legend, who led the Romans in the Battle of Lake Regillus?

A

the Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux

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112
Q

Who was the Roman commander at Lake Regillus?

A

Aulus Postumius Albinus

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113
Q

Who was the first dictator?

A

Aulus Postumius Albinus

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114
Q

What battle occurred in 458 BC?

A

Battle of Mt. Algidus

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115
Q

Who was involved in the Battle of Mt. Algidus?

A

Romans vs. Aequi

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116
Q

Who led the relief effort to rescue a trapped army at Mt. Algidus?

A

Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus

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117
Q

Whose army was trapped during the Battle of Mt. Algidus?

A

Minucius’

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118
Q

What happened during 493 BC?

A

Coriolanus took the Volscian town of Corioli

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119
Q

How did Gaius Mucius Coriolanus earn his cognomen?

A

by taking the Volscian town of Corioli (493 BC)

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120
Q

Who convinced Coriolanus not to attack Rome with the Volscians he had earlier defeated?

A

his wife Volumnia and his mother Veturia

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121
Q

What were established in 451-450 BC?

A

Laws of the Twelve Tables

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122
Q

Who completed the twelve tables?

A

the Decemviri

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123
Q

What event was the completion of the twelve tables associated with?

A

the second secession of the plebs

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124
Q

Who was the chief of the Decemviri?

A

Appius Claudius Crassus

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125
Q

What caused Appius Claudius’ death?

A

his lust for Verginia

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126
Q

What was made in 445 BC?

A

Lex Canuleia

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127
Q

What did the Lex Canuleia do?

A

allowed for the intermarriage between the plebeians and the patricians

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128
Q

Who proposed the Lex Canuleia?

A

Gaius Canuleius

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129
Q

Who was responsible for capturing the Etruscan city of Veii in 396 BC after a ten year siege?

A

Marcus Furius Camillus

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130
Q

What two things were Camillus proclaimed to be after his events with Brennus?

A

“Pater Patriae” and “Second Founder of Rome”

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131
Q

What occurred in 390 BC?

A

Battle of Allia River

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132
Q

Who led the Gauls against Rome at Allia River?

A

the Senonian chieftain Brennus

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133
Q

Where was the only place in Rome Brennus did not capture?

A

The Capitoline Hill

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134
Q

Who was woken by the sacred geese of Juno and rallied the Romans on the Capitoline?

A

Marcus Manlius Capitolinus

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135
Q

What did Brennus famously say after conquering Rome and what does it mean?

A

“Vae Victis”- Woe to the Conquered

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136
Q

What was formed in 367 BC?

A

Lex Licinia-Sextia

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137
Q

Who passed the Lex Licinia-Sextia?

A

tribunes Licinius and Lucius Sextius

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138
Q

What does the Lex Licinia-Sextia do?

A

it makes it so one of the two consuls can be a plebeian

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139
Q

Who was the first plebeian consul in 366 BC?

A

Lucius Sextius

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140
Q

Who was the first plebeian dictator?

A

Gaius Marcius Rutilus

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141
Q

In what year did Rome have its first plebeian dictator?

A

356 BC

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142
Q

Who was Rome’s first plebeian censor?

A

Gaius Marcius Rutilus

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143
Q

In what year did Rome have its first plebeian censor?

A

351 BC

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144
Q

Who was the first plebeian praetor?

A

Publilius Philo

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145
Q

In what year did Rome have its first plebeian praetor?

A

337 BC

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146
Q

What were the years of the Great Latin War?

A

340-338 BC

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147
Q

Who won the Battle of Vesuvius?

A

Romans

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148
Q

Who lost the Battle of Vesuvius?

A

the Latins

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149
Q

What year was the Battle of Vesuvius?

A

340 BC

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150
Q

Who were the Roman leaders at the Battle of Vesuvius?

A

Publius Decius Mus and Titus Manlius Torquatus

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151
Q

What did Decius Mus famously do to help the Roman army at the Battle of Vesuvius?

A

devotio (sacrificed himself)

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152
Q

What town did Rome capture in 340 BC?

A

Antium

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153
Q

What did the Romans take from Antium?

A

rostra (prows of enemy ships)

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154
Q

What did the Romans do with the rostra from Antium?

A

attached them to the speakers platform in the Forum

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155
Q

What war took place during 343-341 BC?

A

First Samnite War

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156
Q

What land regions were the First Samnite War centered around?

A

the city of Capua and the land of Campania

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157
Q

What were the years of the First Samnite War?

A

343-341 BC

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158
Q

What war took place from 326-304 BC?

A

Second Samnite War

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159
Q

What battle occurred in 321 BC?

A

Claudine Forks

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160
Q

Who was the Samnite chieftain at Caudine Forks?

A

Gavius Pontius

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161
Q

Who were the Roman leaders at Caudine Forks?

A

Titus Veturius and Spurius Postumius Albinus

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162
Q

What happens to the Romans at Caudine Forks?

A

They are trapped under a mountain pass and forced to pass under a yoke

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163
Q

What year did Caudine Forks take place?

A

321 BC?

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164
Q

What battle took place in 315 BC?

A

Lautulae

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165
Q

What are the years of the Third Samnite War?

A

298-290 BC

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166
Q

What battle occurs in 295 BC?

A

Battle of Sentinum

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167
Q

Who were the Roman leaders at Sentinum?

A

Publius Decius Mus and Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus

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168
Q

Who was the Samnite leader at Sentinum?

A

Gellius Egnatius

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169
Q

Who sacrifices himself in an act of devotio?

A

Publius Decius Mus

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170
Q

Where was King Pyrrhus from?

A

Epirus

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171
Q

What city brought in King Pyrrhus to help them fight the Romans in the Pyrrhic War?

A

Tarentum

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172
Q

What battle took place in 280 BC?

A

Battle of Heraclea

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173
Q

What battle took place in 279 BC?

A

Battle of Asculum

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174
Q

What did the battles between Pyrrhus and Rome become known as?

A

Pyrrhic victories

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175
Q

What are “pyrrhic victories”?

A

Victories that cost so much to win it is no longer worth it

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176
Q

What battle takes place in 275 BC?

A

Battle of Beneventum

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177
Q

Who was the Roman leader at the Battle of Beneventum?

A

Curius Dentatus

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178
Q

In what year did Tarentum surrender for good?

A

272 BC

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179
Q

How did Pyrrhus die?

A

in a street fight when a woman throws a roof tile on his head

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180
Q

Where did Pyrrhus die?

A

Argos in Greece

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181
Q

In what year did the Battle of Beneventum take place?

A

275 BC

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182
Q

What law was made in 287 BC?

A

Lex Hortensia

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183
Q

Where did the fifth and final secession of the plebs take place?

A

Janiculum Hill

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184
Q

Who passed the Lex Hortensia?

A

the dictator Quintus Hortensius

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185
Q

What did the Lex Hortensia do?

A

made all resolutions passed by the plebeians binding on all citizens

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186
Q

When was the Lex Hortensia passed?

A

287 BC

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187
Q

What were the years of the First Punic War?

A

264-241 BC

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188
Q

Who was being attacked to start the First Punic War?

A

the Mamertines from Messana

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189
Q

Who was attacking the Mamertines to start the First Punic War?

A

Hiero (II) of Syracuse

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190
Q

Who did the Mamertines ask for help to fight the Syracusans?

A

Carthage

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191
Q

Who did the Mamertines ask for help to fight the Carthaginians?

A

Rome

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192
Q

What battle took place in 260 BC?

A

Battle of Mylae

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193
Q

Who lead the Romans at Mylae?

A

Gaius Duilius

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194
Q

Where was Rome’s first naval victory?

A

Battle of Mylae

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195
Q

What was made in Duilius’ honor?

A

A column in the Forum

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196
Q

In what year did the Battle of Mylae take place?

A

260 BC

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197
Q

What battle took place in 256 BC?

A

The Battle of Cape Ecnomus

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198
Q

Who was the Roman commander at the Battle of Cape Ecnomus?

A

Atilius Regulus

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199
Q

Who lost the Battle of Cape Ecnomus?

A

the Carthaginians

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200
Q

What battle took place in 255 BC?

A

Battle of Bagradas Valley

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201
Q

Who were the Romans defeated by at Bagradas Valley?

A

Xanthippus, the Spartan mercenary

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202
Q

Why did Regulus return to Rome by the Carthaginians?

A

to convince Rome to surrender

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203
Q

What did Regulus tell the Romans to do when he came back to Rome from Carthage?

A

fight on

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204
Q

Where does Regulus die?

A

he is brutally killed when returns to Carthage from Rome

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205
Q

What battle took place in 249 BC?

A

Battle of Drepana

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206
Q

Who is the consul who supposedly doomed the Romans at the Battle of Drepana?

A

Publius Claudius Pulcher

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207
Q

What did Claudius Pulcher do that was a bad omen?

A

throw the sacred chickens into the ocean (because they wouldn’t eat)

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208
Q

Who is the victorious Carthaginian commander at the Battle of Drepana?

A

Hamilcar

209
Q

What battle takes place in 241 BC?

A

Battle of Aegates Island

210
Q

Who led the Romans at the Battle of Aegates island?

A

Lutatius Catulus

211
Q

Who led the Carthaginians at the Battle of Aegates Islands?

A

Hanno the Great

212
Q

What battle ended the First Punic War?

A

Battle of Aegates Islands

213
Q

What was Rome’s first province?

A

Sicily

214
Q

What province did Rome gain control of at the end of the First Punic War?

A

Sicily

215
Q

What provinces does Rome take after the First Punic War while Carthage has an internal fight?

A

Sardinia and Corsica

216
Q

Where does Carthage get the silver to pay Rome did the huge war debt they owed?

A

the Iberian Peninsula

217
Q

What are the years of the Second Punic War?

A

218-202 BC

218
Q

Who did Rome sign a treaty with in 226 BC?

A

Carthage

219
Q

What treaty was signed in 226 BC?

A

Ebro Treaty

220
Q

What did the Ebro treaty do?

A

says Carthage won’t go north of the Ebro River in Spain

221
Q

What what year was the Ebro Treaty made?

A

226 BC

222
Q

In what year did Hannibal gain control of Spain?

A

221 BC

223
Q

What town did Carthage lay siege to in 219 BC, starting the Second Punic War?

A

Saguntum

224
Q

What battles took place in 218 BC?

A

Battle of Ticinus River and Battle of Trebia River

225
Q

Who is the Roman leader at Ticinus River?

A

Publius Cornelius Scipio (the Elder)

226
Q

Who is the Carthaginian leader at Ticinus River?

A

Hannibal

227
Q

Who was the winner at Ticinus River?

A

Hannibal (Carthage)

228
Q

Who saves Publius Cornelius Scipio’s life at the Battle of Ticinus River?

A

his son, the future Africanus

229
Q

When was the Battle of Ticinus River?

A

218 BC

230
Q

Who were the Roman commanders at Trebia River?

A

Publius Cornelius Scipio and Tiberius Sempronius Longus

231
Q

Who was the Carthaginian commander at Trebia River?

A

Hannibal

232
Q

Who was the winner at Trebia River?

A

Hannibal (Carthage)

233
Q

When was the Battle of Trebia River?

A

218 BC

234
Q

What battle took place in 217 BC?

A

The Battle of Lake Trasimene

235
Q

Who is the Roman commander at Lake Trasimene?

A

Gaius Flaminius

236
Q

Who was the Carthaginian commander at Lake Trasimene?

A

Hannibal

237
Q

Who won the Battle of Lake Trasimene?

A

Hannibal (Carthage)

238
Q

Where does Gaius Flaminius die?

A

He dies in the Battle of Lake Trasimene?

239
Q

When was the Battle of Lake Trasimene?

A

217 BC

240
Q

Who was appointed dictator after the disaster at Trasimene?

A

Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator

241
Q

How did Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator earn the agnomen “cunctator”?

A

for the delaying tactics he used against Hannibal

242
Q

What is Quintus Fabius Maximus known as?

A

the “shield of Rome”

243
Q

What battle took place in 216 BC?

A

Battle of Cannae

244
Q

Who were the Roman commanders at Cannae?

A

Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Tarentius Varro

245
Q

Who was the Carthaginian commander at Cannae?

A

Hannibal

246
Q

Who won the Battle of Cannae?

A

Hannibal (Carthage)

247
Q

What Roman commander died at the Battle of Cannae?

A

Lucius Aemilius Paullus

248
Q

What did Tarentius Varro receive when he returned to Rome?

A

a warm reception despite the disaster

249
Q

What city was recaptured in 211 BC?

A

Syracuse

250
Q

Who recaptured Syracuse in 211 BC?

A

Marcus Claudius Marcellus

251
Q

What famous scientist was accidentally killed when the Romans rushed Syracuse?

A

Archimedes

252
Q

Who received the spolia opima in the Second Punic War?

A

Marcus Claudius Marcellus

253
Q

What was Claudius Marcellus known as?

A

the “sword of Rome”

254
Q

What battle took place in 207 BC?

A

Metaurus River

255
Q

Who were the Roman commanders at Metaurus River?

A

Gaius Claudius Nero and Marcus Livius Salinator

256
Q

Who was the Carthaginian commander at Metaurus River?

A

Hasdrubal Barca

257
Q

Who won at Metaurus River?

A

Rome

258
Q

What happened to Hasdrubal Barca?

A

he was decapitated and his head was thrown into the Carthaginian camp

259
Q

When was Metaurus River?

A

207 BC

260
Q

What battle took place in 206 BC?

A

Ilipa

261
Q

Who is the Roman commander at Ilipa?

A

Scipio (the future) Africanus

262
Q

What did Scipio Africanus do at Ilipa?

A

cut off Iberia from the Carthaginians

263
Q

What was the result of Ilipa?

A

Spain was given to Scipio

264
Q

What battle took place in 203 BC?

A

Battle of Campi Magni (Great Plains)

265
Q

Who were the Roman commanders at Campi Magni?

A

Scipio (the future) Africanus and Gaius Laelius

266
Q

Who was the Numidian cavalry commander on the Roman side at Campi Magni?

A

Massinissa

267
Q

Who was the Numidian commander on the side of the Carthaginians at Ilipa?

A

Syphax

268
Q

Who was the Carthaginian commander at the Battle of Campi Magni?

A

Hasdrubal (son of) Gisgo

269
Q

Who won at the Battle of Campi Magni?

A

Rome

270
Q

What battle took place in 202 BC?

A

Battle of Zama

271
Q

Who were the Roman commanders at Zama?

A

Scipio Africanus and Masinissa

272
Q

Who was the Carthaginian commander at Zama?

A

Hannibal

273
Q

Who lost at Zama?

A

Carthage

274
Q

What battle ended the Second Punic War?

A

Battle of Zama

275
Q

What were the years of the Third Punic War?

A

149-146 BC

276
Q

What city did Rome lay siege to, beginning in 149 BC?

A

Carthage

277
Q

When was Carthage stormed?

A

146 BC

278
Q

Who stormed Carthage, destroying it?

A

Scipio Aemilianus

279
Q

What was Cato the Elder famous for saying?

A

“Carthago delenda est.” (Carthage must be destroyed)

280
Q

What becomes a Roman province in 146 BC?

A

Africa

281
Q

Who are the three winners of the spolia opima?

A

Romulus, Cossus, and Marcellus

282
Q

Who did Rome fight with from 146-140 BC?

A

Lusitanian chieftain, Viriathus

283
Q

What is Viriathus called?

A

the “first national hero of Portugal”

284
Q

What siege took place in 133 BC?

A

the siege of Numantia

285
Q

Who captured the Celtiberian city of Numantia?

A

Scipio Aemilianus

286
Q

What war took place from 229-228 BC?

A

First Illyrian War

287
Q

Who was the leader of the Illyrian pirates during the first Illyrian War?

A

Queen Teuta

288
Q

What war took place from 220-219 BC?

A

Second Illyrian War

289
Q

Who lead Illyria in the Second Illyrian War?

A

Demretrius of Pharos

290
Q

What war took place from 200-196 BC?

A

Second Macedonian War

291
Q

What battle took place in 197 BC?

A

Battle of Cynoscephalae

292
Q

Who was the Roman commander at Cynoscephalae?

A

Titus Quinctius Flamininus

293
Q

Who was the Macedonian leader at Cynoscephalae?

A

Phillip V

294
Q

Who declared peace and freedom for Greece in 196 BC?

A

Flamininus

295
Q

Where did Flamininus declare peace and freedom for Greece?

A

the Isthmian games of 196 BC

296
Q

What did the Battle of Cynoscephalae show?

A

the superiority of the Legion over the Phallanx

297
Q

What war took place from 192-188 BC?

A

Seleucid War

298
Q

Who did Rome make war with in 192 BC?

A

Antiochus III of the Selecuid Empire

299
Q

Who did Antiochus III ally with during the Seleucid War?

A

the Aetolian League and Hannibal

300
Q

What battle took place in 191 BC?

A

Battle of Thermopylae

301
Q

Who was the Roman commander at Thermopylae?

A

(Manius Acilius) Glabrio

302
Q

Who did Glabrio defeat at Thermopylae?

A

Antiochus III

303
Q

What battle took place in 190/189 BC?

A

Battle of Magnesia

304
Q

Who were the Roman commanders at Magnesia?

A

Scipio Africanus and brother Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiastucus

305
Q

Who did the Romans defeat at the Battle of Magnesia?

A

Antiochus III

306
Q

What treaty ends the Seleucid War?

A

Treaty of Apamea

307
Q

What war took place from 171-168 BC?

A

Third Macedonian War

308
Q

What battle took place in 168 BC?

A

Battle of Pydna

309
Q

Who was the Roman leader at Pydna?

A

Lucius Aemilius Paullus

310
Q

Who was defeated at the Battle of Pydna?

A

King Perseus of Macedon

311
Q

What was took place from 150-148 BC?

A

Fourth Macedonian War

312
Q

Who was the Roman leader during the Fourth Macedonian War?

A

(Quintus Caecilius) Metellus Macedonicus

313
Q

Who was defeated in the Fourth Macedonian War?

A

Andriscus

314
Q

Who was Andriscus?

A

a pretender to the throne of Macedon

315
Q

When does Macedonia become a province?

A

148 BC

316
Q

What battle takes place in 146 BC?

A

Battle of Corinth

317
Q

Who is the Roman leader at the Battle of Corinth?

A

Lucius Mummius

318
Q

Who was defeated at the Battle of Corinth?

A

Achaean League?

319
Q

What city was destroyed by Lucius Mummius in 146 BC?

A

Corinth

320
Q

What battle marks the end of the Roman-Greek conflict?

A

Battle of Corinth

321
Q

Who was the daughter of Scipio Africanus?

A

Cornelia

322
Q

Who were the sons of Cornelia?

A

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

323
Q

What did Cornelia call her sons?

A

“Gemae” (her jewels)

324
Q

Who was elected tribune in 133 BC?

A

Tiberius Gracchus

325
Q

What law did Tiberius Gracchus attempt to push?

A

land law

326
Q

What did Tiberius Gracchus’ land law do?

A

reinstate that no citizen should be able to hold over 500 iugera of land

327
Q

What tribune vetoed Tiberius Gracchus’ land law?

A

Marcus Octavius

328
Q

Who lead the senate in a revolt to kill Tiberius Gracchus?

A

Scipio Nasica

329
Q

In what year was there a revolt against Tiberius Gracchus?

A

133 BC

330
Q

What was Scipio Nasica’s relation to Tiberius Gracchus?

A

they were cousins

331
Q

How did Tiberius Gracchus convince the senate to revolt against Tiberius?

A

said Tiberius was trying to become king

332
Q

Who was elected tribune in 123 and 122?

A

Gaius Gracchus

333
Q

Which political enemy of Gaius was elected consul in 121 BC?

A

Lucius Opimius

334
Q

What did the senate pass that gave Opimius the power to stop Gaius at all costs?

A

Senatus Consultum Ultimum

335
Q

Where did Gaius Gracchus flee to?

A

the grove of Furina on Janiculum

336
Q

How did Gaius Gracchus did?

A

suicide

337
Q

What became the Roman province of Asia?

A

Pergamum

338
Q

When was Pergamum given to Rome?

A

133 BC

339
Q

Who bequeathed Pergamum to Rome?

A

Attalus III

340
Q

Who held the consulship seven times?

A

Gaius Marius

341
Q

Where was Marius from?

A

Arpinum

342
Q

What was Marius known as?

A

a novus homo (he’s not the only one but one of the most famous)

343
Q

What consul reformed the Roman army in 1st century BC?

A

Marius

344
Q

How many consecutive consulship a did Marius hold?

A

5

345
Q

When was Marius’ first consulship?

A

107 BC

346
Q

When was Marius’ last consulship?

A

86 BC

347
Q

Who died in 118 BC, causing a division in his kingdom?

A

Micipsa, King of Numidia

348
Q

Who was the kingdom of Numidia divided between when its king died?

A

between Micipsa’s sons Hiempsal and Adherbal and his step-son (and nephew) Jugurtha

349
Q

Who finally defeated Jugurtha?

A

Marius and his quaestor Lucius Cornelius Sulla “Felix”

350
Q

When did Marius and Sulla beat Jugurtha?

A

105 BC

351
Q

How did Marius and Sulla beat Jugurtha?

A

Sulla convinced the Mauritanian ruler Bocchus I to betray Jugurtha to the Romans

352
Q

Where was Jugurtha killed?

A

Tullianum

353
Q

When was Jugurtha killed?

A

104 BC

354
Q

What battle took place in 105 BC?

A

Battle of Arausio

355
Q

Who were the Roman commanders at Arausio?

A

Servilius Caepio and Mallius Maximus

356
Q

Who defeated the Romans at Arausio?

A

the Cimbri and Teutones

357
Q

What battle took place in 102 BC?

A

Battle of Aquae Sextiae

358
Q

Who was the Roman commander at Aquae Sextiae?

A

Gaius Marius

359
Q

Who was defeated at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae?

A

Teutones

360
Q

What battle took place in 101 BC?

A

Battle of Vercellae

361
Q

Who were the Roman commanders at Vercellae?

A

Gaius Marius and Lutatius Catullus

362
Q

Who was defeated at Vercellae?

A

the Cimbri

363
Q

What war was ended by the Battle of Vercellae?

A

War with Cimbri and Teutons

364
Q

What enemy of Marius was a tribune killed in 100 BC?

A

Lucius Appuleius Saturninus

365
Q

How many times did Saturninus serve as tribune?

A

3 times

366
Q

What did the senate pass against Saturninus and why?

A

a Senatus Consultum Ultimum for mob violence

367
Q

What did the Senatus Consultum Ultimum against Saturninus do?

A

gave Marius the right to stop him

368
Q

What war took place from 91-88 BC?

A

the Social War

369
Q

What are two other names for the Social War?

A

the Italian War or the Marsic War

370
Q

Why was the Social War also known as the Marsic War?

A

because the Romans were fighting the Marsi

371
Q

What was the Social War fought over?

A

whether or not the non-Roman Italians should have citizenship

372
Q

What law was passed in 90 BC?

A

Lex Iulia

373
Q

What did the Lex Iulia do?

A

Julius Caesar offered Roman citizenship to all citizens of Italy who had not raised arms against Rome in the Social War

374
Q

What law was passed in 89 BC?

A

Lex Plautia Papiria

375
Q

What did the Lex Plautia Papiria do?

A

citizens of Italian communities that had previously rebelled can now gain Roman citizenship

376
Q

What war took place from 89-85 BC?

A

The First Mithridatic War

377
Q

Who was the First Mithridatic War against?

A

Mithridates VI of Pontus

378
Q

What did Mithridates VI do to start the First Mithridatic War?

A

he took territory in the east and massacred Italian residents there

379
Q

What is Mithridates’ massacre called and when did it occur?

A

Asiatic Vespers- 88 BC

380
Q

Who had been chosen by the senate to fight Mithridates?

A

Sulla

381
Q

Who transferred command against Mithridates from Sulla to Marius?

A

the tribune Sulpicius Rufus

382
Q

What was the result of Sulla’s command transferring to Marius?

A

Sulla’s first march on Rome

383
Q

What siege took place in 86 BC?

A

Siege of Athens

384
Q

What was Sulla’s most famous feat in the First Mithridatic War?

A

the siege of Athens

385
Q

What treaty ended the First Mithridatic War?

A

Treaty of Dardanus

386
Q

When was the Treaty of Dardanus finished?

A

85 BC

387
Q

What was Rome divided by?

A

the Populares and the Optimates

388
Q

What were the Populares?

A

popular assemblies and tribunate

389
Q

What were the Optimates?

A

richer traditionalists wishing to limit the power of the popular assemblies and tribunate

390
Q

Who were the big leaders in Rome when Sulla was in Greece fighting Mithridates?

A

Papirius Carbo and Cornelius Cinna

391
Q

How does Cinna die?

A

by a mutiny of his own troops

392
Q

When did Cinna die?

A

84 BC

393
Q

Who was the consul of 82 BC?

A

Carbo

394
Q

What battle took place in 82 BC?

A

Battle of Colline Gate

395
Q

What did the Battle of Colline Gate do?

A

solidify Sulla’s control of Rome

396
Q

Which of Marian’s proconsuls of Hispania held out against Sulla’s forces until 72 BC?

A

Sertorius

397
Q

When was Sertorius assassinated?

A

72 BC

398
Q

Who assassinated Sertorius?

A

Marcus Perperna

399
Q

What was Sulla’s list of people he wanted killed called?

A

Sulla’s prescriptions

400
Q

What did Sulla’s second march on Rome basically accomplish?

A

remodeled the Republican government

401
Q

What war took place from 73-71 BC?

A

Second Mithridatic War

402
Q

Who was the Second Mithridatic War between?

A

Licinius Murena vs. Mithridates VI

403
Q

Who started a slave revolt in 73 BC?

A

the Thracian slave Spartacus

404
Q

Where did Spartacus start a slave revolt?

A

Capua

405
Q

Who eventually subdued Spartacus’ revolt?

A

Marcus Licinius Crassus

406
Q

Where was the slave revolt subdued?

A

Apulia

407
Q

In what two years are Pompey and Crassus consuls?

A

70 BC and 55 BC

408
Q

What law was passed in 67 BC?

A

Lex Gabinia

409
Q

Who passed the Lex Gabinia?

A

the tribune Aulus Gabinius

410
Q

What did the Lex Gabinia do?

A

gave Pompey command against the pirates in the Mediterranean

411
Q

How long did it take Pompey to clear the Mediterranean of pirates and in what year?

A

3 months in 66 BC

412
Q

What war took place from 73-63 BC?

A

Third Mithridatic War

413
Q

Who had command against Mithridates for the first part of the Third Mithridatic War?

A

Lucius Licinius Lucullus

414
Q

What battle took place in 69 BC?

A

Battle of Tigranocerta

415
Q

What Armenian king did Lucullus defeat at the Battle of Tigranocerta?

A

Tigranes the Great

416
Q

What law was passed in 66 BC?

A

Lex Manilia

417
Q

Who passed the Lex Manilia?

A

the tribune Gaius Manlius

418
Q

What did the Lex Manilia do?

A

transferred command against Mithridates from Lucullus to Pompey

419
Q

What battle took place in 66 BC?

A

Battle of Nicopolis

420
Q

What happens at the Battle of Nicopolis?

A

Pompey decisively defeats Mithridates

421
Q

How does Mithridates die?

A

suicide

422
Q

Where does Mithridates die?

A

Panticapaeum

423
Q

When does Mithridates die?

A

63 BC

424
Q

What conflict occurs in Rome in 63 BC?

A

Conspiracy of Catiline

425
Q

Who tried to overthrow the Republic in 63 BC?

A

Lucius Sergius Catilina

426
Q

What did Catilina have passed against him?

A

Senatus Consultum Ultimum

427
Q

Who is most responsible for Catiline’s fall?

A

Cicero

428
Q

What is Cicero rewarded for his speeches against Catiline?

A

“Pater Patriae”

429
Q

What year does the First Triumvirate form?

A

69 BC

430
Q

What was the First Triumvirate?

A

a powerful political alliance

431
Q

Who was the First Triumvirate between?

A

Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Pompey the Great

432
Q

How was the First Triumvirate cemented?

A

when Caesar’s daughter Julia married Pompey

433
Q

What did Pompey get from the First Triumvirate?

A

land for his veterans

434
Q

When was Julius Caesar born?

A

100 BC

435
Q

When was Julius Caesar quaestor?

A

69 BC

436
Q

When was Julius Caesar pontifex maximus?

A

63 BC

437
Q

When was Julius Caesar consul?

A

59 BC

438
Q

Who was Julius Caesar consul with?

A

Marcus Bibulus

439
Q

What did Julius Caesar receive from the First Triumvirate?

A

a five year governship of Cisalpine Gaul, Illyracium, and later Transalpine Gaul

440
Q

What did Julius Caesar’s five year governship of Cisalpine Gaul, Illyracium, and later Transalpine Gaul allow him to do?

A

wage his Gallic Wars

441
Q

How was Marcus Tullius Cicero exiled?

A

Clodius Pulcher (a tribune under Caesar) passed a law against him

442
Q

How was Clodius Pulcher killed?

A

in a gang fight against his rival, Milo

443
Q

When was Clodius Pulcher killed?

A

53 BC

444
Q

What war lasted from 58-51 BC?

A

Caesar’s Gallic Wars

445
Q

When did Caesar cross into Britannia?

A

55 and 54 BC

446
Q

Who was Caesar’s most important enemy during the Gallic Wars?

A

Vercingetorix of the Arveni

447
Q

Who defeated Caesar’s forces during the Gallic Wars?

A

Vercingetorix

448
Q

Where was Caesar defeated by Vercingetorix?

A

Gergovia

449
Q

When was Caesar defeated by Vercingetorix?

A

52 BC

450
Q

Where did Caesar defeat Vercingetorix?

A

Battle of Alesia

451
Q

When did Caesar defeat Vercingetorix?

A

52 BC

452
Q

Where did the three people in the First Triumvirate meet?

A

Luca

453
Q

When did the three people in the First Triumvirate meet at Luca?

A

56 BC

454
Q

What happens at the triumvirs’ meeting at Luca?

A

Caesar’s command is extended for 5 more years

455
Q

When do Crassus and Pompey hold the consulship for the second time?

A

55 BC

456
Q

When does Julius Caesar’s daughter, Julia, die?

A

54 BC

457
Q

Who did Crassus campaign against in the final years of his life?

A

Parthians

458
Q

Where and when does Crassus die?

A

Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC

459
Q

What war takes place from 49-45 BC?

A

Civil War of Caesar

460
Q

What act of Caesar ignited the civil war?

A

crossing the Rubicon in 49 BC

461
Q

What does Julius Caesar say when passing the Rubicon?

A

“Alea iacta est”- the die is cast

462
Q

What battle took place in 49 BC?

A

Battle of Ilerda

463
Q

What happened at the Battle of Ilerda?

A

Caesar marches to Spain and defeats Pompey’s commanders

464
Q

What battle occurs in 48 BC?

A

Battle of Dyrrachium

465
Q

Who defeated Caesar at the Battle of Dyrrachium?

A

Pompey

466
Q

What battle decides the result of the Civil War in 48 BC?

A

Battle of Pharsalus

467
Q

What happens at Pharsalus?

A

Caesar decisively defeats Pompey

468
Q

Where does Pompey flee after Pharsalus?

A

Egypt

469
Q

Who kills Pompey?

A

the orders of Ptolemy XIII

470
Q

What battle takes place in 47 BC?

A

Battle of Zela

471
Q

Who does Caesar defeat at Zela?

A

Pharnaces (II), son of Mithridates VI of Pontus

472
Q

What battle takes place in 46 BC?

A

Battle of Thapsus

473
Q

Who were the forces of Pompey led by at Thapsus?

A

Metellus Scipio and the African Juba I

474
Q

Who commits suicide after Thapsus?

A

Cato the Younger

475
Q

Where does Cato the Younger commit suicide?

A

Utica

476
Q

What is Cato the Younger called after committing suicide?

A

Cato Uticensis

477
Q

What battle took place in 45 BC?

A

Battle of Munda

478
Q

What former lieutenant does Caesar defeat?

A

Titus Labienus

479
Q

Which of Pompey’s family members are later defeated by Julius Caesar?

A

Pompey’s sons

480
Q

In what years was Caesar a dictator?

A

49, 48, and 46 BC

481
Q

When was Caesar elected dictator for life?

A

44 BC

482
Q

What temple did Caesar build?

A

Temple of Venus Genetrix

483
Q

What did Caesar reform?

A

the calendar

484
Q

Who put his own face on coins?

A

Julius Caesar

485
Q

Who was Julius Caesar planning a campaign against before his assassination?

A

Parthians

486
Q

What title did Julius Caesar receive at one point?

A

Pater Patriae

487
Q

Who led the conspiracy against the life of Julius Caesar?

A

Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus

488
Q

How was Caesar killed?

A

stabbed to death by senators

489
Q

Where was Caesar killed?

A

at the foot of the statue of Pompey

490
Q

On what day was Julius Caesar killed?

A

March 15, 44 BC

491
Q

What is Caesar said to have muttered while dying?

A

“Et tu, Brute?” “And you, Brutus?” or in Greek, “Kai su, teknon?”

492
Q

Who was named the sole heir of Julius Caesar?

A

Gaius Octavius (future Augustus)

493
Q

What was Julius Caesar’s relationship to Octavius?

A

Octavius was his grand-nephew (and adopted son)

494
Q

When was the Second Triumvirate formed?

A

43 BC

495
Q

Who formed the Second Triumvirate?

A

Gaius Octavius, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and Mark Antony (Marcus Antoninus)

496
Q

Who married Mark Antony?

A

Octavia (sister of Octavius)

497
Q

Where is Cicero killed?

A

Formiae

498
Q

What legalized the Second Triumvirate?

A

Lex Titia

499
Q

What battle took place in 42 BC?

A

Battle of Philippi

500
Q

Who were the winners at Philippi?

A

Octavian and Mark Antony

501
Q

Who were the losers at Philippi?

A

Brutus and Cassius

502
Q

How did Brutus and Cassius die?

A

they kill themselves

503
Q

What treaty is formed in 49 BC?

A

Treaty of Brundisium

504
Q

What did Octavian get from the Treaty of Brundisium?

A

the west empire

505
Q

What did Antony get from the Treaty of Brundisium?

A

the east empire

506
Q

What did Lepidus get from the Treaty of Brundisium?

A

Hispania and Africa

507
Q

What battle occurred in 36 BC?

A

Battle of Naulochus

508
Q

What kind of battle was the Battle of Naulochus?

A

naval

509
Q

Who was the winner at Naulochus?

A

Marcus Agrippa, famous general of Octavian

510
Q

Who was the loser at Naulochus?

A

Sextus Pompeius (son of Pompey)

511
Q

Where did the Battle of Naulochus take place?

A

off of Sicily

512
Q

Why did Marcus Agrippa go to battle against Sextus Pompeius?

A

Sextus had been preventing the grain supply on Sicily from reaching Rome

513
Q

Who does Mark Antony have an open affair with?

A

Cleopatra VII of Egypt

514
Q

What does Augustus use to make Antony look bad?

A

propaganda

515
Q

What battle took place in 31 BC?

A

Battle of Actium

516
Q

Who were the winners at Actium?

A

Octavian and Agrippa

517
Q

Who were the losers at Actium?

A

Mark Antony and Cleopatra

518
Q

How did Mark Antony and Cleopatra die?

A

suicide

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