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Italian Unification > History - Italy > Flashcards

History - Italy Flashcards

1
Q

What was Piedmont like?

A

Northern state, ruled by the House of Savoy

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2
Q

What was Lombardy like?

A

Northern state, ruled by representatives of the Austrian Empire

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3
Q

Venetia

A

Governed according to a constitution.
Great Austrian influence

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4
Q

Central Duchies

A

Tuscany, Modena and Parma
Governed by Dukes with Austrian influence

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5
Q

Papal states

A

Ruled by the Pope, reliant on other Catholic countries

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6
Q

Naples/ Sicily

A

Ruled by the bourbon family. The kings also rued Sicily so the kingdom became known as the kingdom of Two Sicilys

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7
Q

When was the French Revolution/

A

1789

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8
Q

When was the French attack? What did they acquire?

A

1796
Nice and Savoy

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9
Q

When was the peninsula divided into republics?
How many?

A

1798
4

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10
Q

When was Italy divided into three parts? What were these three parts called?

A

1810
The French Empire, The Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Naples

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11
Q

The French Empire

A

Annexed to France and treated as the French Empire
Comprised of Piedmont, The Central Duchies and the Papal States

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12
Q

The Kingdom of Italy

A

Comprised of the regions of Lombardy, Modena, Bologna, Romagna and Ferrara.
Ruled by Napoleon’s step son

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13
Q

Naples

A

Did not include Sicily

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14
Q

What was life like under French rule?

A

Mixed opinions
The intellectuals saw French rule as a breath of fresh air, liberals were inspired by the main values of the revolution; liberty, equality and fraternity
Others were resentful of the French rule due to forced conscription and high taxation imposed by the French

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15
Q

When was the Napoleonic Code introduced? What was the Napoleonic Code?

A

1805
Napoleon Bonaparte’s civil code was introduced in Italy following his decision to turn the Republic of Italy into the Kingdom of Italy and crown himself King

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16
Q

Impact of French rile on the Church?

A

Suffered severely because their power was greatly reduced
1809 - Napoleon exiled the Pope, temporal power declared to be at an end
Papal states to be governed by French authorities
did not effect the Pope’s spiritual authority as he remained a figurehead
1814- Monasteries and nunneries closed down in France
Church land sold off to the nobility

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17
Q

How ere the urban groups effected?

A

Professionals profited from the increased prosperity introduced by Napoleon which brought financial and business advantages
increased infrastructure and relaxation of trade barriers
local governments set up
improved infrastructure of towns
introduced two chamber representative govt
Italians absorbed French ideas

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18
Q

When was the Congress of Vienna and what did it do?

A

1815
Engineered by Metternich returned most Italian borders to status quo

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19
Q

What is a conservative state?

A

Wanted a compromise between Napoleonic structures and pre-Napoleonic structures, a process called amalgamation
the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Lombardy-Venetia and the Duchy of Parma

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20
Q

What is a reactionary state?

A

wanted to completely dismantle Napoleonic structures and return to things pre 1796
Papal states, Duchy of Modena and the Kingdom of Piedmont

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21
Q

What did the reactionary states target?

A

The army: office no longer selected on experience, just privilege
the economy: emergence if protectionist barriers stifled trade and economic growth
Legal system: Napoleonic code replaced with a judicial system that favored the rights of the nobility

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22
Q

What did the process of amalgamation involve?

A

Economic: encouraging growth and investing in public work schemes
Eg. Ferdinand II (Kingdom of Two Sicilies) built Italy’s first railway and established communications between Naples and Sicily
Education; balancing out religious and secular teaching
Retaining the class of administrators that Napoleon had left behind and carrying out moderate reforms

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23
Q

What happened in Piedmont (RM)?

A

Victor Emmanuel I destroyed anything that the French left (regardless of it’s utility)
results in rev in 1820s
in response, reluctantly adapted some reforms and improvement of infrastructure

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24
Q

What happened in Modena (RM)?

A

Very reactionary and erratic, made friends with a revolutionary
results in rev in 1830s

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25
What happened in the Papal States (RM)?
Cansalvi reforms maintained the best aspects of Napoleon Pope after the death of the prior Pope ensured strict reforms which caused socio-economic disparity
26
What happened in Tuscany (RM)?
Austrian leader, therefore received amalgamation reforms prosperous
27
What happened in Parma (RM)?
Most progressive state. Ruled by Duchess Marie-Louise
28
Naples and Sicily (RM)?
Rev because Sicily are separatist reluctant reforms in the Muratist style
29
Lombardy-Venetia (RM)?
Refused to reinstate aristocratic rights and maintained Napoleonic system of policing
30
1820-21 Revolution in Naples
1818 - Church censorship, took away freedom of speech which angered the middle class 1820-30 Carbonari members advanced onto Avellino leading to a widespread uprising July - Ferdinand I promised to grant a con similar to Spain
31
1820-21 Revolution in Sicily
1815 - Return of Ferdinand I forced Sicily to re join Naples Agricultural prices fell sharply, widespread dissent. Riots broke out and Ferdinand forced to make concessions and promise a constitutional monarchy
32
1820-21 Revolution in Piedmont
1815 - VE I set out reactionary policies and reinstated the 1770 constitution. Revolt broke out and the Carbonari grew in membership. A mutiny of the army in Turin forced him to abdicate and liberals looked to Charles Albert as the successor
33
Causes of the 1820 revs
Reinstatement of Church power Sicilian separatist desires Economic issues Reactions to the loss/ promise of constitutions Govt inadequacies
34
Failures of the 1820 revs
Austrian intervention Divisions and weaknesses of the revolutionaries Minimal amounts of people, happening in towns not the countryside
35
How did the 1820 revs develop nationalism?
Presence of Carbonari - ideas about nationalism developing Socio-economic conditions provided a collective experience Pope/army demonstrate that things could change because the group that are supposedly the loyalist want to abolish the ruler Austria becomes a common enemy
36
How did the 1820 revs hinder nationalism?
Only 30 Carbonari-ideas aren't widespread suffering was the motivation not nationalism None of the regional armies are strong enough to withstand foreign intervention might of Austria
37
1831-2 Rev in Modena
Enrico Misley wanted to achieve a con for Modena but he was betrayed and jailed in 1831 Duke Francis IV visited Vienna and in his absence the revolutionaries took over and established a provisional govt
38
1831-32 rev in Papal States
Organised by the professional classes who resented the oppressive rule of the Church Prov govt established in Bologna in Feb 1831
39
1831-31 rev in Parma
Students rioted to demand a con, Duchess Marie Louise fled and a provisional govt was established by the students contact was made with Modena and a joint army was established
40
Causes of the 1830 revs
The role of the revolutionaries in Modena, inspired by the French uprising Papal states' oppressive rule Economic conditions
41
Why did the 1830 revs fail?
Might of Austria Pope receives French troops to overthrow revolutionaries Little communication Cannot sustain initial gains Revolts are not wisespread
42
How did the 1830s rev hinder nationalism?
Revolutionary liberals wanted to change the inadequate govt not a United Italy Clearly little support for the revolt, either through desire or fear Church is very powerful Bologna ignore Modenas plea for help French support not realized 1. Declare a policy of non intervention 2. they sent troops in support of the oppressor Myth of Risorgimento clear
43
How did the 1830s revs develop nationalism?
M and Ps response demonstrated communication Misley's idea of Italian Nat spread more readily in the 30s 3 paths: 1. Piedmontisation 2. Neo-Guelph 3. Radical (Mazzini and young Italy) French getting upset with Austrian influence
44
What caused the 1848 revolutions?
Economic crisis. French overthrowing of the regime inspired Italians. Changing situation in the Hapsburg Empire, power vacuum in the center of Europe, govt couldn't respond to the war. Changing ideological backgrounds. Growth in support for Mazzini/ moderate movements. Metternich removed from power, Austria no longer a threat
45
Why did the 1848 revs fail?
Overpowered by foreign forces. French defend the Pope. Divisions between the Revolutionaries. New king of Sicily retains the old constitution.
46
How did the Pope cause the 1848 revs?
Released 2000 political prisoners. Ended Church censorship. Council of State established.
47
How did nationalist fervour cause the 1848 revs?
Revs in France trigger nationalist/ liberalism demands. Ideological clarity/ spread of knowledge and literacy. Tobacco protest inspires uprisings against the Austrians. Growth of civil society, music and literature helped spread nationalist ideas and identity into society
48
Was nationalist fervour less important 1848?
Reaction rather than a cause. Nationalist fervour was external. Motivations most often not unification/ independence just liberals wanting shared powers with the monarchy.
49
How did the conservatives regain power?
Revolutionaries wanted them to stay in place and share power. Army stayed under control of the leaders and so did the civil servants and bureaucracy of each state. Fear of revolutionary propaganda (prop, allocution). The Church.
50
Rome Republic 1848
No foreign support or support of other regions Free press still operated and the reforms encourages other states to rise against govt
51
Venetian republic 1848
Not nationalistic, under Austrian rule and they revoke their decision to unite Piedmont after defeat. Formed an alliance with Hungary, Hungary rebelled against Austria
52
First war of Independence 1848
Limited war fought by Piedmont - Sardinia for territory, led to the abdication of Charles Albert, in favour of this son, the signing of the Peace of Milan and the fall of Venice. Fought for independence with Nationalist motives
53
Allocution 1848
Rejected political ambitions in terms of unification and aimed to protect the Pope's status. Created a revolutionary atmosphere and resentment against the Pope
54
Why did Piedmont become the lead state for unification?
Cavour- excellent diplomat is able to converse with a plethora of people. Campaigned for the development of railways. Status maintained, other states abolished their cons. Leads liberals to move upwards, seeing as Piedmont as a place to discuss ideas. The only independant state, even after 1848 and they have their own army . Geographically benefit from their neighbour's industrial developments: 1. infrastructure 2. infrastructure developed under Napoleon 3. Easier to get alliances 4. More exposed to developments for the longest time. Siccardi laws 1851 - Restrictions of Church power in Piedmont. Textile industry
55
Plombieres 1858
Napoleon III and Cavour plan to declare war on Austria
56
Handshake of Teano 1860
Victor Emmanuel and Garabaldi shake hands over territory
57
The role of Napoleon III
Took support of uprisings in Rome, enthusiasm and nationalism, grateful for Piedmont. He was a powerful figure who wanted unification, some were skeptical because he may just want France to become powerful.
58
The war of 1859
CAV - anti Austrian speech. Nationalistic emotions increased because CAV mobilized the Piedmontese army, no support from Napoleon April 1859- au sent a ultimatum that CAV refused to demobilise the piemontese army which CAV refused. AU replied by declaring war on the 29th. Napoleon's motives - could not breach Austrian defences, danger that prussia could attack France at his absence, suspicious of Cavour's activities Settlement - P receive L, first go to F then VE Rulers of the Duchies restored. Sutria kept Venetia
59
Cavour's resignation
Betrayal. Furious that he had not been consulted about the end of the war. Appalled at the agreement between the Duchies
60
Papal Power
Napoleon said he was prepared for the Pope to lose power over the Legations
61
Plebiscites
Opportunity to engineer annexation with the help of the national societies which campaigned for the annexation of VE II or a separate kingdom. Those in liberal states urged for unification with Piedmont
62
The role of Garabaldi
"The Thousand" Garabaldi wanted to unite Italy in the name of VE II and Italy itself
63
The reaction of Carvour to Garabaldi's aims
Worried that he wanted to invade Naples, conflict would produce a French victory. Ordered Persano to sail to Naples and create a pro-piedmontese insurrection before Garabaldis rival. Ruler of Naples formed a liberal ministry
64
September 1860 in the Papal states
National society engineered an uprising. Cavour wanted the army disbanded. P army invaded and destroyed the Papal army. Napoleonic army remained intact.
65
Issues facing Italy in the 1860s
Civil war. Economic and political issues. Mediocre leadership in the north.
66
Unity or Piedmontisation?
VE remained VE the II of Piedmont. The sovereign body of the state would be the king in Parliament. Chamber of deputies elected by 2% of population. The administrative structure was centralised. Piedmontese weights and measures and the idea of trade was imposed on the rest of Italy.
67
The south 1860s
Politicians had little understanding. Unsuitable for unification under Piedmontese leadership. 1859- law introduced that stated 2 years of education was compulsory however most were illierate and the peasants needs were never met. Introduce taxes to repay debt but provoked the Brigands War.
68
Lombardy and Tuscany 1860s
Lombardy: Rattazzi imposed a central model of govt in 1859. Promised a constituent assembly to discuss views at the time of the plebbscite. Language barriers. Own system separate from Piedmontisatio (govt, legal). Tuscany: Imposition of laws delayed for political reasons. Ricasoli argued successfully for the protection of Tuscan system and leader system.
69
Cavour's election victory and his opposition
1861- victory for La Desta untill 1876. Centre left - led by Rattazzi/ depreits. Far left- Garabaldians, democrats who wanted a federal state (division of power between different levels of government) Far right- 20 deputies, restoration of old order and reactionary states. Church - lost 2/3rd of land, Catholic Church refused to revognise the state's existence, Cavour persuaded them to give uo temporal power. Garabaldi - 1861, 7000 soliders who had not been incorporated into the Piedmontese army
70
Cavour's successer
Ricasoloi Lacked parliamentaty experience. Formed a coalition govt (far left and far right) 1862 - Garabaldi set up the society for the emancipation (free from someone else;s power) of Italy he left his ecile, rallied Sicilians and sailed to the mainland. Rattazzi was sacked but his successors were weakened by the combination of lack of support from the king and lack of parliamentary discipline

Italian Unification (2 decks)

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