History Grade 10 review End of Year Flashcards
What document did the Parti Patriotes submit to the British Parliament? What were the demands of this document?
The 92 Resolutions Document.
The demands were
- For a Responsible Goverment
- Full control to assembly for the colony funds
- Elected officlas
- Elmination of corruption in the government
Which events lead to the rebellions of 1837-1838?
- The rejection of the 92 resolutions document and creating the 10 russel resolutions instead
- Patriotes and Louis Joseph Papineau creating demonstrations in response
- Governor banning demostrations
- Resulting in the patriotes turning to violence and clashing with the british soliders
How did the rebellions of 1837-1838 unfold?
Clashed lower canada, in locations like St Eustache, St Denis, Beauharnois and Sorel.
What were the results of the rebellions for the Patriotes?
The patriotes lost because the british soilders were too strong.
It was like regualar people (patriotes) fighting trained soliders.
The leaders were arrested. Some were exiled to Australia and Some were hung in the public square in 1838
Who was Lord Durham? How did he intervene after the 1837-1838 rebellions? What did he suggest in his report?
Lord Durham was a man sent by the British governement to go and investiagate the revolts due to the Rebellions and suggest possible solutions.
He suggested for a
Responsible Governement,
for both lower and upper canada to merge creating United Canada
For the French to be assimliated
For one legislative assembly for the whole colony
Did the British Parliament follow through on his suggestions? All of them?
The British Parliment only followered through on some of his suggestions.
- Unite Upper and Lower Canada to create united canada
- Have one legislative assembly for the whole colony
Which constitution was enacted in 1840? How did this constitution change the territory? Laws of Lower Canada?
The 4th constitution
It merged upper and lower canada together to create United Canada.
There is also only one legislative assembly for the whole colony.
Did the capital of United Canada change over time? How many times?
The capital of united canada changed multiple times over the years.
Describe the organization of the Legislative Assembly of United Canada.
There is now only one legislative assembly for the only colony.
There are 42 deputies from canada east and 42 deputies from canada west
However the legislative council is still appointed by the governor.
Name some of the problems with government/society after the Act of Union.
There was unfair representation within the government
the official langauge spoken is english only
the debts of both canadas are now combined
Canada east had to pay for the spending of Canada West
What is protectionism and how did it apply to United Canada around 1840?
Protectionism is protecting the economy of colonies
In this case Great Britan wanted to protect the exports of the BNA colonies agaisnt others competing countries.
What are PREFERENTIAL TARIFFS and how do they apply to United Canada after 1840?
Preferential Tariffs is the guarantee of paying a good price.
In this case Great Britan bought raw materials from its colonies and guarateded them Preferential Tariffs.
Did some British officials like protectionism for the colonies? Explain why? What is this ideology called?
many people did not.
They believed that is was better to pay less for resources than pay more, meaning they didn’t care about the colonies and their economies.
This ideology is called Economic Liberalism
What was protectionism replaced with? How did this new policy affect timber exports coming from United Canada? Why did this happen? How did this affect jobs in the colony?
Protectionism was replaced with FREE TRADE
This new policy decreased the number of exports coming from UC
This happened because UC now had to compete with other countries to sell their resources.
Because there was a decrease in exports there was also a decrease in jobs.
What was the RECIPROCITY TREATY? How did this treaty help United Canada’s economy? Did it help?
The RECIPROCITY TREATY is a trade deal UC signed with USA.
it allowed minimal duties and taxes on raw materials for both countries.
It helped increase the amount of trades = increasing exports = creating more money
it allowed candian fisherman to use American waters, The st lawrence can now be used to ship for both countries.
When did this treaty end? Why did it end?
This treaty ended in 1865 due to the American Civil War.
The northern states were at war against the southern states
Who were Louis Hippolyte-Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin? What goal/objective did they try and accomplish? Why were they called ‘reformers’?
Lafontaine and Baldwin were both representatives from Canada East and West.
Lafontaine was East and Baldwin was West.
they both wanted change. Lafontaine wanted responsible gov and for french to be regonized as an official language. Bladwin wanted change in the economy.
They were called the reformers because they wanted change.
How did the reformers accomplish this goal?
Because they won the majority of the seats of the assembly in 1848 they had a large voice. So they started pressuring the british parilment to grant responsible gov in UC.
How did the economic situation in United Canada help the Reformers get responsible government?
Because there was no more protectionism and only free trade was in place united canada needed the power to have more control over its economic future.
When was Responsible government accomplished? What does responsible government mean? How did responsible government change the way the government in United Canada was organized?
Responsible Gov was accomplised in 1848.
It means the government is responsible to the people.
The members of the executive council are now elected by the assembly.
the legislative council is appointed by the governor
What was the ‘Rebellions Losses Bill’? Why did it make some people upset? What did they do as a response?
The Rebellions losses Bill was a law established by Lafontaine and Baldwin. It was a law that gave people compensation for the damage left after the rebellions of 1837-1838.
It made some peopel upset because even people who created the damage were getting compensation for it.
In response they burned down the parliment building
Why was United Canada politically unstable by the 1850s? What are political ‘deadlocks’? Why was this a problem?
UC was politically unstable by the 1850s because Canada West had more population than Canada East. Which causes a lot of political Deadlocks
Deadlocks are when 2 political parties cannot come to an agreement.
This was a problem because they had problems passing laws and there was 10 different governements in 10 different years.
Which factors pushed politicians to want a Canadian federation?
- Political Instabilty
- British atitudes towards North American colonies
- need for railway
- threat of american invasion
- weak economy
Who were the 2 political parties in United Canada by the 1850s? Did they hold any common interests? What were they?
The 2 political Parties were the Grits and the Conservatives.
They both held common interests of forming a confederation.
What was ‘The Great Coalition’? Why was it created? Who were the members?
The Great coalition was an alliance between JAM, George Brown and George-Etienne Cartier. It was created in order to steer canada in the direction they want and form a country somewhat independent from England.
What idea did the Great Coalition government introduce to the British Parliament? What would this new idea allow Canada to do?
The Great Coalition introduced the idea of confederation. Allowing canada to be its own country.
When was the Charlottetown Conference? What was discussed at the conference? What was agreed upon at the conference?
The Charlottetown Conference was in september 1864.
the idea of federation
JAM and George Brown convinced the maritime coloniesthat joining federation was a good idea. They also all convinced the martime colonies to hold off on the Union in charlottetown.
They all agreed to have another meeting,
When was the Quebec Conference? What was discussed at the conference? What was agreed upon at the conference? Did all the colonies agree? Why or why not?
October 10th 1864
the establishment of rules for canada to become its own country.
the colonies agreed as long as the rules were in the 72 resolutions document.
This way it would be the foundation of for Canada’s political structure.
**some reactions to this were that people believed that the French Canadians would be washed out in the federal gov.
When was the London Conference? What was discussed at the conference? What was agreed upon at the conference?
1866
the unification of the martime colonies. (Confederation)
only 3 colonies agreed to send a representative to london to propose confederation.
The colonies were United Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
What were the main rules for canada in the 72 resolutions?
- allowing each colony to have equal representation within the federal government
- giving central powers to the federal gov and local powers to provincal gov.
- stronger taxation powers to the federal gov.
- contruction of the railway to connect the maritime colonies and united canada.
What happened on July 1st, 1967? Which 4 provinces were the first to be part of the Dominion of Canada? What did Canada’s constitutional monarchy look like? Explain the federal/provincial system.
The BNAA (britsh north american act) was adopted. This allowed the creation of the dominion of canada The first 4 provinces were Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Canada's Constitutional monarchy was made up of prime minister, his cabinet, the senate and house of commons. prime minister = head of government his cabinet = group of people choosen by minister to advise him in specials areas (finance, labour laws etc) Senate = group of people appointed by the minister from all over canada House of Commons = group of people voted by the population
How did Canada expand its territory after 1867?
canada bought Rupert’s Land (also known as the Northwest Terrtories)
They did this to stop americans from surronding canada and to have more land for immgrants.
Describe Canada’s federal system after 1867 🡪 were powers/responsibilities/jurisdictions shared?
Canadas style of gov was federal.
there was partnership between the fed gov and and provinces
There was set powers for both fed and prov govs.
Name some federal jurisdictions.
- criminal law
- commerce
- military defense
- postal services
- First nation affairs
- Residuary powers
Name some provincial jurisdictions.
- Civil laws
- public land and natrual resources
- Healthcare
- Municipal instituations
- Education
What are RESIDUAL POWERS?
The federal gov had the power to create laws that not mentioned in the BNA Act.
Overpowering the prov govs at some points.
What is the LAW OF DISALLOWANCE?
The federal gov could block laws created by the pronvinces if they went against the best interest of the whole colony. (similar to power of veto)
How did the federal government ‘abuse’ the law of disallowance in the late 19th century? How did provinces pressure the federal government to grant more autonomy to the provinces? Did it work? Explain.
the fed gov had a lot of control over the pronvinces.
In 1871 they took away the right of NB to have gov funded schools seperate catholic schools.
In 1890 took away the right of Manitoba to have gov funded sperate french catholic schools.
In response to these things the provinces came together and demaded more tax reveune from fed gov and demand for the fed to stay out of prov responsibilities.
The federal gov only listened to giving more tax revenue to the provinces
MEANING the fed gov still had power over the provinces…
How did the first phase of industrialization begin?
it began with the devolopement of technologie and the invention of the Steam Engine.
Who are craftspeople/artisans?
They are people who specialized in certain products and made them all by hand.
How did the production of goods change with the introduction of the steam engine? (Think speed and division of labour)?
now that prodcution of goods was mechanized there was an increase in the speed of productions of goods. production was also no longer seasonal.
It also allowed more job oppurtunities because factories were being created.
What was the main source of energy during the First Phase of industrialization?
Coal was the main source of energy
Which sectors were the most popular during the first phase of industrialization (types of products produced)?
Food, leather, textiles,lumber, tobacco, steal and iron.
Where did industrialization happen?
Industrialization happened in urban areas (cities)
Which group invested the most money in Canada during the first phase of industrialization? Americans or the British?
Men of british origin
Describe Industrial Capitalism.
Industrial Capitalism is the industrialization being driven by the force of capitalism.
the quest for money
Who were the main groups that worked in factories?
they were mainly immigrants and francophones
Which forms of transportation (of goods and resources) were the most popular during the first phase of industrialization?
railroads and canals
Why was the Eastern Continental Transportation Network important during the First Phase of Industrialization?
Because it allowed connection between cities.
allowed easy access to raw matriels.
allowed year round work transit.
access to inland terrtories.
How were railways a better form of transportation than maritime (boats) forms of transportation?
Railways were year round and must quicker than using maritime baots. Railways could also go to inland terrtories.
How did cities like Montreal develop maritime transportation (think canals)?
they would use the st lawrence river
they built factories near the water (ports) allowing easy access to ships
they would deepen and widen canals for bigger boats
they would also increase the number of ports
How did Industrialization ‘kick start’ urbanization in the late 19th century?
people began to move out of rural areas and into urban areas for more job oppurtunities.
Describe ‘working class’ neighborhoods in urban areas in the late 19th century. Think about living conditions.
- close to factories
- unsanitary
no running water - crowded
- close together
- many familys in one house
- expensive
- polluted air
- no electricity
Describe ‘upper/business class’ neighborhoods in urban areas in the late 19th century. Think about living conditions.
- away from factories
- clean
- green space
- electricty
- heating
- big and spacious
- running water
What was done in urban areas to combat epidemics in the late 19th century in Quebec?
the creation of the Quebec provincial Board of health
which then adopted Public Health Act
allowing the study of causes of epidemics and contagious diseases and ways to prevent them
What types of PUBLIC transportation infrastructure developed in urban areas in Quebec in the late 19th century?
tramways
Describe working conditions for factory workers in the late 19th century.
- Dangereous
- unsanitary
- very low wages
- long work hours and weeks
- poor ventaliation
- poorly lit
- poor air quality
- poorly heated
Why were children working in factories in the late 19th century?
Because wages were so low famillies needed all the income they could get.
How did workers fight for better working conditions in the late 19th century?
they came together to form workers unions to work to together to demand better working conditions.
They would use pressure tactics like strikes and protests making the gov having to listen to them and make changes.
How did farming/agriculture change in the late 19th century in Quebec?
The reciprocity treaty allowed more diversity in the agriculture productions.
Farmers had more diverse crops like oats, barley, potatoes, buckwheat, raising livestock.
What consequences did the mechanization of agriculture have on farms/jobs on farms?
With the advancements of the dairy industry there faster productions and various products.
But mechanization created less jobs for people because technologie was taking over.
What happened to the Seigneurial system in the mid-1800s?
the abolition of the seigneurial system.
The pariment passed the Act for the Abolition of Feudal Rights and Duties in Lower Canada.
Which got rid of all seigneurial systems.
Which 2 economic sectors required a lot of timber in the late 19th century?
The Pulp and Paper industry
The Lumber industry
Which regions saw the most timber exploitation in Quebec in the late 19th century?
Foresty regions like Outaouais, Mauricie and Saguney
Indicate where the capital for the timber industry came from in the late 19th century.
The capital came from wealthy men of british origin
Who did all the labour for the timber industry in the late 19th century?
The many french candians and immgirants that working in logging camps
Describe life in a lumber camp in the late 19th century.
They worked all winter in these logging camps. staying the the whole winter.
The lunberjacks would cut down the trees
Men would work sunrise to sunset 6 days a week
Anyone who disobeyed orders would be sent home without pay.
it was a dangereous job, frostbite, falling trees, axes etc.
What does exodus mean? What does emigration mean? What does urbanization mean?
exodus means the mass departure of people.
Emigration means people leaving their own country to come and premenantly stay in another (people leaving canada)
Urbanization means the increase of people moving out of rural areas and into urban areas
What was happening to the population of rural areas in Quebec in the late 1800s? Where were these people going? Why?
the population in rural areas was decreasing
many people were going to urban areas due to industrilization
What is a ‘rural exodus’?
industrilzation pushing urbanization.
people were moving to urban areas
Why were many French Canadiens moving to the USA at the end of the 1800s (indicate push and pull factors)? Where did they go?
Many FCs were moving to the USA there was less work due to industrilzation and factories in USA were looking for new workers.
They went mainly to New England states
like Vermont, massucusetts, maine
How did this migration affect Quebec’s population growth? Net migration?
the amount of people leaving were higher than the people coming in, creating a negative net migration.
the population in quebec grew very slowly and remained stagnant.
How did the Quebec government and the Catholic Church try to stop emigration to the USA?
they implemented new colonization programs to solve umeployment problems and get people to stay in canada.
Where were these new areas of colonization located in Quebec?
Saguneay
Lac Saint Jean
Laurentides
Outaouais
Describe the concept of ‘agriculturalism’ in Quebec in the late 19th century. Who represented agriculturalism?
agriculturlism was idealogy of returning to the tradtional way of living.
Antoine Labelle
Honere Mercier
Catholic Church
Where did most of Canada’s immigration come from in the late 19th century? Name the countries. Did this immigration improve Canada’s net migration? Why or why not?
Most immigrants were coming from briths isles, but also northern europe and united states.
Findland, Germany, Sweden.
No, the net migration was negative because there was still more people leaving than coming in.
Why were immigrants coming to Canada?
Many were coming to Canada to escape the Irish Potato Famine
Describe how the health of immigrants arriving in Canada forced the government to take action.
The health of immigrants were not good. Many were sick with dieseases. weak from the famine and in overcroweded and unsanitary ships.
This forced government to create a quaratine island to check in with immigrants before they entered the country.
This island was called Grosse Ille.
Describe how the Catholic Church held influence in Quebec in the late 19th century.
The Catholic Chruch was in charge of a lot of insitutions that were important to quebec.
Education, Hospitals, Charitable Organizations
Name the Catholic bishop of Montreal from 1840-1876.
Monseigneur Ignace Bourget
What is the ideology of ULTRAMONTINISM? What are the beliefs of this ideology? Who represented this ideology?
That the catholic church should be invovled in both spritual and gov matters of canada.
The church should be invovled in all aspects of society.
The pope and the Catholic Church
What sort of influence did Ultramontinism have over society in Quebec at the end of the 19th century? Who represented this ideology?
The Church had a lot of control over the society in quebec. Because they developed the other instituations well they had a lot of people voting for them.
Which laws gave the church power over social services? Which social services did the Church oversee?
Ultramontanism
They oversaw, Hopsitlals, Schools, homes for the elderly, orphanges
What is ‘Nationalism of Survival’? How did the Catholic Church connect to this ideology and French Canadien culture? What was the goal of this ideology?
Nationalism created around the french canadian identity.
The catholic thought that nationalism was the only way for the french candian identity to last.
The goal was to protect the french canadian identity.
How did authors in Quebec play a role in promoting French Canadian identity/Nationalism of Survival?
Many authors would publish their ideas promoting Nationalism of Survival.
What was the École Littéraire de Montréal?
It was a school that allowed the lesson of french poets
What was the role of this school?
The role of this school that allowed others to learn about French poets
What is social reformism?
in idea that advocates change
How were women involved in charitable organizations?
they were mainly composed of anglo women.
French women didn’t have the freedom due to the catholic chruch.
How did many people during the late 1800s see women and their roles in society?
Many people saw them only as ‘housewifes’ and only worked a maternal role.
What is feminism?
movement/ideology that advocates for the recognition of womens rights and gender equality.
Legally: how were women viewed in the late 19th century?
they were minors in the eye of law.
They didn’t have many rights.
Which right did women NOT HAVE during this time period? Was this always the case?
They didn’t have the right to vote.
They could only begin to vote in fed in 1918 and prov in 1940
What other rights did women demand in the late 19th century?
they also demanded the right to run for elected office and to give women university access.
Did McGill University do anything to help women further their education? Did francophone colleges/universities do the same?
McGill opened its door to women in 1884 for only certain subjects.
Philosophy, literature or history.
Franco school would NOT allow women in.
What sectors of the economy did women participate in? Did women have many choices for employment?
Women could only work as
- Nurse
- Facotories
- Teacher
- Domestic Servant
How were women involved in religious life? Did women in this sector play an important role? Explain.
Women played a big role in religious life.
Many would run the schools, orphanages, hospitals and shelters.
How did literature play a role for women in the late 19th century?
Literature allowed women to get their name out there. Because they could now receive some education they had more skills and could publish their work.
Which types of media played a role in helping women get their literary work out to the public?
Journalists and Prints
How did the territory of the Dominion of Canada expand after 1867 to 1873?
it expanded to add 3 more provinces
PEI
Northwest territores
British coloumbia
What was the ‘Dominions Lands Act’? What was the goal and consequence of this act?
Measure implemented by JAM to try and attract immigrants.
It promised immigrants 160 acres of land suitable for farming for anyone over 21.
preventing usa from claiming land.
Who were/are the Metis?
indigenous group that have shared culture and history between eurpeans and indigenous people of canada
Who was Louis Riel?
the head of the National Committee of Metis
What was the cause of the Metis uprising/Red River Rebellion in 1869? What were the consequences of this conflict?
The canadian gov trying to colonize the land where the metis are.
Thomas Scott died.
Canadian gov signed agreement with metis.
Manitoba Act in 1870
Increase of english canadian settlers
canadian gov promised metis title to their land and recongnition of their language and religion.
What demands did the Metis have? How was the province of Manitoba created?
They wanted the canadian gov to recongnize their territorial, religious and language rights.
Manitoba was created when the canadian gov signed the agreement with metis.
What caused the second Metis uprising to happen in 1885?
the extension of the railroad on metis land. intterupting their hunting and fishing
What were the consequences of this second conflict?
Riel surronded to the troops.
Riel was tried for treason.
he was found guilty and was hung in Regina in 1885
What was the Bagot Commission? What recommendations did this commission make? (page 37 of the textbook)?
a commision that impacted canadas policy on indigeinous people.
setting aside land for First Nations only.
When were reserves first created IN LOWER CANADA (page 37 of the textbook)? Why were they created? (page 37 of the textbook)?
They were first created in 1851
They were created for the First Nations
How did reserves affect the lifestyles of Indigenous people/groups in Lower Canada? (page 37 of the textbook)?
They took away First Nations traditional hunting and fishing activites
What was the ultimate goal of the reserve system in Lower Canada? (page 37 of the textbook)?
Free up territore for colonization and the exploitation of resources
What were the ‘numbered treaties’ between the 1870s and 1930s? How did they affect Indigenous people/groups?
numbered treaties allowed the federal gov access and jurisdiction over traditional territores for exchange for certain promises and goods.
for indigenous people it mean’t they could continue to pratice their language and culture.
Who was in charge of ‘missions’ in Canada during the late 19th century?
Catholic and protestant churchs.
What was the ‘Indian Act’? When was it established? Describe some of the elements of this act. What was the ultimate goal of this act?
it was to encourage the First Nations to ‘give up’ their indian status and become civilians.
1876
authorites could intervene in many aspects of lives of indigenous people
choosing the give up their indian status they would be losiong their indentiy, culture and language.
the ultimate goal was to get rid of the first natures culture.
Describe the RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL system. What happened at residential schools? Who was put in charge of these schools? Why were these schools established?
Children would be taken from their families and put into these schools.
They were all given the same clothes and haircuts, they were only aloud to speak the colonizers langauge and learn a christian education. They were not a loud to pratice their own culture.
children face all sorts of abuse.
They were established to remove the indigenous culture
What was the status of Canada’s economy in the mid-late 1870s?
Canada’s economy was not doing great.
American businesses were competing with Canadian businesses.
Leading Canada to decrease in one of their main sources of revenue
What was happening to the prices of Canada’s wheat and timber exports? How would these factors affect Canada’s economy?
they were decreasing due to compettion
These things deprived Canada of their main source of reveune
What policy did John A. MacDonald adopt in 1879?
National Policy
What were the three components of John A. MacDonald’s National Policy? What was the goal of each component?
- increased custom duties : tackle competetion
- Expansion of railway : link provinces and increase trade between regions in Dominion
- population growth through immgration to western canada : attract immigrants to the west to offset the cost of canadian pacific
How was John A. MacDonald involved in the ‘Pacific Scandal’? What was the result of the scandal?
he was accused of accepting election funds from the shipping businessmen hugh allan in exchange for the contract to build the Canadian Pacific Railway.
evidence was found so JAM resigned in 1873
Which ethnic/cultural group played an important role in building the Trans-continental railway? How?
Chinese men.
They lived in makeshift camps where they paied for all their needs.
They performed dangerous work building the railway
Did Western expansion really help the population of Canada grow?
no the population remaied small and unevely distrubuted.
How did French Canadiens view themselves within Canada? How did Honore Mercier address this?
they saw themselves as an miniority within Canada.
he became the defender of French Canadian Nationalism and promoted provincial autonomy.
Why was 1896 a turning point for politics in Canada?
Canada embarked on a period of political and economic change. Wilfried Laurier became the 1st french Canadian to serve as prime minister.
In your own words, describe British Imperialism in Canada in the late 19th-early 20th century. Make sure to indicate characteristics of British Imperialism.
britian trying to influence the political and culrtrial aspects into the the Dominion of Canada
Britan watned to fuse Politics, Military, Economy and Culture with the domnion of Canada.
In your own words, describe French Canadian Nationalism in Canada in the late 19th-early 20th century. Make sure to indicate characteristics of French Canadian Nationalism.
Being proud and protecting the French language, culture and religion.
It was all over Canada, not just Quebec
Demaded a greater autonomy
agaisnt canadas invovlement in empire wars.
How was British Imperialism expressed in Canada? (think places and events)
names of places
Events
Newspapers
sports
Name 1 player/actor (person) that represented French Canadian Nationalism. Describe his views on things such as the Boer War and WW1. How did he express his views?
Henri Bourrassa
He was not in favour of Canada’s involvement in the wars
He expresses he views through his newpapers
Le Devoir and Le nationalist
Explain the differences between British Imperialism and French Canadian Nationalism at the start of the 1900s.
Imperalists wanted to be apart of the British Empire where as Nationalisnts wanted to be independent from the British Empire.
In your own words, where did Sir Wilfred Laurier stand on British Imperialism and FCN?
He wanted to focus on promoting Canada’s autonomy and indentity instead of fighting between imperialits and nationalinsts.
What was/is the Canadian Red Ensign? What does it represent?
a flag from 1868 to represent candian identity and the first 4 provinces of Canada.
Did Sir Wilfred Laurier (2nd Prime Minister) always say yes to British demands? Explain.
no. he would not listen to demands that could poorly affect Canada.
Indicate 2 events that helped shape Canadian Nationalism/ a Canadian Identity that took place at the end of the 1800s/beginning of the 1900s.
The Boer War and the Canadian Navy Bill
Describe the events of the Boer War. When? Where? Who? Why? Who was for the war? Who was against it? Why?
1899-1902
South Africa
Boers against British
The uk wanted to annex the terrtories occupied by the boers because they contained alrge gold deposits.
imperilists were in favour of the war
nationalists were against it because thye felt the war did not concern Canada
How did Wilfred Laurier respond to the Boer War?
he supported canads involvement in the war but did NOT impose conscription
What was the Canadian Naval Services Bill? Who wanted to help the British Navy? Who did not? Why? When was the bill signed?
infience from Britan for canada to build its own navy fleet.
imperialists wanted to help but only with financial assistance
nationalists did not becuase they feared it would invovle canada in future wars.
It was signed in 1910
How did Laurier compromise during the Boer War and the signing of the Naval Service Bill?
he compromised by doing things that were going to benefit canada as well.
Was immigration to Canada in the late 1800s/early 1900s promoted? Why? How did the Canadian government promote immigration to Canada?
Immigration was being promoted for economic growth and to colonize the west
They promoted it with brochures, posters, immigration offices, free land to immigrants and paid passage for immigrants
WHY did immigrants choose to leave their homelands?
they wanted to escape from possible oppressions/persuctions due to race, politics and religion. They also were attracted to starting a new life in canada
Which region of Canada was the focus for the settlement of immigrants in Canada from 1896 to 1914? Why?
the canadian prairies becuase of the block settlements
Immigrants were not just coming from the USA and the United Kingdom… where else where they coming from? What type of immigrants did Canada ‘want’?
they were coming from all over europe and united states.
The ideal immigrants were ones from eastern europe (ukraine, romania, Austria-Hungary and Russia) because they were known to be farmers and hard working.
Did all immigrants settle in Western Canada? Where else did they settle?
many settles in the paries and urban areas
Indicate the elements that made immigration to Canada possible between 1896-1914.
Transcontiental railway
Dominions Lands Act
Advertisments
Grosse Ille
What effects did immigration in the late 1800s/early 1900s have on the DEMOGRAPHICS of Canada?
The population was becoming more diverse.
Which two Western provinces were created because of Western Settlement?
Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905
Why, where and how were block settlements formed in Western Canada from 1896-1914?
formed in the praries because they were populated by one specifc ethinic group
What is XENOPHOBIA and how did effect immigrants in Western Canada and British-Columbia after 1896?
a fear towards people of foerigh origin
There were many anti asian riots
And more taxes put on chinese immigrants
What was the ‘Chinese Head Tax’? Why was it implemented? When was it implemented?
a tax towards chinese immigrants.
English canadians feared that the growing number of immigrants was going to threaten their culture.
1900
Why were the rights and political weight of Francophones decreasing in the late 1800s/early 1900s?
the influx of immigrants decreases the demogrpahic weight of francophone communities
How did the province of Manitoba move to take away schooling in French in 1890?
they adopted an act to abolish the seperate school for Francophones
Indicate what the ‘Laurier-Greenway Compromise’ was. What was the goal of this compromise?
it was a solution to thomas Greenway.
it allowed instruction in french in manitobian schools in classroom with 10 or more franco students
Which other province took action to limit the rights of French Canadiens? What actions did they take?
Ontario
french classes were limited the first 2 years of elementary school
Why was instruction in French creating tensions between French Canadians and Imperialists in Canada?
Because the imperialts wanted to assimilate French Canadians into the canadian society
Describe conditions in residential schools in Canada at the start of the 20th century.
Disease, malnutrition, abuse, forced labour, as well as accidents were the main causes
of death.
Indicate other means taken by the Canadian government to attempt to assimilate indigenous populations in Canada at the start of the 20th century.
they hired more indian agents to monitor affairs on the reserves
What is ‘Social Action’?
The catholic church holding a great deal of moral and cultural influence over the french canadian identity.
Did the Catholic Church (RCC) grow in size during the early 20th century? Explain.
Yes. there was an increase in numbers of popes but the number of followers decreased.
Which social services was the RCC in charge of in the province of Quebec?
charities, schools and hospitals
How did the RCC involve themselves in the daily lives of the general public? In politics? Did this involvement give the RCC power? Explain
the church adopted a new social doctraine that focused on unions and socio-economic inequalities.
Yes the church had power to oversee everything the unions did
Why didn’t the RCC like unions in the early 20th century? How did the RCC try to remove power/influence from unions?
Because the catholic chruch did not have influence over them.
They tried to remove the power by adopting a new social doctrine.
What was the RCC’s ‘social doctrine’? What were the elements of this doctrine? Why did they create the doctrinie in the early 20th century?
it focused on unions and socio-econmic inequalties.
The Catholic Church accepted the presence of unions; however, they would
oversee everything they did
To reduce socio-economic inequalities, the church advocated for solidarity and
charity, instead of using pressure tactics to obtain change.
Created because the church was worried about unions that were foreign and secular
and growing inequalties and poor living and working conditions
What was the ‘École Sociale Populaire’?
organization that played an important role in promoting and applying the new social doctraine of the catholic church.
What were/are cooperatives? Why did the RCC involve themselves in cooperatives?
organizations that promotes the pooling of resources, collective management and profit sharing
Solidarity was part of the new social doctrine, so copperative moevements were a effective way of pursuing social action .
How/why was the education system in Quebec falling behind in the early 1900s? Provide examples.
Very little students study after the age of 12.
French students were very little compared to english students
many kids had to work on farms for their famillies instead
Why were kids dropping out of school during this time period? Did the government do anything about it during the 1920s? Explain.
Kids were dropping out because they had to work on the farms to help support their famillies
in 1923 the duration of elementary schools increased from 4 to 6 years
How was education different for boys and girls?
The boys were trained in business, industry and agriculture
The girls were trained secretaires, homemakers and wives
Were there schools for agriculture? Explain. Provide an example. Did the government of Quebec open up other specialized schools? Explain.
Yes there were.
Macdonald College is an example.
There was more variety of specialized schools
Not only was there agricultural school but there was teacher school and household science school
Indicate and describe the 3 classifications of economic activities
primary sector - exploitaiton of natural resources
secondary sector - proccessing natrual resources into manufactured products
Teritary sector - provision of services
Which factors helped push the 2nd phase of industrialization?
Pulp and paper sector
hydroelectricity
electrometallurgy - producing and working with metals
electrochemistry - transforing and breaking down matter with electrical currents
WHEN did the 2nd phase of industrialization begin and end?
1896 - 1929
Where did the 2nd phase happen? Cities? Periphery regions? Both?
In urban areas
What types of industries became popular during the 2nd phase (that were not popular during the first phase)?
wheat industry and lucrative war industry
What type of energy was used during the second phase? What energy source did it replace?
hydroelectricity
replaced coal
What is Electrometallurgy? Electrochemistry?
Electrometallurgy - producing and working with metals using electrical energy
Electrochemistry - transforming and breaking down matter with electrical currents
What types of people were needed to work in the 2nd phase? Did the 2nd phase continue to develop working class neighborhoods?
In industries like hydroelectricity and mining, specialized workers were needed.
Neighborhoods in working areas of cities continued to be tough to live in. However, we start to see municipal governments start to ‘clean up’ these neighborhoods: sewage systems, garbage collection, etc.
What type of ‘class divide’ do we see in cities during the 2nd phase (continued from the first phase)?
Working Class and Business Class
What type of economic policy did the Quebec Liberal government have between 1897-1936? How did they make a profit from natural resource exploitation?
Economic LIberalism:
which was a therory that defends liberal practices such as free trade of goods, freedom of action for businness people and limited state intervention in the economy.
The state owned the natrual resources which allowed thme to exploit them allowing quebec gov to receive revenue
Who are INVESTORS? How did they make a profit during the 2nd phase?
People that would invest their money into sectors like Pulp and paper, hydroelectricity and minning.
They made profit by investing in growing sectors in the economy eventually bringing them revenue.
Where does investment come from during the 2nd phase? United Kingdom or the USA? Or both? Was there some kind of change in capital investment during the 2nd phase?
Both American and British investors responsed to the Quebec until American investors surpassed the british and become the main foreign investment for canada.
Does Canada send lots of exports to other countries during the 2nd phase? Explain.
Canada’s exports were increasing and becoming more diverse during the 2nd phase.
Foreign countries were in need of raw materials which allowed canada to stimulate their foreign trade.
How does the development of INFRASTRUCTURE help the 2nd phase of industrialization in Quebec? What type of infrastructure do we see developed during the time period? (HINT: think transportation)
helped increase the number of exports canada had. The more modes of transportation for trade the more exports.
There was railways and ports and then in 1914 there was the intriduction of roads and highways which allowed motorized vehicles to create trade.
Describe monopoly capitalism. Provide an example of it in Quebec in the early 20th century. How did a company try to assure that it was the only company to provide a good or service?
It is when a company can market a product without competition and they can assume full control over that production of the prodcut.
It was used as a capilitatist system to maximize profits
Example: Hydroeoectricuty
To assure a product they would buyout competing companies to obtain exclusive right to market and set prices of products
Describe the working conditions for factory workers or workers in mines in the early 1900s.
working conditions still bad. Same as first phase
How did workers stand up against horrible working conditions?
They created Workers unions and came together to demand better working conditions
Demands were : reduced working hours and better protectition for injured workers
How did the Catholic Church get involved in Unions?
by establishing cathlic unions around the year of 1910. which then became secualr during the quiet revlution
Name 1 American union that had influence in Canada/Quebec.
knights of labour
How did unions influence the government? What types of pressure tactics did they use? Did they get results? Explain.
The workers would strike. The gov did not always see this in a positive and instead sent out people to intervene and use force to repress the strikes.
Workers did receive a developing Labour Legislation
What was the Labour Lesgislation?
1909 Workmen Compensation Act : Compensation for workers in an event of an accident
1910 Employment Bureau Act : help workers find a job through creation of employment bureaus
1926 Amendment to the workmens comepnsation act : required workers to be insured so that it could compensate workers even if the company shut down and increased the compensation to employees of up to two thirds of their wages
What were some of the health problems faced by citizens in working class neighborhoods in urban areas like Montreal?
there were outbreaks of dieseases (smallpox, Cholrea, diptheria)
What was the mortality rate of children before the age of 1? What were some causes of this mortality rate?
1 of 4 children died befroe the age of 1
Epdiemics
poor qulaity of water
unpasturated milk
What measures did local (municipal) governments take to combat problems like unsanitary living conditions and high mortality rates?
They added water cholrination and filitration systems and Clinics called Goutte de lait
Indicate some services that were provided by local governments in the early 20th century to make the quality of life better for people living in urban areas. (some revolved around leisure- think ‘GREEN’)
citites began to develop access to green space and overtime they intridcued electricty and trasnportation
How were women viewed and/or treated in the late 1800s/early 1900s? Provide examples.
women were view as miniorties and were treated as so. they were viewed to be in sperate spheres from the men.
Women could not vote nor run for elected office
Did women have access to education? Explain.
Women only had access to some education. in 1908 Marie Lajoie formed a school for girls.
Did women in Quebec have voting rights? Explain.
Women did not have the right to vote until 1918.
1918 - fed gov
1940 - prov
Were some people opposed to women’s rights? Who? How did they view women and their role in society?
reformists associations viewed womens as only a maternal place. Meaning they were only meant go do motherly things like take care of education and health
How were women NOT treated equally in the workplace? Did women have the same access to different jobs as men example: could women have careers as lawyers?)?
Women could only have certain jobs Nurse Domestic Servant Teacher Factory worker Hairdresser some office jobs ALL JOBS WERE SPERATED BY GENDER
How did women combat unequal treatment?
With women movements
They came together to demand better rights for women
Who were suffragettes? What was their goal? Indicate the name of one French suffragette group. Indicate the names of 2 suffragettes.
a women that fights for womens rights.
goal was to recveive more rights for women
The Fédération nationale Saint-Jean-Baptiste.
Caroline Béïque and Marie Lacoste Gérin-Lajoie
When did women gain the right to vote in Quebec provincial elections?
1940
WHY did WW1 start? WHEN did WW1 start? WHEN did WW1 end?
the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary
1914 -1918
What was the ‘Triple Entente’ alliance?
alliance between france, russia and england
What was the ‘Central Powers’ alliance?
alliance between germany, austria hungary, and ottomon empire
Why did Canada join WW1?
London made the decisions about the country’s affairs since canada was part of the british Empire.
Canada also had a large amount of voulunteer soliders
What is the ‘homefront’-when looking at Canada and wartime?
home front means the civilian population and activities of a nation whose armed forces
are engaged in war abroad.
For canada it meant it have to mobolize all uts reources, there was a need for increase in military equipement and agriculture, clothing etc.
How was Canada’s industrial/agricultural production affected by WW1? Explain.
Canada had to increase production of military equipemnt and clothing for soliders but also increase agriculture to feed the soliders
How did wartime production affect the role of women in the workforce in Canada?
Because so many people were leaving for war there was a loss of workers, therefore women got the opportunity to take the place of workers who were at war.
What type of political RIGHTS did women in Canada gain during WW1? Be specific!
Women could vote in the fed election of 1917 in place of their male famillie
How did Canada PAY for the high costs of WW1? Provide several examples.
Issues Vicotry Bonds -The Victory Bond system was a way for Canada to borrow
money from ordinary Canadians and pay them back later, with interest.
1916 : business profit war tax - Required hundreds of Canadian businesses to file a yearly tax return.
1917 : income war tax Act - First personal income tax.
What is the ‘WAR MEASURES ACT’? When was it established? Indicate 3-4 elements that fall under the War Measures Act.
the fed gov to make all decisions for the involvment of canada in the war, thye could intervene in intervene in provincial jurisdictions,
economic activities, social affairs and civil liberties.
1914
Thye had control over Censorship (an authority’s control over the dissemination of information.)
Control prices and wages
intervene in sectors of the economy
Describe these elements during WW1: Enemy Aliens and internment camps
Enemy Aliens were immgriants from enermy countries (Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Bulgaria, the Turkish Empire and parts of Ukraine)
internment camps were where they would put the enemy aliens in order to protect canada
these camps were horrible:
Guards were brutal.
There was resistance among many individuals
They were used to build roads, clear bush and cut trails.
They also worked on logging and mining operations.
They were paid less than half the daily wage offered to other labourers.
For which reasons did Canada use propaganda during WW1? Indicate at least 2 reasons.
They wanted as many soliders they could get war fever was breaking out
How did Canada contribute to the fight in Europe during WW1? (HINT: think manpower)
There were many soliders that fought for canada
over 600 000 men that formed Canadian Expeditionary Force.
What was the Conscription Crisis of 1917? Why did it happen? Who did not want conscription? Why? How did the Canadian government react to this (Think about the Military Services Act)?
Most people who when to war were English canadians because french cnadians didn’t feel inclined to inlist. There were also troops needed in Europe because the death toll was high.
French canadians did not want conscription becuase they did not feel a sense of belonging to british empire.
The Canadian gov adopted Miliatary Servcies Act and imposed conscription which made men between 20 and 45 who were single or widowed without children to join the war
How did the Canadian government demobilize soldiers at the end of WW1? Give at least 2 examples.
With demoalization programs to slowly reintergrate them into civilan life
they were offered land and pensions to help them.
How does Canada gain more autonomy from the British Empire after WW1? (Think about: League of Nations, the Statute of Westminster)
In the league of nations canada was represented as its own nation.
The law of Statue of Westminster granted Canada full autonomy
What was Canada’s economic situation during the 1920s? Explain with some details on employment and consumption.
The economy was doing great
It was a time of prosperity
There was an in crease of consumption and purchursing power
What types of mass media were popular during the 1920s? Why is mass media and culture becoming popular?
- Radio, movies, nightclubs
There was an increase of properity in the citites allowing people to involve themselves in many different medias.
How does the Canadian government get involved in radio?
it created its own radio stattion - CBC - Canadian
Broadcasting Corporation
When was the first movie theatre opened in Montreal?
1906
What were cabarets? What type of music was popular at cabarets? Why were cabarets super popular in Montreal in the 1920s (think American tourists)? Name 1 popular cabaret during this time period.
they were like night clubs
jazz
The US have a prohibition law on alcohol but montreal did not so people came to drink and party
they essentially allowed a lot of feeling of freedom for people
The terminal
Did Quebec implement PROHIBITION? How did Quebec intervene in the sale of alcohol in Quebec during the 1920s?
Quebec rejected prohibtion and instead instead they created ‘Commission des
Liqueurs de Quebec’ which allowed overseeing the sale and quality of alchool in quebec and give permits to restaurants to sell
What was consumerism like in the 1920s? Did people have purchasing power? Why was consumerism increasing during this time? What types of good were purchased? Did people travel in the 1920s? Why? Where?
Consumerism was increasing
People were obtaining more purchasing power
consumerision was increasing becasue the amount of properisty increased the amount of purchasing power
many home appliances and cars
Many people were traveling due to the availability of cars
They visited areas like Laurentians, Lac-St.-Jean, Charlevoix, Gaspésie
Were professional sports popular in the 1920s? Which sports? Which team in Montreal became popular? Why were they popular?
Baseball and hockey were very popular in the 1920s
Montreal canadians because they were a symbol of French Candian culture
Describe in your own words, why the 1920s in Canada was called “The Roaring 20s”
Because it was a time of happiness/ prosperity.
Everyone was happen and there was mass consumption and increase of purchasing poower
When did the GD start? End?
1930 -1939
Which major event ‘kick started’ the GD?
The stock market crash of 1929
Which factors caused the GD to begin on ‘Black Thursday’? Describe the ‘steps’ leading up to Black Thursday.
- over production of goods due to the roaring 20s
- slow down of production - didnt needs as many workers, employed were laied off
- Drop in Prices - lower prices - less profit - company value decrease
- value of companies decrease - triggers the stock market crash because companies try to sell their stocks but no one wants them
What was the consequence for employment during the GD? What happened to people who lost their job?
Unemployment rate increased
many people who lost their jobs lost their homes and ended up homeless
What was the consequence for industrial production because of the GD?
There was a slow down of prodctuion because there was less need of prodcuts due to the USA stopping the imports from canada
What types of CHARITY did we see during the GD?
Soup kitchens and free clothing and haircuts
What types of aid did people get from different levels of government during the GD? What are ‘public works projects’? ‘Work Relief Camps’? ‘Direct Aid’?
public work projects - creates jobs for unemployed
Work relief camps - camps for men to do construction
Direct aid - aid given to citizens like food stamps coupons and tokens for staple foods
What was ‘Canada’s New Deal’?
American president Roosevelt planned a massive project through the american fed gov
How does Canada get ‘pulled’ from the GD?
WW2
Why did Quebec try to implement AGRICULTURALISM during the GD? (NOTES 2.11)
To try and protect Quebec and the French Culture
What is capitalism and why did people stop trusting it during the 1930s?
peopel stopped trusting it due to the unemployment and homelessness that was thought to be linked to large companies seeking profit
What is COMMUNISM?
for capitlism to be repalced with communal control
Which communist political party was established in Canada during the year 1921?
Communist party of Canada
What is SOCIALISM?
ideoloy of that defends the GREATER GOOD meaning the gov should have a greater role
Which socialist political party was established in Canada during the year 1933?
Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF)
Describe the idea of ‘social credit’?
people should reveive montly allowance to help gain more purschaing power
How was/is socialism expressed?
posters
strikes
lesgislative laws
literature
What is FASCISM?
promotes tradition, military force,
totalitarianism (dictorship) and extreme ETHNIC nationalism
Which people in Canada/Europe represented fascism? How was fascism expressed?
Hitler Mussolini blueshirts Adrian Arcand & the National Social Christian Party (Canada) expressed. through propaganda
Which political party gained popularity in the 1930 in Quebec (Think Duplessis)? Why did they gain popularity?
The union Nationale
he was a strong politican that could connect with rural populations
He found that there was corruption in the provincial Liberal Party and
exploited it
What were the main elements of the Union Nationale and Maurice Duplessis?
support catholic church
support for rural life
anti communisn/anti union
minimal gov intervention in economy and social issues
Did the Union Nationale involve themselves in: the economy? Social Services? Explain.
There was minimal intervention in both
he wanted the makret to decide how things play out
Did Duplessis support: the Catholic Church? Farming? Explain.
he allowed chruchs to control social services, he created law the church wanted and installed a crucifix in the national assembly
For farming he establith agricultural credits for farmers to pay off their debts and expand their lands
How did Duplessis feel about Unions? What was the ‘Padlock Law’ established in 1937?
He did not like unions
Gave the gov power to padlock any building that promoted communism
Describe Keynesianism.
The theroys of John Maynard Keynes
gov should spend money to invest in infratruture to help buisnesses
gov should lower taxes so people can spend more moeny on goods
Describe Clerico-Nationalism from the 1920s-1950s. What were the main elements of cleric-nationalism? Who represented cleric-nationalism? How was cleric-nationalism expressed?
essentially nationalism of survival
Protect French canadian langage and culture
family, Catholicism, rural way of life and the French
language/culture
Lionel Groulx
magazines, writings and paintings
How was colonization connected to clerico-nationalism?
promoted colonization during the GD
FC and Chruch promoted return to land movement
The RCC and FC nationalists believed that
agriculture would take people away from the
poverty they faced in cities
How did Francophones involve themselves in the economy?
they would involve themsevles in the role of businesses and try to take the control of businesses away from anglos
Describe the factors that initiated WW2.
economic problems due to GD umemplyment rates questions capitalism new fascits parties rules broken by the treaty of Versailles
How did Canada and other countries react to Hitler AT FIRST?
They knew what he was doing was horrible but they didn’t intervene becasue they didn’t want to start antoher wrold war. They tohught hitler would eventually stop
When did Canada join WW2?
sep 10 1939
Who were the Allied Countries?
Canada uk france soviet union usa
Who were the Axis Countries?
Gernmany
italy
japan
Did Canada implement the War Measures Act during WW2? How did the War Measures Act affect Canada on the Homefront? Think about 🡪 the economy, prices of goods, rationing, salvaging, internment camps
gov controled economy
controled prices and wages for workers
rationing and salvaging (limit of goods)
interment camps
Did WW2 affect Wartime production? How?
Yes
Prodcution increased because canada would use as many resources as possible to hel pthe war effort
Which made the canadin economy to BOOM
How did Canada pay for the war effort? Indicate at least 2 measures.
Victory Bonds
War saving certifiates - asking people to give money to help
Why did the Canadian government want to control prices and wages?
they wanted to make sure the cost of living didn’t increase too much and that canadians could live decent lives without the value of the dollar changing
Why was there rationing? How did people ration? What items did they ration?
to control the amount of goods each person could buy.
to have money for production of war things
sugar, tea coffee, meat, butter, maple syrup
Why was there salvaging? How did people salvage? What items did they salvage?
matriels were needed for the production of products for war
donated and recycling goods
recycle/salvage/donate goods that
were made out of metal, rubber and nylon and cooking oils/fats for explosives
What was the ‘National Resources and Mobilization Act of 1940’?
organization that had troops ready for active force when needed
Why was there a plebiscite in 1942? What was the goal of this plebiscite? What were the results of this plebiscite? Did Canada implement conscription in WW2?
it asked the fed gov to release its promise to no conscription
it was clear that the FC did not want conscription but it was implented anyways in 1944
Describe internment camps in Canada during WW2? Who was placed in these camps? How were they treated?
enemy aliens
germany, japan and italy
They were treated horribly, same as before
How did women contribute during the WW2 war effort? In factories? As part of the military in any way? Explain.
they played a large role on the homefronts but also as milairrty nurses and drivers, mechanics, radaor operators, laundry and cooking.
Were women in the military treated the same as men? Explain.
there was alot of sexism and prejudices towards women
they recveid lower pay than men
How did people resist the Nazis in Europe?
Helping Jewish people escape or hide
Not going along with nazi policies
Using counter nazi propaganda
Providing information to the Allied countries regarding Germany
military operations
Partisan actions 🡪 sabotaging German military operations
What was D-day? Why was this considered to be the largest military operation in history?
britsh, canadian and american went inland on normandy.
one of the moments that really turned the tide for WW2
What social measures did the Quebec government implement during WW2?
act for compuslary school attendence until age 14
unepmloyment inssuracne progran
What political measure did the Quebec government implement during WW2?
womans right to vote in prov
labour realtions act
What economic measure did the Quebec government implement during WW2?
creation of the wubec hydro electric commision (Hydro QUenec)
department of indsutry and commerce
After WW2, how was the world divided (hint: ‘Cold War’)?
By superpowers essentialy, USA vs Soviet Union
Eastern block countries of europe were part of the soviet uinon and western parts were infulened by USA and UK
What condition were European cities in after WW2? Who was responsible for helping rebuild Europe?
The cities were in shambles
both canada and us
How does American investment benefit Canada’s economy?
American companites needed more resrouces from canada inscreasing their exports
After WW2, Canada intervened in the Canadian economy. Indicate 2 measures taken by the Canadian government to intervene in Canada’s economy.
increase interest rates when economy was doing well
when economy was doing well - gov spent less money
when economy was doing bad - gov spent more money
progams to help canadian hospitals
Did the Union Nationale government in Quebec handle intervention from the federal government? Did they accept it? Why or why not?
They rejected alot of the interventions because quebec wanteed to make their own rules to protect their culture
Did the Union National government invest in INFRASTRUCTURE to help the exploitation of natural resources? How (think railways)? Which regions in Quebec were used for the exploitation of iron ore?
yes, they expanded railways and connected ports on the north shore of the st laurence river
How did the Duplessis government modernize agriculture? What type of infrastructure did the Duplessis government provide to rural regions?
they added to access to electricity to farms
The Duplessis government DID NOT want to take care of social services like education and healthcare…. Which group was put in charge of social services in Quebec under the Duplessis government?
RCC
Did the RCC do a good job taking care of education and healthcare in Quebec in the 1940s/1950s? Explain.
no, these scocial services were falling behind. There was lack of trained staff, low graduation rates, no full health insurance programs
How did the Duplessis government handle unions and worker strikes?
he used violence to break up strikes and unions
What happened during the Asbestos/Thedford Mine strikes of 1949?
workers went on illegal strikes and police used force to break it up. the wrokers got very little from this strike
How did artists and intellectuals feel about the traditional/conservative Duplessis government? Did these artists and intellectuals believe in secularism? What is secularism?
they were opposed to the dupliessi gov.
They were more of secular view.
meaning that idea of the chruch and state being sperpate. the church is only used for releigous purposes
Was there an increase in consumerism in Quebec in the 1950s? Why?
mass consumption occured because there was an increase of purchsing power due to wages increasing
How did American culture influence consumerism in Quebec in the 1950s? Explain.
there was an rise of american products found on quebec, COCA COLA, PEPSI, FASTFOOD
Quebecers were influenced by American cultural values of individual
freedom and individual success/prosperity 🡪 consumerism
connected directly to these values
What was the nickname given to the time period after WW2 which saw a sharp increase in the birth rate? How did governments react to this spike in births? (think schools, etc.)
The baby boom
the gov releiased they needed more schools and daycares and roads with the increasing pop
Which immigrants were favored to immigrate to Canada from 1945-1960?
western europe and united states
Were residential schools till operating between 1945-1960? Did the treatment of the children change? Or was it the same as before? What type of education were Indigenous children offered in these residential schools?
Yes, Children were still facing horrible treatment
they received cathloc or protestant education
Describe the event 🡪 “High Arctic Relocation”. Who was affected? Why did this happen?
the Canadian government forcibly
relocated Inuit from Quebec to islands in Canada’s “High Arctic”
The government of Canada wanted to make sure Canada
held control over Arctic shipping lanes and needed people to
occupy territory next to these lanes
When did Indigenous people in Canada gain the right to vote in FEDERAL ELECTIONS?
1960
When did the Duplessis Era (otherwise known as “The Great Darkness”) end?
1960
What was/is the St. Lawrence Seaway? Why was it built? When was it built?
direct route to and from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean
The need for transport into the continent was great 🡪 many
manufacturing cities in the ‘heart’ of the USA
Raw materials could be shipped to these cities and finished products
could be exported from these cities
1950-1959
When did Newfoundland join the Canadian federation (Canada)? Why did it join?
April 1st, 1949
aise living standards for Newfoundlanders.
When was the Fleurdelise flag established (The Quebec flag)? Why was it established?
1948
members within the Quebec provincial government were
unhappy with the Red Ensign flag being used in Quebec
What were the Maurice Richard riots? Why did they happen? What were they a symbol for in Quebec?
Riots because Maurice got suspended off the ice
Many French Canadian fans saw this suspension as an injustice committee
by Anglophone ‘elites’
Why was the 1960s in Quebec called ‘The Quiet Revolution?’
Quebec saw massive amounts of change… however, this change was done
WITHOUT the use of violence that was sometimes seen in other revolutions
Which political party won the 1960 Quebec election? Why did they win? Who was the leader of this party?
The Quebec Liberal Party
Lesage and the Liberals won on a political campaign that promised
change
Jean Lesage
What was the goal of the Lesage Liberals for Quebec at the start of the 1960s?
Lesage and the Liberals won on a political campaign that promised
change 🡪 a move away from the traditional values that Duplessis
held for 16 years…
Lesage promoted a WELFARE STATE in Quebec
What is a ‘Welfare State’?
a government that looks after its citizens
and their health, social/economic well being by creating
laws to achieve this/these goal(s)
What is SECULARIZATION and how did the Lesage Liberals SECULARIZE social services in Quebec at the start of the 1960s?
The RCC becoming less and less invovled
Started the seculizarzation of education and healthcare
\
Name some problems the education system in Quebec was having at the start of the 1960s.
Outdated facilities
Lack of training for teachers by the RCC = unqualified teachers
Lack of instruction in the sciences/technical trades
Too much of a focus on religious instruction
Not preparing students for the real world
Different education for boys and girls
What was the name of the commission that was to investigate the problems faced by the education system in Quebec at the start of the 1960s? What was the name of the report this commission released to identify the problems/solutions to Quebec’s education system starting in the early 1960s?
Parent commision
parent report
Which reforms were suggested by the report for the education system in Quebec at the start of the 1960s?
High quality PUBLIC education that did not change throughout the
province (every child in Quebec should get the same education)
Co-education (boys and girls in school together)
6 year elementary program, 5 year high school program and a 2-3 year
pre-university program 🡪 CEGEP
Creation of COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOLS 🡪 larger high schools that
offered both academics and vocational training (trade school) 🡪 this began
in 1965
Name some problems the healthcare system in Quebec was having at the start of the 1960s.
lack of health care prgrams
people had to pay our of pocket moeny
Name some reforms introduced by the Lesage Liberals to make healthcare more accessible for all Quebeckers in the first half of the 1960s.
Hospitals Act - Removing rcc
Any type of healthcare institution had to have a government
permit in order to provide any type of healthcare services
In addition 🡪 all healthcare institutions had to have a group of
doctors that oversaw the procedures 🡪 this power was taken
away from religious groups
What measure did the Quebec government take to help protect workers starting in 1965-1966?
pension plans
What is ECONOMIC NATIONALISM?
the government has a strong place
and some control within the economy
What are CROWN CORPORATIONS?
This was a company setup and owned by the Quebec Government
How did the Lesage Liberals take control of the economy and implement ECONOMIC NATIONALISM with regards to natural resources? Give some examples.
Establishing several CROWN CORPORATIONS:
1962 🡪 Societe Generale de Financement (SGF)
1964 🡪 Siderurgie du Quebec (Sidbec) crown corporation that processed iron-or into steel for export 1965 🡪 Societe Quebecoise d’Exploitation Miniere (SOQUEM) mining companies exploit minerals in Quebec
How did the Quebec government in the 1960s move to promote Quebecois culture? What was a consequence of these actions to promote Quebecois culture?
In 1961 🡪 establishment of the Department of Cultural Affairs
In addition 🡪1961 saw the establishment of the Office du Film du
Quebec 🡪 a government organization that help financially support
Quebecois filmmakers
many veneues created around quebc
What step in 1961 did the Lesage Liberals take to promote and protect the French language in Quebec?
Office Québécois de la Langue Français
Provide an example of a cultural venue built by the Quebec government in the first half of the 1960s.
PLaces des arts
How did Quebec, during the 1960s, promote itself as a partner (cultural/economic) to foreign countries like France?
“Maison du Quebec”
What are ‘civil servants’? How did the number of civil servants change in Quebec during the 1960s? Why did this number change?
People who work for the government
needed more
govermenets new role
How did the province of Quebec become more favorable to unions during the Quiet Revolution?
The Lesage Liberals established laws that were inclusive
towards unions in Quebec
Which political party took power in Quebec in 1966? Who was the leader? Why did they win?
union natinale
daniel johnson
The Lesage Liberals spent a fair amount of money from 1960-1966 🡪 putting
Quebec in lots of debt 🡪 forcing taxes up
The Lesage Liberals were not a cohesive team as they had been in 1960 and
1962
The Union Nationale party ALSO offered modernization for Quebec and
even more AFFIRMATION with the slogan “Québec d’abord” (Quebec first)
Which educational reform did the Union Nationale introduce in 1967?
cegeps
When did the Legislative Assembly change to ‘The National Assembly’?
1968
Which law was introduced in 1969 to protect and promote the French language in Quebec? Which changes did this law bring to Quebec?
Act to Promote the French Language in Quebec
(BILL 63)
Parents could choose the language of instruction of their children
French as a second language was introduced in Anglophone
schools
The government promoted the integration of immigrant children
into French schools (BUT THIS WAS NOT MANDATORY…YET)
What impact did educational reforms have on school enrollment in Quebec after 1961?
More children stayed in school longer
An increase in Francophones staying in school
An increase in Francophone females staying in school
How did the “Confédération des Travailleurs Catholiques du Canada” change in 1961?
“Confédération des Travailleurs Catholiques du
Canada” becomes “Confédération des Syndicats
Nationaux” (CSN) 🡪 a non-religious union
How did the role of Francophones in the business world change during the 1960s?
Because of the establishment of crown corporations
dedicated to helping finance businesses in Quebec 🡪 more
Francophones were able to start small businesses and
large, multinational corporations
What is Quebec Neo-Nationalism? How is it different from French-Canadian Nationalism? What are some major beliefs of Quebec Neo-Nationalism?
focused on
belonging to Quebec as a territory and pushed for a new name:
‘Quebecois’ rather than ‘French Canadian’
The promotion of the Quebec economy, culture and French
language turned into a political idea 🡪 Quebec should separate
from Canada and fully acquire its own sovereignty independent
form Canada
Who is René Lévesque? What did he do/become in 1968?
member of PQ
By 1968 🡪 the RN, RIN and MSA merged together to form
the Parti Québécois (PQ) 🡪 a political party that is still
found in Quebec today
How did Quebec show ‘its openness to the world’ in 1967?
Expo 67
What problems did the Federal government find with regards to bilingualism in Canada in the 1960s? What did the federal government do to try and fix these problems?
worried about the french culture
The Candian Prime Minister, Lester B. Pearson, created the
“Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism”
The goal was to study biculturalism and bilingualism across Canada
How did the demographics of Quebec change during the 1960s with regards to:
Birth rates? Explain why.
Diversity? Explain why.
Falling birth rates in Quebec
More women in labour market
birth control
changes of values
More diverse immigration and cultural communities in Quebec/Canada
Abolish restrictions placed on immigrants from non-Western countries
What consequence did immigration after 1967 have on Quebec’s territory (think food and where you can buy food)
more diverse cultures and religions to explore.
More diverse restaruants
What did Quebec establish in 1968 to have more control over immigration to Quebec?
Quebec’s Ministry of Immigration
Did consumerism grow in Quebec during the 1960s? Explain why.
YES
Wages in Quebec continue to increase on average
The price of goods drop in the 1960s 🡪 more people can afford more
goods
Innovation/technology help create goods that were not available before
🡪 need of the population are met beyond what was possible in previous
decades
Increase in time spent on leisure 🡪 goods to satisfy/occupy leisure time
Advertising 🡪 “Keeping up with the Jonses” 🡪 people didn’t just buy goods
for practicality 🡪 people bought goods because advertising told them to
and because people wanted to show off affluence (wealth)
What were the negative consequences of consumerism in the 1960s?
DEBT
More products meant more waste 🡪 landfills,
pollution, etc.
Name 3 factors that contributed to economic growth in the 1960s?
Public investment
increase of amufacturing
housing counstrtuin increases
How did the government invest in infrastructure in the 1960s?
New elementary/high schools, hospitals, university
buildings and offices for government departments
Roads, highways, bridges, hydroelectric dams and public transportation (the Montreal metro)
What happened to housing construction in the 1960s in Quebec? Why did this happen?
increased
more demand for houses
Population growth + increase in wage/purchasing power
What happened to manufacturing in the 1960s in Quebec? Why did this happen?
increase
Greater purchasing power
Increased demand for manufactured goods
What consequences could be seen as a result of factories becoming more efficient and automated in the 1960s?
less jobs in manufacturing but creating jobs in
technology
smaller companies
could not keep up with larger companies and may have went
bankrupt
How did the development of Toronto have an impact on Quebec/Montreal in the 1960s?
Toronto 🡪 became the leader in terms of
economic and population growth in Canada
What is an URBAN AGGLOMERATION?
a large city AND its surrounding areas
suburbs
What is a SUBURB? Name some suburbs of Montreal.
areas around cities
West Island/South Shore/ Laval
Why did people choose to move to the suburbs in the 1960s?
The influence of car culture coming from the United States
helped continue to push the growth of suburbs
What is URBAN SPRAWL?
living father and farther and farther away
from the city
What consequences did urban sprawl and suburbs have during the 1960s (and now too)?
traffic jams
long rush hours
pollution from cars
How did attitudes amongst young adults (“Baby Boomers”) change in the mid to late 1960s?
theyquestioned the ideas and values of their parents
What is COUNTERCULTURE?
There was a rejection of material goods and material
success 🡪 this ideology of rejection was called
“counterculture”
How did traditional values in Quebec change during the 1960s with regards to:
Marriage and divorce? Explain.
The Catholic Church? Explain.
Marriages became less common and people in Quebec
often chose to live in common law relationships
Divorce was more prevalent 🡪 especially after federal
laws made getting a divorce easier
church attendance shrank from 61%
to 30%
all due to the change of attitudes
How did the rights of women change in Quebec after 1964? Which player helped push for this change?
married women could
make important decisions that affected the home without their
husband’s consent
Kirkland-Casgrain with the creation of “Act Respecting
the Legal Capacity of Married Women”
How did a woman’s right to have an abortion change in Canada after 1966? What were the circumstances of this change?
abortion was allowed under certain circumstance 🡪 the
health of the woman was the main factor considered 🡪 3 doctors
had to agree
What change was brought to the Canadian Criminal Code with regards to same sex relationships in Canada after 1969? Did this change have an impact on certain peoples’ attitudes on same sex relationships?
Bill C-150 which decriminalized same sex relationships
this did not stop people from harassing men and women
involved in same sex marriage
What did Pierre Elliott Trudeau want to change regarding indigenous status in Canada (in 1969)? Did the government make this change? Explain why or why not.
wanted to get rid of special status for indigenous people,
withdraw the Indian in full and get rid of treaties signed in the past (including
the abolition of reserves)
No because the indigeous did not agree to it
Which political party won the Quebec provincial election in 1970? What was the name of the leader of this political party?
Liberal party won
Robert Bourassa
Which political party won 7 seats in the 1970 Quebec provincial election and what was the name of the leader of this political party? Why was this significant?
PQ
Rene levesque
Second most popular votes
What did the Bourassa Liberals do in 1975 to promote human rights in Quebec?
adopted the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and
Freedoms
This charter outlines rights that Quebeckers hold within the province 🡪
including rights from safety to dignity to privacy (and many other
elements)
What is the name of the large hydroelectric project started by the Bourassa Liberals in 1973? In which region was this project established? (make sure you can find it on a map)
The James Bay Hydroelectric Project
La Grande River - Part of James Bay
Middle left of map
Name 3-4 environmental/social impacts this project had on the environment and people living in the region this project was established.
Mercury pollution
Climate change in regions developed for the project
Impact of water flow modifications
Habitat destruction
Changes in migration routes of animals
Disruption of traditional way of life/traditional activities of
indigenous groups 🡪 the Cree and Inuit people
Name 2 groups of Indigenous people affected by this hydroelectric project.
inuit and cree
How did the Quebec government move forward with this hydroelectric project after disputes with Indigenous groups in the region? Name 2 concessions given to these 2 groups.
“The James Bay and Northern Quebec
Agreement” was signed in 1975
protection of culture and traditional life of inuit and cree
2 school boards for the cree and inuit
Name 2 things Indigenous groups fought for in the 1970s.
demand change in how they can govern themeselves and gain more autnomy
Who were the Front de Liberation du Quebec (FLQ)? What were their goals? Why could they be considered a terrorist group? Make sure to indicate some events that took place in the 1960s.
nationalists that tried to use violence to achieve their
goals.
sovereignty for Quebec
used violence and attacked places/businesses/organizations they saw as symbols of “British colonialism and Anglophone power”
Canadian military barracks are bombed in March 1963
The RCMP headquarters in Westmount in bombed in April 1963
New Years 1969 🡪 Montreal City Hall attacked with bombs
February 1969 🡪 bombing of the Montreal Stock Exchange
September 1969 🡪 bombing of Montreal mayor 🡪 Jean Drapeau
was bombed
What was the October Crisis? Which events during the October Crisis triggered the WAR MEASURES ACT to be enacted? Who called for the WAR MEASURES ACT to be enacted? What were some of the consequences of the WAR MEASURES ACT?
A dozen members of the FLQ kidnaped a British politician named Richard James Cross 🡪 they
would not release him unless FLQ ‘political prisoners’
were released
a letter written to
him on October 15th by Bourassa triggered act
Trudeau
The Canadian army was brought into Montreal
Police could search houses, etc. without a warrant
Arrests could be made without any reason 🡪 500 people were
arrested within 24 hours without knowing the charges or access
to a lawyer
Curfews at night 🡪 people had t be how at a certain hour
What is a Labour Confederation?
an organization that ties together
many unions
Describe relations between the Quebec government and unions in the early 1970s.
Unions beleive the gov only did things to benefit the wealthy
What is a Common Front? How was a common front used by unions in 1972? What was the consequence for union leaders during the common front in 1972?
when different labour confederations join together and take
action to pressure the government
The CEQ, FTQ and CSN joined together and 210,000 workers
went on strike
The leaders of each union were sent to jail because the government claimed
the strikes were illegal and the government issued an injunction to force
workers back to work
What was the name of the federal commission that investigated the status of women in Canada in 1970? What conclusion did this commission come to?
“Royal commission on the Status of Women in
Canada”
women were not treated as such in society and
the workplace equal to men
Indicate 3-4 demands made by women/feminist groups in the 1970s.
Pay equity
Right to abortions (without constraints)
Maternity leave
Child care services
Who was the FLFQ? What did they demand?
Front de Liberation des femmes du Quebec
women needed to break free from traditional views of
women
What types of social issues did artists advocate for in the 1970s?
Women’s rights
Workers
The unemployed
Did artists advocate for Quebec Nationalism? If so, how? Provide examples.
Music events that were connected to Quebec nationalism were also
quite popular
What was the cause of the Oil Crisis of 1973?
Egypt and Syria invaded Israel
Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) supported Egypt and
Syria 🡪 these nations were responsible for exporting most of
the oil to North America
What were the consequences of the Oil Crisis of 1973?
increased the price of oil and limited
their production
shortage of oil
stopped economic growth
Why did Pierre Elliott Trudeau want to patriate the Canadian Constitution in 1971? How did he go about trying to do so?
to take any control the British Parliament might
have over the Canadian Constitution
meetings were held to discuss the ‘power-sharing’
responsibilities of the federal and provincial governments
Was the Victoria Conference a success? Explain why or why not.
no because full amending formula was not reached
What was ‘Bill 22’? What other name was given to ‘Bill 22’? What were the causes of ‘Bill 22’? Name 2 consequences of ‘Bill 22’. How did Anglos and allophones react to ‘Bill 22’?
“Official
Languages Act” 🡪 known as “Bill 22”
Concern that the French language was continuing to lose out
to English in Quebec
French became the ONLY official language of Quebec
English schooling became limited for immigrants
Anglophones and allophones considered this law to be
discriminatory
What was the consequence of the Health Insurance act of 1970?
this allowed Quebecers access to
free medical services
What was established to help provide Quebeckers with free healthcare services in 1974?
government established the Centres Locaux de Services Communautaires (CLSC)
Which political party won the Quebec provincial election in 1976? What was the name of the leader of this political party? Name one important part of this party’s political platform.
PQ
Rene Levesque
a plan for Quebec sovereignty
How would the PQ ask Quebecers if they wanted Quebec sovereignty? Did they ask as soon as they were elected? Explain why or why not.
Referendum
no, would need to
prove that they were capable of running a province
before they asked to separate Quebec and make it an
independent nation
What was the goal of the 1971 federal policy on multiculturalism?
to encourage equality amongst different
cultures within Canada
How did immigration to Canada change after the Immigration Act of 1976? Describe the different ‘classes’ of immigrants.
3 ‘classes’ of immigrants: Independent immigrants no family connections in Canada A ‘family class’ of immigrants who had immediate family members Refugees left their country of origin
What reasons could the government turn away immigrants after 1976?
Health
Public safety
Criminal background
Violent behavior or possibility of violent behavior
Fraudulent immigration applications
Which determining factor allowed immigrants to settle in Quebec? Name 2 groups of immigrants that settled in Quebec (in large numbers) in the late 1970s.
French
Haitians 🡪 leaving Haiti because of Jean Claude
Duvalier’s dictatorship
Vietnamese (8000 in 1979)🡪 escaping a communist
regime after the Vietnam War 🡪 see an interview with
a CBC journalist about escaping Vietnam
What is ‘Bill 101’? When was ‘Bill 101’ implemented? What other name is given to ‘Bill 101? What were the causes of ‘Bill 101? Name 2 consequences of ‘Bill 101. How did Anglos and allophones react to ‘Bill 101’ soon after its implementation? What did many corporate head offices do after the implementation of ‘Bill 101’?
law that make sure French remained the language used in many areas of society in Quebec 1977 “Charter of the French Language” or Bill 1 many allophone immigrants arriving in Quebec who integrated into English communities affected: Education
Commerce
Workplace communication
Media
this law was restrictive and
infringed on their rights
they then left
settle in other parts of Canada 🡪 Toronto,
Calgary, Vancouver are good examples 🡪 Anglophone EXODUS
What was/ is the ‘Rand Formula’?
workers who were unionized must
now pay into union dues from their wages
Name some consequences of the “Act Respecting Labour Standards”?
The minimum wage of workers in Quebec
Breaks workers get while working
Vacation time
Sick days
Maternity leave for female employees
Work performed by people under 18 years of age
What is the “Act to Govern the Financing of Political Parties”? Why was this law implemented? How did this law affect the financing of political parties? Name 2 consequences.
a set of rules that
dictated how people could donate money to political parties
so large corporations and wealthy citizens could not use
their political views to influence financing of political parties
should balance the financial aspects of elections
ONLY individual citizens could donate money to political parties 🡪
NOT businesses, unions, lobby groups, etc.
Individuals could only donate $3000 maximum to a political party
Name a cause and consequence of the “Act Respecting the Preservation of Agricultural Land”
This land was also being developed
creation of ‘agricultural zones’ in Quebec that
were reserved for agriculture only and a commission to oversee the
protection of these zones
Which event in 1979 hurt Quebec/Canada’s economy? Indicate a consequence of this event.
oil crisis
price of oil up causing inflation
Which 1978 agreement was added to the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement? Why was this agreement added?
The Northeastern Quebec Agreement
expanded the territory that could be
exploited by the Quebec government
How did the Quebec government, in 1977, take measures to protect victims of automobile accidents?
The Automobile Insurance Act
Société L’assurance Automobile
Which Quebec provincial party implemented the 1980 referendum?
PQ
What was the goal of the 1980 referendum?
sovereignty-association
What does Sovereignty- Association mean?
politically separating Quebec from
the rest of Canada while maintaining economic ties with
Canada
What does ‘renewed federalism’ mean?
idea that Canada
would review and reconsider some of the demands made by
Quebec 🡪 more autonomy WITHIN Canada
What were the final results of the 1980 referendum?
The ‘No’ side 🡪 59.6% of the vote
The ‘Yes’ side 🡪 40.4% of the vote
NOT PASSED
What happened during the 1982 Constitution/Constitutional Act? What was the goal of these meetings?
Pierre Elliott Trudeau made another attempt to patriate
the Canadian Constitution
several meetings with the premiers of the
provinces to negotiate a deal
How did Rene Levesque feel betrayed during the meetings during the 1982 Constitution/Constitutional Act? What was the result of the betrayal for the Quebec signing of the Constitution/constitutional Act of 1982?
becasue he was left out of the meetings
Quebec did not sign the new agreement
The Constitutional Act 1982 did not define Quebec’s
status and distinct character within Canada
Which Prime Minister initiated the ‘Meech Lake Accord’? When was the Meech Lake Accord?
Brian Mulroney
1987
What was the goal of the Meech Lake Accord?
negotiations with Quebec to pursue
reconciliation with Quebec after the “Night of Long Knives”
Did Quebec sign on to the Meech Lake Accord? What elements did Quebec demand if they were to sign the accord?
sighned as long as
Quebec was recognized as a distinct society
Quebec could have the right to veto (block) any change to the
Canadian Constitution if it affected Quebec in a ‘negative’ way
Quebec had the right to withdraw from federal programs (like
childcare allowances)
Quebec held more power to elect judges within the federal
government
Quebec held MORE power in the area of immigration
How did the Meech Lake Accord fail?
Manitoba did not agree a member of Manitoba Legislative Assembly, Elijah Harper, voted ‘NO’ Meech Lake did not recognize Indigenous rights
What was the Belanger-Campeau Commission? What conclusion did this commission come to?
to look at Quebec’s status within Canada and to look at Quebec’s future within Canada the commission suggested that another referendum on Quebec sovereignty be held 1990
What was the Allaire Report? What was the conclusion from this report?
set up to look at options for Quebec moving forward after the failure of the Meech Lake Accord The report indicated that Canada should grant Quebec more political autonomy and a new referendum on Quebec sovereignty was needed due to the failure of the Meech Lake Accord
Which Prime Minister initiated the Charlottetown Accord? When was the Charlottetown Accord?
The Mulroney
1992
What was the goal of this Charllotetown accord?
find a common ground which would grant Quebec ‘distinct
society’ status while recognizing others such as Indigenous
groups
Why did this accord fail?
All Canadians were consulted on the accord and
almost 57% of all Quebeckers and 54% of Canadians
rejected it
How did the Constitutional Act of 1982, Meech Lake Accord and Charlottetown Accord lead to the 1995 Quebec referendum?
All of the failed accords would lead Quebec towards
another referendum in 1995
Sovereignist ideas began to surface in Quebec by
the early 1990s
What were the results of the 1995 referendum? Were they similar to the 1980 referendum? Why? Why not?
‘NO’ 🡪 50.58%
‘YES’ 🡪 49.42%
results were a lot closer this time
What was the goal of the Clarity Act of 2000?
establishes ‘rules’ that would ‘allow’ or
‘not allow’ a province to politically separate from
Canada
How did the Clarity Act make it more difficult for a province to separate from Canada?
The question that voters answer ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to 🡪 must
be CLEAR not complicated
The House of Commons (Canadian government) must
approve the question
In order for any potential of separation 🡪 the YES vote
must be a CLEAR MAJORITY
A ‘YES’ majority does not mean automatic
separation 🡪 it means negotiation with
Canada to separate 🡪 Canada does not have to
agree to all terms
Borders can be changed and Indigenous
groups would need to be consulted
How did the Constitution/Constitutional Act of 1982 change Indigenous rights in Canada?
address Indigenous
issues:
Ancestral/treaty land rights
It provided a ‘definition’ of Indigenous groups as
“Indian, Inuit and Metis”
How did Bill C-31 in 1985 change Indigenous rights in Canada?
amended the Indian Act
Women who were married to ‘non-Indigenous’
men still held status as ‘Indians’
This changed an amendment from 1869 which
removed ‘Indian’ status from women who
married ‘non-Indigenous’ men
Bill C-31 also allowed bands (groups of
Indigenous people) to decide who was allowed
to be a member of their band
How did the Quebec government recognize Indigenous rights starting in 1985?
Political Autonomy within Quebec
Right to preserve, culture, language, traditions
Land ownership and marriage
Wildlife management in areas designated to Indigenous
groups
Participation in and profit from economic development 🡪
fancy way of saying give up land for natural resource
exploitation
Rights to develop distinct nations with their own identities
Describe the Oka Crisis: Why did it start? Who were the actors/players involved? What happened during the Oka Crisis? When did it end? What was the result of the crisis?
land dispute between the town of
Oka and the Mohawk territory of Kanesatake near
Montreal The town wanted to build a housing development and
expand a golf course on land that was traditional
Mohawk territory
Mohawk Warriors vs prov gov
road block that
lead to hostilities, violence
july 11 1990 - sep 26 1990
drew more attention
to the treatment of Indigenous groups in Canada
and the lack of respect different levels of
government had for their land rights
What was the goal of the ‘Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples’? Did this commission actually change anything? Explain.
commission to investigate
HOW to create better relationships between
Indigenous groups, the federal government and
Canadian society
this meant that the
federal government did not follow through on many of the
recommendations because they would have the change the candian constitution
When was the territory of Nunavut created? Why was it created?
1999
The Canadian government reorganized the territorial
borders to create Nunavut at the request of the Inuit
What was the ‘Paix des Braves’? What was the goal of the signing of this agreement? What was the outcome?
2002
Agreement between the Quebec government and the Cree nation(s) of
Quebec
Goal for the Quebec government 🡪 facilitate the development of
hydroelectric projects and other types of resource exploitation moving
forward
From 2002 to 2052 🡪 the government would pay $70 million each year
to the Cree nations and the Cree would hold ancestral rights to land
In return:
The Cree dropped all pending lawsuits regarding land claims
The Quebec government now had greater access to the Eastmain
river for hydro development
Describe the “Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada”? What was the goal of this commission? What was the outcome?
Describe the “Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada”? What was the goal of this commission? What was the outcome?
Describe the “Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada”? What was the goal of this commission? What was the outcome?
Describe the “Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada”? What was the goal of this commission? What was the outcome?
What is GLOBLIZATION?
more connectivity between nations
Technology and telecommunications allowed for this
connectivity
How has Canada’s military been involved on the international scene since the 1980s? What types of situations would push Canada’s military to get involved in international and national (within Canada) events?
Canada’s involvement is seen by its involvement in
international organizations
Countries ‘in crisis’
Terrorism
Any form of extremism (political, ethnic,
cultural, religious)
Which international organizations has Canada joined since the end of World War 2?
NATO
Which event forced the Canadian government to place a focus on terrorism? What has Canada done since this event?
911
Other Canadian agencies involve themselves in
making sure Canada is secure:
The Department of National Defence
Canada Border services Agency
Public Safety Canada
Foreign Affairs Canada
Citizenship and Immigration Canada
Transport Canada
Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS)
‘Recession’ mean?
a period of time where the economy of a
country/province/region is struggling
‘Period of growth’ mean?
The economy is doing well
‘Primary/Secondary/Tertiary sector’ mean?
of the economy: jobs that include natural resource
exploitation (mining, etc.), farming, hunting, fishing,
of the economy: Manufacturing (making/building goods)
of the economy: Service industry 🡪 providing services 🡪
lawyers, media jobs, information and technology industry, financial
consultation, teaching,
‘Unemployment rate’ mean?
The percent of a specific
population that does not have a job
‘Mortgage rates’ mean?
the interest the home buyer pays on
the loan given by the bank
What are the causes and consequences of the 1980s recession (for Canada)?
less exports meant mines,
factories, etc. shut down 🡪 people lose their jobs due to USA held back on importing goods
Unemployment rates went from 5.5% in 1973 to 12% in
1982/1983
decrease in manufacturing
Mortgage rates in the 1980s peaked at 20%…
What were the different opinions on how the government should ‘help’ during the 1980s recession? Think about the difference between INTERVENTIONIST and NEO-LIBERAL. What did each side want the government to do?
INTERVENTIONIST: Invest money into the
economy by building infrastructure and paying for
programs to help the unemployed 🡪 this means
government goes into debt
Focus on corporate taxes
Continue to provide government services 🡪 people
have the right to these services
important part of Quebec’s welfare state
Helping the ‘most vulnerable’ citizens is important 🡪
unemployed, elderly, etc.
NEO-LIBERAL: the government should spent LESSS
money 🡪 force people to fend for themselves and
be less depended on government aid
Corporations/some ‘right wing’ political parties
Welfare state = not good
Lower taxes on businesses so they have more
money to hire people
Government should spend less money on services
to reduce government debt
Less debt means future generations won’t have to
worry about debt
What is ‘PRIVATIZATION’?
When a service run by the government
or a crown corporation is now in the hands of a
private/no-government run organization/company
How did the federal government implement privatization in the 1980s/1990s?
They privatized companies that at one time belonged
to the federal government:
WHY did the federal government implement privatization in the 1980s/1990s?
All the decisions made by these crown corporations
took a lot of time being approved by government 🡪
loss of time = loss of lots of $$$
How did the QUEBEC PROVINCIAL government implement neoliberal ideas and privatization in the 1980s/1990s? What are some examples of this?
some government services became privatized
or SEMI privatized
How has globalization affected Canadian businesses?
More international trade 🡪 more Canadian businesses
making deals with other countries
What are free trade agreements?
An agreement that allows businesses from
different countries to sell their products internationally without
duties/taxes OR with very little duties/taxes
What is NAFTA? Who is involved in NAFTA? When was NAFTA signed?
North American Free Trade Agreement
Mexico joined into the agreement (Within NAFTA 🡪 the USA
remained Canada’s strongest trading partner)
same as other agreement
How has NAFTA affected Canadian exports?
increased
Have there been any ‘trade disputes’ between Canada and the USA? Provide an example.
There are times where certain products are looked at and one country
may think that this product needs special circumstances
Softwood lumber/timber is one of those products
In Canada 🡪 the government allows lumber companies to cut down trees
on government land (“Crown Land”) for a fee 🡪
The USA thinks that the fees charged by the Canadian government are too
small which gives Canadian lumber companies an advantage to selling
lumber in the USA (they can sell lumber for cheaper) Therefore 🡪 the USA charges extra duties on Canadian lumber even
though it is part of NAFTA
How have free trade agreements affected Quebec business? Explain how these agreements might affect Quebec businesses in positive ways and negative ways.
Quebec to sell their products beyond Canadian borders 🡪
sell to the international market (which is helpful)
this means that international companies can sell
their products in Canada 🡪 globalization = more competition
(not helpful)
How has the Quebec government promoted certain sectors of the Quebec economy?
Lower taxes (for that industry)
Access to land/infrastructure to help the business grow
Promoting education to train people in a certain sector
Subsidies (money given)
What does the expression ‘Quebec INC.’ mean?
A name given to the relationship between the Quebec government
and large scale companies own by Francophone Quebecers
What are MULTINATIONALS?
a business that has branches/offices all over the
world
How has the Quebec government helped multinationals in the past?
The government may help these companies by reducing taxes,
allowing these businesses to merge to form larger companies, etc.
Over time 🡪 few large scale businesses 🡪 however 🡪 each one that
was left grew in size 🡪 multinational business
What is ‘social justice’?
veryone deserves equal economic, political and social rights and opportunities
Provide examples of social justice actions in Quebec
Protests at the “3rd Summit of the Americas”
“Red Square” Student protests
What has the Quebec government done in response to social justice actions (think laws/acts)?
Act to Combat Poverty and Social Exclusion
establishment of the Social Solidarity Program
What is ‘social economy’? What is the goal of the social economy?
form of improving a community’s economy
while considering the needs within the community
Social economy usually means providing good jobs for people in a
community
Fighting poverty within communities
Provide an example of an organization practicing social economy.
Light a Dream Candle Shop in Pointe Claire
What is the ‘DEVITALIZATION of COMMUNITIES’? How does the devitalisation of communities happen? Where does this phenomenon usually happen (urban or rural areas)? What are the consequences of this phenomenon?
phenomenon experiences a decline in population
and/or an ageing population while there is less investment in the
community which leads to a drop in available jobs
No jobs = people leaving
rural
the Quebec government decided to push
more municipalities to merge together in order
to better shares resources and services
What is a ‘SINGLE INDUSTRY TOWN’?
Towns that rely on the extraction/exploitation of a certain
natural resource
How are DEVITALIZATION of COMMUNITIES and SINGLE INDUSTRY TOWNS connected?
When the economy takes a turn for the worse or this
resource is found elsewhere for cheaper 🡪 loss of jobs 🡪
mines/factories close 🡪 services (stores, gas stations, schools
etc.) disappear 🡪 the youth leave for larger urban areas for
schooling or for work
Provide an example of a single industry town
Murdochville, Quebec
How have some single industry towns avoided collapsing?
commission was setup to
investigate economic diversification
Why and HOW have rural communities lost political influence in recent years? Which regions gain political influence? Why?
As rural towns/regions/municipalities’ populations
decrease
The regions that grow in terms of population gain new
ridings in elections
As these regions decrease in population 🡪 regions around
urban areas such as Montreal increase in population
Why is it becoming more and more difficult for young, potential farmers to enter into the farming sector?
Climate and climate change has made farming even more (than usual)
risky 🡪 borrowing money to start your farm may end up in large
amount of debt if crops do not grow due to climate
Older farmers may find it is more profitable to sell of parts of their
farm (land, equipment, etc.) rather than sell to a new farmer 🡪 this is
called ‘dismantling’
The price of farmland has increased drastically over the past 2.5
decades
There more farms in Quebec now compared to 20-30 years ago? Explain why or why not.
Technology and automation have turned farms into large
industries
Farms may grow in size as they merge 🡪 creating ‘mega farms’
As farms grow and automation increases 🡪 less farmers
actually work on farms
What has happened to the average age of Quebec and Canada’s population over the past 2-3 decades? WHY is this happening (think about life expectancy and birth rates)?
average age of the population
is increasing
‘Baby Boomers’ getting older combined with low birth
rates = an older population
What is happening to the population of people 65+ in Quebec?
The number of people reaching age 65 and living
beyond the age of 65 continues to increase
As more and more people retire, what happens to the labour market?
not enough people to replace the
retired workers
What effect will an increasing number of seniors have on government spending and healthcare costs? Why would this happen? How will this affect personal income taxes of workers?
Increase in seniors = increase in healthcare costs
An aging population puts more pressure on the
healthcare system in Quebec
What will this do to income taxes?
They will increase for each person in the workforce!
How has/will the Quebec government ‘promote the family’? Why does the government want to do this? Provide examples on how the government will ‘promote the family’.
Provide subsidies and services for families
Increase the birth rate in Quebec
Subsidized child care services (Quebec government pays
for part of a child’s daycare costs)
Tax credit if you are responsible for children (pay less
taxes or get more money back at tax time)
Family allowances (families receive money each month 🡪 amounts vary depending on family income and number of children)
Has the Indigenous population in Canada grown or shrunk in recent years?
Has the Indigenous population in Canada grown or shrunk in recent years?
How has immigration created a balance to birth rates in Quebec?
immigration is the driving force behind the growth of
Quebec’s population
What does ETHNO-CULTURAL GROUP(S) mean?
groups of people that have different
cultures, religions, languages, traditions and countries of origin
Does immigration create a mono-cultural society in Quebec or a multicultural society? Explain why.
multi becasue it brings in different cultured people
In recent years, what has been the concern of some Quebecers regarding immigration to Quebec and INTEGRATION?
Some Francophones in Quebec have expressed concerns that
immigrant gravitate to the Anglophone community or that
immigrants are not integrating into Quebec society
Over the past 2-3 decades, what has the Quebec government done to help promote inclusion towards immigrants coming to Quebec?
denounces all forms of racism and racial discrimination forth a policy on immigration and integration called “Let’s Build Quebec Together”
What is the “Let’s Build Quebec Together” policy? Explain. When was it established?
Quebec is a society where French is the common language
of public life
Quebec is a democratic society and every person is
encouraged to participate within the democratic
framework
Quebec is a pluralist society 🡪 it respects the diverse
opinions of its citizens and encourages them to enter in
respectful dialogue on meaningful issues
1990
How has Quebec helped immigrants integrate into Quebec society with regards to LANGUAGE?
Quebec is a society where French is the common language
of public life
“Let’s Build Quebec Together”
What is the “Together, we are Quebec” policy? Explain. When was it established? (Page 321)
Another Quebec government policy on immigration
called “Together, We are Quebec”
The goal of this policy was to establish more effective
ways to integrate and francisize immigrants in order for
them to feel comfortable participating in Quebec society
2016
What does religious neutrality mean? (Page 321)
attitude of a state that does not take a position onreligion
Describe the living conditions of some Indigenous communities in Quebec in contemporary times. What are some Indigenous communities lacking? (Page 322)
not good
crowded and poorly bit housing
Which factors have contributed to the presence of social issues/problems in some Indigenous communities? (Page 322)
high umempoylment and low wages
What was the goal of the 1996 “Royal Commission of aboriginal Peoples”? Did this change anything? (Page 322)
Nothing changed
What are some gender equality issues that still exist in modern times? (Page 323)
women vs men in work force
What was the ‘Tragedy at École Polytechnique’? Why did this happen? (Page 323)
Marc Lepine ran into Montreal’s École Polytechnique and
used a gun to kill 13 female students and 1 employee before
killing himself
He left a letter stating that he targeted female
activists/students
What happened to the legality of abortion in Canada in the year 1988? (Page 323)
supreme Court of Canada fully legalizes
abortion in Canada
What was the goal of the ‘Family Patrimony Act’? What are some of the elements of this act? (Page 324)
the government of Quebec establishes a law to make
sure women are treated fairly after a divorce
This law ensures that each person gets equal portions after
a divorce or that a widow (er) gets compensation (pension
of deceased spouse)
What is the ‘Act Instituting Civil Unions and establishing New Rules of Filiation’? When was it established? What were the goals of the act? Explain. (Page 324)
the government of Quebec establishes a law to allow
couples to form a ‘union’ rather than a marriage
2002
The ‘union’ can now be dissolved using a notary rather than
a judge
These couples can be opposite sex or same-sex
However 🡪 the couple can only dissolve the ‘union’ if no
children are involved
What is the ‘Pay Equity Act’? When was it established? (Page 325)
there were still pay gaps between men and women
act fixes this
Companies with more that 10 employees must pay equal wages
for equal work
What does ‘gender parity in the workplace’ mean? (Page 325)
Gender parity means that institutions/businesses should
have equal numbers of men and women working
What are some of the challenges of single parents or family care-givers? (Page 326)
There are many households where both parents/guardians
work full time
How do some people struggle with work-family balance? (Page 326)
there are many single parent households
where the parent/guardian works full time
What is the Quebec Parental Insurance Program (QPIP)? When was it established? How does it help parents? (Page 326)
allows
workers to get paid leaves when a child is born or
when there is an adoption
2006
How have employers in Quebec helped create ‘work-family balance’? (Page 327)
Potential to work from home
Flexible schedules
Reduced hours
What is a lobby group?
a group that tries to influence a government’s
decisions
What did Anglophone lobby groups try to do after the establishment of Bill 101? Name 1 Anglophone lobby group in Quebec after the establishment of Bill 101.
an Anglophone rights lobby group that made
demands to make English a second official language in Quebec
Alliance Qc
What changes to signage (signs inside/outside businesses and public buildings) occurred after the establishment of Bill 101 (in Quebec)?
French could be the dominant language of
signage (more French/in bigger writing)
How do English and French signs vary in terms of visual dominance after Bill 86 in 1993?
Allowed bilingual signage indoors and outdoors
French had to be visually dominant
This applied to commercial (stores, restaurants, etc.) and
public (libraries, city hall, etc.) signs
How has the language of instruction changed since the establishment of Bill 101?
children MUST attend French school
institutions unless 1 of their parents attended an English
school within Canada
What loophole can be used by immigrants in order to eventually send their children to English public schools? How has this loophole changed?
if a student attended a fully private (not
funded by the government) school for 1 year 🡪 students
could then attend a public English school
Students must spend a minimum of 3 years at a fully private
English school before they move to a public English school
How are school boards after 1998 different from before 1998?
public schools were now divided by language
What is the status of Indigenous languages in Canada in modern times?
Indigenous languages are threatened
Is the Inuit language, Inukitut, threatened?
YEs
What is the cause of the issue of threatened Indigenous languages?
many
Indigenous people in Quebec do not speak the language of
their ancestors
What is the ‘Cultural Industry’?
part of society that promotes Quebec
culture
What are the goals of the “Politique Culturelle du Québec”, established in 1992?
Affirm Quebec’s cultural identity (make sure Quebec holds on to
its own culture)
Support (publicity and $$$) Quebec artists and culture
Make sure citizens have access to cultural events (free events,
Quebec government helps fund cultural events)
How has the Quebec government taken measures to support arts and culture in Quebec since the “Politique Culturelle du Québec”?
Programs to fund initiatives such as Indigenous radio stations,
museums, art/music training program, etc. were established
Are Quebec artists making their mark on the world? What has made this possible?
Thanks to support from local communities and possible
funding from the federal/provincial governments
Accessible arts education may also play a factor 🡪 affordable
CEGEP/university programs for artists, etc.
What is ‘La Grande Bibliothèque’?
government library that
holds every form of media that was published in Quebec or that
connects to Quebec in one way or another:
Music, books, historical documents, etc.
Any publication that has at least one Quebecois author
This dates back to the times new france
What is an “Information Society”? How has the information society developed over time?
society that develops based on the
integrated technologies such as the internet, smartphones, etc.
The internet was established as a tool used in
peoples’ daily lives / the 24 hour news cycle with specialized news
stations such as CNN
2000s 🡪 Social networks like Facebook
2010s 🡪 predominance of ‘smart phones’ and access to social media
and the internet in the palm of a person’s hand
How are people using the internet? Has internet usage increased over the past 15 years?
Search for information
Entertainment/gaming/streaming
Social media
E-Commerce (online shopping)
E-Banking
Vehicle for cultural dissemination (ITunes, etc.)
Memes (I added this one)
What is the dissemination of digital content? How has technology helped Quebec artists? Has technology created competition for Quebec artists trying to share/sell their art (music, films, etc.)?
the internet and information and
communication technologies (ICTs) like smartphones
This allowed digital content such as books, music, films, etc. to
be shared over a wider range of the population and speeds that
have never been seen before
plan to help support artists
and to help them reap the benefits of selling cultural products online
How have the Canadian/Quebec governments reacted to the use of technology to share content?
“Copyright
Modernization Act”
What is the 24-hour news cycle?
24-hour news channels
How has the 24-hour news cycle changed with the emergence of the internet (think websites)?
new providers now offer FREE access to news
through their online sites 🡪 creating competition for 24-hour
news stations
Why is the merging of different news providers a problem for diversity in the media?
the same news story with the
same point of view/angle would be seen many times over
How has the environment suffered because of human activity?
threatened ecosystems, and
pollutants cause major problems for the environment
What was the “État de l’Environment au Québec, 1992”? What did it find?
Since the 1980s 🡪 overall better air and water quality
Better waste management and recycling
Problems such as the deterioration of agricultural soil, species
extinction and mining runoff contamination
How can the different levels of government play a role in helping the environment?
Governments can create laws and enforce these law to protect the
environment
Governments can also enter into agreements which online the
management of the environment
What is the “Bureau Publique sur l’Environnement”? What is its mandate (job)?
This government agency was established to inform citizens on
development projects (housing, commercial buildings, etc.) and to
consult citizens: Possible impacts on the natural environment
What are some of the standards the Quebec government will look at with regards to the environment?
standards which it will apply and enforce
Standards that frame what a company can or cannot do with
regards to environment impacts
The government’s job is to monitor companies to make sure
they are following these standards
How has human activity affected the ozone layer and climate change?
Thinning of the ozone layer
Have governments from different countries met to discuss environmental agreements? If so, name 2-3 of them, when they were signed and if Canada agreed to them and upheld these agreements.
🡪20 governments entered into discussions to work towards
the protection of the ozone layer
“Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
Layer” signed
Kyoto Protocol signed
What environmental plan did the Quebec government establish in the year 2000? What was the goal of this plan?
“Quebec Action Plan on Climate Change”
The goal was to reduce Quebec’s overall GHG emissions 🡪 he
government would consider GHGs released in the areas of (among
others):
Transportation
Energy production
Manufacturing
What is the “St. Lawrence Action Plan”? What is the goal of this plan?
The goal of this plan was/is to protect and conserve
the ecosystems that connect with the St. Lawrence
River, the Golf of the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes
What has been the goal of oil companies in Alberta since the early 2000s?
transporting oil to both the East and
West coasts of Canada 🡪 pipelines
Which project was adopted in 2013? What risks did this project run?
TransCanada Energy East pipeline project
Resistance to the oil sands and the pipelines 🡪 GHGs emitted
from the oil sands and the refining of the oil, destruction of
ecosystems because of oil sand extraction, soil and water
contamination if a pipeline breaks and spills oil
What are the potential dangers of shale gas? What is a moratorium and how does it apply to shale gas in Quebec?
unknown effects on groundwater
Exploitation of this resource was placed under a moratorium in
2012 🡪 unknown effects on groundwater
Why are landowners upset with a law passed by the Quebec government regarding access to oil and gas?
Quebec government allows oil and gas companies to extract
resources from private property even if landowners refuse
Name 2 types of renewable energy.
wind and hydro
What are the benefits of renewable energies?
low levels of
GHGs and the fact that they are RENEWABLE
What are some of the cons of renewable energies?
River diversion
Flooding of areas that were forested
Rise in mercury levels affecting fish and mammals
Habitats destroyed
People living close to wind farms complain about noise emitted by wind
turbines
Which law was established in 1986 to protect forests in Quebec?
“The Forest Act”
What problem did the forestry industries face in 1999? What did the Quebec government do to fix this problem?
overcutting
the Boreale Forest
the Quebec government set up an inquiry to
investigate and the investigation found evidence that
the documentary had the right information
“Sustainable Forest Development Act”
Were there any new acts to fix this problem? Which ones?
forest
Act to Amend the Forest Act”
“Sustainable Forest Development Act”
What kinds of environmental impacts does mining have in Quebec?
Mines produce waste which can cause environmental problems
🡪 contamination of waterways, destruction of ecosystems, etc.
What has the government done to stop these impacts moving forward? mining
“Mining Act”
What is the ‘Plan Nord’? What is the goal of this plan?
a plan to make sure resource exploitation in Northern
Quebec (North of the 49th Parallel) is sustainable
Name and describe 2 natural disasters that occurred in Quebec in the 1990s.
The Ice Storm: January 1998
Montreal, the Monteregie region, Eastern Ontario and
Northern New York State and Northern Vermont
100 millimeters of freezing precipitation over 80 hours
30 people dead, half of Quebec without power at one
point, over 1000 power transmission towers downed
Other issues included lack of heating and a water
supply shortage
July 1996 🡪 Saguenay-Lac-St.-Jean region
250 millimeters
of rain fell in less than a day and a half
Flooded roads, landslides and rising water levels
People were trapped in their homes
Canadian military and Red Cross called in to help
10 people died, 16,000 people evacuated, 50
towns/villages flooded
$1 billion in damage
Amount of rain and poorly kept dams contributed to this
disaster
