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Italian Unification > History - Italy > Flashcards

History - Italy Flashcards

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Italian Verbs flashcards
1
Q

What was Piedmont like?

A

Northern state, ruled by the House of Savoy

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2
Q

What was Lombardy like?

A

Northern state, ruled by representatives of the Austrian Empire

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3
Q

Venetia

A

Governed according to a constitution.
Great Austrian influence

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4
Q

Central Duchies

A

Tuscany, Modena and Parma
Governed by Dukes with Austrian influence

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5
Q

Papal states

A

Ruled by the Pope, reliant on other Catholic countries

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6
Q

Naples/ Sicily

A

Ruled by the bourbon family. The kings also rued Sicily so the kingdom became known as the kingdom of Two Sicilys

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7
Q

When was the French Revolution/

A

1789

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8
Q

When was the French attack? What did they acquire?

A

1796
Nice and Savoy

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9
Q

When was the peninsula divided into republics?
How many?

A

1798
4

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10
Q

When was Italy divided into three parts? What were these three parts called?

A

1810
The French Empire, The Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Naples

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11
Q

The French Empire

A

Annexed to France and treated as the French Empire
Comprised of Piedmont, The Central Duchies and the Papal States

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12
Q

The Kingdom of Italy

A

Comprised of the regions of Lombardy, Modena, Bologna, Romagna and Ferrara.
Ruled by Napoleon’s step son

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13
Q

Naples

A

Did not include Sicily

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14
Q

What was life like under French rule?

A

Mixed opinions
The intellectuals saw French rule as a breath of fresh air, liberals were inspired by the main values of the revolution; liberty, equality and fraternity
Others were resentful of the French rule due to forced conscription and high taxation imposed by the French

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15
Q

When was the Napoleonic Code introduced? What was the Napoleonic Code?

A

1805
Napoleon Bonaparte’s civil code was introduced in Italy following his decision to turn the Republic of Italy into the Kingdom of Italy and crown himself King

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16
Q

Impact of French rile on the Church?

A

Suffered severely because their power was greatly reduced
1809 - Napoleon exiled the Pope, temporal power declared to be at an end
Papal states to be governed by French authorities
did not effect the Pope’s spiritual authority as he remained a figurehead
1814- Monasteries and nunneries closed down in France
Church land sold off to the nobility

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17
Q

How ere the urban groups effected?

A

Professionals profited from the increased prosperity introduced by Napoleon which brought financial and business advantages
increased infrastructure and relaxation of trade barriers
local governments set up
improved infrastructure of towns
introduced two chamber representative govt
Italians absorbed French ideas

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18
Q

When was the Congress of Vienna and what did it do?

A

1815
Engineered by Metternich returned most Italian borders to status quo

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19
Q

What is a conservative state?

A

Wanted a compromise between Napoleonic structures and pre-Napoleonic structures, a process called amalgamation
the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Lombardy-Venetia and the Duchy of Parma

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20
Q

What is a reactionary state?

A

wanted to completely dismantle Napoleonic structures and return to things pre 1796
Papal states, Duchy of Modena and the Kingdom of Piedmont

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21
Q

What did the reactionary states target?

A

The army: office no longer selected on experience, just privilege
the economy: emergence if protectionist barriers stifled trade and economic growth
Legal system: Napoleonic code replaced with a judicial system that favored the rights of the nobility

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22
Q

What did the process of amalgamation involve?

A

Economic: encouraging growth and investing in public work schemes
Eg. Ferdinand II (Kingdom of Two Sicilies) built Italy’s first railway and established communications between Naples and Sicily
Education; balancing out religious and secular teaching
Retaining the class of administrators that Napoleon had left behind and carrying out moderate reforms

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23
Q

What happened in Piedmont (RM)?

A

Victor Emmanuel I destroyed anything that the French left (regardless of it’s utility)
results in rev in 1820s
in response, reluctantly adapted some reforms and improvement of infrastructure

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24
Q

What happened in Modena (RM)?

A

Very reactionary and erratic, made friends with a revolutionary
results in rev in 1830s

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25
Q

What happened in the Papal States (RM)?

A

Cansalvi reforms maintained the best aspects of Napoleon
Pope after the death of the prior Pope ensured strict reforms which caused socio-economic disparity

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26
Q

What happened in Tuscany (RM)?

A

Austrian leader, therefore received amalgamation reforms prosperous

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27
Q

What happened in Parma (RM)?

A

Most progressive state. Ruled by Duchess Marie-Louise

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28
Q

Naples and Sicily (RM)?

A

Rev because Sicily are separatist
reluctant reforms in the Muratist style

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29
Q

Lombardy-Venetia (RM)?

A

Refused to reinstate aristocratic rights and maintained Napoleonic system of policing

30
Q

1820-21 Revolution in Naples

A

1818 - Church censorship, took away freedom of speech which angered the middle class
1820-30 Carbonari members advanced onto Avellino leading to a widespread uprising
July - Ferdinand I promised to grant a con similar to Spain

31
Q

1820-21 Revolution in Sicily

A

1815 - Return of Ferdinand I forced Sicily to re join Naples
Agricultural prices fell sharply, widespread dissent. Riots broke out and Ferdinand forced to make concessions and promise a constitutional monarchy

32
Q

1820-21 Revolution in Piedmont

A

1815 - VE I set out reactionary policies and reinstated the 1770 constitution.
Revolt broke out and the Carbonari grew in membership. A mutiny of the army in Turin forced him to abdicate and liberals looked to Charles Albert as the successor

33
Q

Causes of the 1820 revs

A

Reinstatement of Church power
Sicilian separatist desires
Economic issues
Reactions to the loss/ promise of constitutions
Govt inadequacies

34
Q

Failures of the 1820 revs

A

Austrian intervention
Divisions and weaknesses of the revolutionaries
Minimal amounts of people, happening in towns not the countryside

35
Q

How did the 1820 revs develop nationalism?

A

Presence of Carbonari - ideas about nationalism developing
Socio-economic conditions provided a collective experience
Pope/army demonstrate that things could change because the group that are supposedly the loyalist want to abolish the ruler
Austria becomes a common enemy

36
Q

How did the 1820 revs hinder nationalism?

A

Only 30 Carbonari-ideas aren’t widespread
suffering was the motivation not nationalism
None of the regional armies are strong enough to withstand foreign intervention
might of Austria

37
Q

1831-2 Rev in Modena

A

Enrico Misley wanted to achieve a con for Modena but he was betrayed and jailed in 1831
Duke Francis IV visited Vienna and in his absence the revolutionaries took over and established a provisional govt

38
Q

1831-32 rev in Papal States

A

Organised by the professional classes who resented the oppressive rule of the Church
Prov govt established in Bologna in Feb 1831

39
Q

1831-31 rev in Parma

A

Students rioted to demand a con, Duchess Marie Louise fled and a provisional govt was established by the students
contact was made with Modena and a joint army was established

40
Q

Causes of the 1830 revs

A

The role of the revolutionaries in Modena, inspired by the French uprising
Papal states’ oppressive rule
Economic conditions

41
Q

Why did the 1830 revs fail?

A

Might of Austria
Pope receives French troops to overthrow revolutionaries
Little communication
Cannot sustain initial gains
Revolts are not wisespread

42
Q

How did the 1830s rev hinder nationalism?

A

Revolutionary liberals wanted to change the inadequate govt not a United Italy
Clearly little support for the revolt, either through desire or fear
Church is very powerful
Bologna ignore Modenas plea for help
French support not realized
1. Declare a policy of non intervention
2. they sent troops in support of the oppressor
Myth of Risorgimento clear

43
Q

How did the 1830s revs develop nationalism?

A

M and Ps response demonstrated communication
Misley’s idea of Italian Nat spread more readily in the 30s
3 paths:
1. Piedmontisation
2. Neo-Guelph
3. Radical (Mazzini and young Italy)
French getting upset with Austrian influence

44
Q

What caused the 1848 revolutions?

A

Economic crisis.
French overthrowing of the regime inspired Italians.
Changing situation in the Hapsburg Empire, power vacuum in the center of Europe, govt couldn’t respond to the war.
Changing ideological backgrounds.
Growth in support for Mazzini/ moderate movements.
Metternich removed from power, Austria no longer a threat

45
Q

Why did the 1848 revs fail?

A

Overpowered by foreign forces.
French defend the Pope.
Divisions between the Revolutionaries.
New king of Sicily retains the old constitution.

46
Q

How did the Pope cause the 1848 revs?

A

Released 2000 political prisoners.
Ended Church censorship.
Council of State established.

47
Q

How did nationalist fervour cause the 1848 revs?

A

Revs in France trigger nationalist/ liberalism demands.
Ideological clarity/ spread of knowledge and literacy.
Tobacco protest inspires uprisings against the Austrians.
Growth of civil society, music and literature helped spread nationalist ideas and identity into society

48
Q

Was nationalist fervour less important 1848?

A

Reaction rather than a cause.
Nationalist fervour was external.
Motivations most often not unification/ independence just liberals wanting shared powers with the monarchy.

49
Q

How did the conservatives regain power?

A

Revolutionaries wanted them to stay in place and share power.
Army stayed under control of the leaders and so did the civil servants and bureaucracy of each state.
Fear of revolutionary propaganda (prop, allocution).
The Church.

50
Q

Rome Republic 1848

A

No foreign support or support of other regions
Free press still operated and the reforms encourages other states to rise against govt

51
Q

Venetian republic 1848

A

Not nationalistic, under Austrian rule and they revoke their decision to unite Piedmont after defeat.
Formed an alliance with Hungary, Hungary rebelled against Austria

52
Q

First war of Independence 1848

A

Limited war fought by Piedmont - Sardinia for territory, led to the abdication of Charles Albert, in favour of this son, the signing of the Peace of Milan and the fall of Venice.
Fought for independence with Nationalist motives

53
Q

Allocution 1848

A

Rejected political ambitions in terms of unification and aimed to protect the Pope’s status.
Created a revolutionary atmosphere and resentment against the Pope

54
Q

Why did Piedmont become the lead state for unification?

A

Cavour- excellent diplomat is able to converse with a plethora of people. Campaigned for the development of railways.
Status maintained, other states abolished their cons.
Leads liberals to move upwards, seeing as Piedmont as a place to discuss ideas.
The only independant state, even after 1848 and they have their own army .
Geographically benefit from their neighbour’s industrial developments:
1. infrastructure
2. infrastructure developed under Napoleon
3. Easier to get alliances
4. More exposed to developments for the longest time.
Siccardi laws 1851 - Restrictions of Church power in Piedmont.
Textile industry

55
Q

Plombieres 1858

A

Napoleon III and Cavour plan to declare war on Austria

56
Q

Handshake of Teano 1860

A

Victor Emmanuel and Garabaldi shake hands over territory

57
Q

The role of Napoleon III

A

Took support of uprisings in Rome, enthusiasm and nationalism, grateful for Piedmont.
He was a powerful figure who wanted unification, some were skeptical because he may just want France to become powerful.

58
Q

The war of 1859

A

CAV - anti Austrian speech.
Nationalistic emotions increased because CAV mobilized the Piedmontese army, no support from Napoleon
April 1859- au sent a ultimatum that CAV refused to demobilise the piemontese army which CAV refused. AU replied by declaring war on the 29th.
Napoleon’s motives - could not breach Austrian defences, danger that prussia could attack France at his absence, suspicious of Cavour’s activities
Settlement - P receive L, first go to F then VE
Rulers of the Duchies restored.
Sutria kept Venetia

59
Q

Cavour’s resignation

A

Betrayal.
Furious that he had not been consulted about the end of the war. Appalled at the agreement between the Duchies

60
Q

Papal Power

A

Napoleon said he was prepared for the Pope to lose power over the Legations

61
Q

Plebiscites

A

Opportunity to engineer annexation with the help of the national societies which campaigned for the annexation of VE II or a separate kingdom.
Those in liberal states urged for unification with Piedmont

62
Q

The role of Garabaldi

A

“The Thousand” Garabaldi wanted to unite Italy in the name of VE II and Italy itself

63
Q

The reaction of Carvour to Garabaldi’s aims

A

Worried that he wanted to invade Naples, conflict would produce a French victory.
Ordered Persano to sail to Naples and create a pro-piedmontese insurrection before Garabaldis rival.
Ruler of Naples formed a liberal ministry

64
Q

September 1860 in the Papal states

A

National society engineered an uprising.
Cavour wanted the army disbanded.
P army invaded and destroyed the Papal army.
Napoleonic army remained intact.

65
Q

Issues facing Italy in the 1860s

A

Civil war.
Economic and political issues.
Mediocre leadership in the north.

66
Q

Unity or Piedmontisation?

A

VE remained VE the II of Piedmont.
The sovereign body of the state would be the king in Parliament.
Chamber of deputies elected by 2% of population.
The administrative structure was centralised.
Piedmontese weights and measures and the idea of trade was imposed on the rest of Italy.

67
Q

The south 1860s

A

Politicians had little understanding.
Unsuitable for unification under Piedmontese leadership.
1859- law introduced that stated 2 years of education was compulsory however most were illierate and the peasants needs were never met.
Introduce taxes to repay debt but provoked the Brigands War.

68
Q

Lombardy and Tuscany 1860s

A

Lombardy:
Rattazzi imposed a central model of govt in 1859.
Promised a constituent assembly to discuss views at the time of the plebbscite.
Language barriers.
Own system separate from Piedmontisatio (govt, legal).
Tuscany:
Imposition of laws delayed for political reasons.
Ricasoli argued successfully for the protection of Tuscan system and leader system.

69
Q

Cavour’s election victory and his opposition

A

1861- victory for La Desta untill 1876.
Centre left - led by Rattazzi/ depreits.
Far left- Garabaldians, democrats who wanted a federal state (division of power between different levels of government)
Far right- 20 deputies, restoration of old order and reactionary states.
Church - lost 2/3rd of land, Catholic Church refused to revognise the state’s existence, Cavour persuaded them to give uo temporal power.
Garabaldi - 1861, 7000 soliders who had not been incorporated into the Piedmontese army

70
Q

Cavour’s successer

A

Ricasoloi
Lacked parliamentaty experience.
Formed a coalition govt (far left and far right)
1862 - Garabaldi set up the society for the emancipation (free from someone else;s power) of Italy he left his ecile, rallied Sicilians and sailed to the mainland.
Rattazzi was sacked but his successors were weakened by the combination of lack of support from the king and lack of parliamentary discipline

Italian Unification (2 decks)

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