History Grade 10 review End of Year

Question 1

What document did the Parti Patriotes submit to the British Parliament? What were the demands of this document?

Answer 1

The 92 Resolutions Document.
The demands were
- For a Responsible Goverment
- Full control to assembly for the colony funds
- Elected officlas
- Elmination of corruption in the government

Question 2

Which events lead to the rebellions of 1837-1838?

Answer 2

1. The rejection of the 92 resolutions document and creating the 10 russel resolutions instead
2. Patriotes and Louis Joseph Papineau creating demonstrations in response
3. Governor banning demostrations
4. Resulting in the patriotes turning to violence and clashing with the british soliders

Question 3

How did the rebellions of 1837-1838 unfold?

Answer 3

Clashed lower canada, in locations like St Eustache, St Denis, Beauharnois and Sorel.

Question 4

What were the results of the rebellions for the Patriotes?

Answer 4

The patriotes lost because the british soilders were too strong.
It was like regualar people (patriotes) fighting trained soliders.

The leaders were arrested. Some were exiled to Australia and Some were hung in the public square in 1838

Question 5

Who was Lord Durham? How did he intervene after the 1837-1838 rebellions? What did he suggest in his report?

Answer 5

Lord Durham was a man sent by the British governement to go and investiagate the revolts due to the Rebellions and suggest possible solutions.
He suggested for a
Responsible Governement,
for both lower and upper canada to merge creating United Canada
For the French to be assimliated
For one legislative assembly for the whole colony

Question 6

Did the British Parliament follow through on his suggestions? All of them?

Answer 6

The British Parliment only followered through on some of his suggestions.

• Unite Upper and Lower Canada to create united canada
• Have one legislative assembly for the whole colony

Question 7

Which constitution was enacted in 1840? How did this constitution change the territory? Laws of Lower Canada?

Answer 7

The 4th constitution
It merged upper and lower canada together to create United Canada.
There is also only one legislative assembly for the whole colony.

Question 8

Did the capital of United Canada change over time? How many times?

Answer 8

The capital of united canada changed multiple times over the years.

Question 9

Describe the organization of the Legislative Assembly of United Canada.

Answer 9

There is now only one legislative assembly for the only colony.
There are 42 deputies from canada east and 42 deputies from canada west
However the legislative council is still appointed by the governor.

Question 10

Name some of the problems with government/society after the Act of Union.

Answer 10

There was unfair representation within the government
the official langauge spoken is english only
the debts of both canadas are now combined
Canada east had to pay for the spending of Canada West

Question 11

What is protectionism and how did it apply to United Canada around 1840?

Answer 11

Protectionism is protecting the economy of colonies

In this case Great Britan wanted to protect the exports of the BNA colonies agaisnt others competing countries.

Question 12

What are PREFERENTIAL TARIFFS and how do they apply to United Canada after 1840?

Answer 12

Preferential Tariffs is the guarantee of paying a good price.
In this case Great Britan bought raw materials from its colonies and guarateded them Preferential Tariffs.

Question 13

Did some British officials like protectionism for the colonies? Explain why? What is this ideology called?

Answer 13

many people did not.
They believed that is was better to pay less for resources than pay more, meaning they didn’t care about the colonies and their economies.
This ideology is called Economic Liberalism

Question 14

What was protectionism replaced with? How did this new policy affect timber exports coming from United Canada? Why did this happen? How did this affect jobs in the colony?

Answer 14

Protectionism was replaced with FREE TRADE
This new policy decreased the number of exports coming from UC
This happened because UC now had to compete with other countries to sell their resources.
Because there was a decrease in exports there was also a decrease in jobs.

Question 15

What was the RECIPROCITY TREATY? How did this treaty help United Canada’s economy? Did it help?

Answer 15

The RECIPROCITY TREATY is a trade deal UC signed with USA.
it allowed minimal duties and taxes on raw materials for both countries.
It helped increase the amount of trades = increasing exports = creating more money
it allowed candian fisherman to use American waters, The st lawrence can now be used to ship for both countries.

Question 16

When did this treaty end? Why did it end?

Answer 16

This treaty ended in 1865 due to the American Civil War.

The northern states were at war against the southern states

Question 17

Who were Louis Hippolyte-Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin? What goal/objective did they try and accomplish? Why were they called ‘reformers’?

Answer 17

Lafontaine and Baldwin were both representatives from Canada East and West.
Lafontaine was East and Baldwin was West.
they both wanted change. Lafontaine wanted responsible gov and for french to be regonized as an official language. Bladwin wanted change in the economy.
They were called the reformers because they wanted change.

Question 18

How did the reformers accomplish this goal?

Answer 18

Because they won the majority of the seats of the assembly in 1848 they had a large voice. So they started pressuring the british parilment to grant responsible gov in UC.

Question 19

How did the economic situation in United Canada help the Reformers get responsible government?

Answer 19

Because there was no more protectionism and only free trade was in place united canada needed the power to have more control over its economic future.

Question 20

When was Responsible government accomplished? What does responsible government mean? How did responsible government change the way the government in United Canada was organized?

Answer 20

Responsible Gov was accomplised in 1848.
It means the government is responsible to the people.
The members of the executive council are now elected by the assembly.
the legislative council is appointed by the governor

Question 21

What was the ‘Rebellions Losses Bill’? Why did it make some people upset? What did they do as a response?

Answer 21

The Rebellions losses Bill was a law established by Lafontaine and Baldwin. It was a law that gave people compensation for the damage left after the rebellions of 1837-1838.
It made some peopel upset because even people who created the damage were getting compensation for it.
In response they burned down the parliment building

Question 22

Why was United Canada politically unstable by the 1850s? What are political ‘deadlocks’? Why was this a problem?

Answer 22

UC was politically unstable by the 1850s because Canada West had more population than Canada East. Which causes a lot of political Deadlocks
Deadlocks are when 2 political parties cannot come to an agreement.
This was a problem because they had problems passing laws and there was 10 different governements in 10 different years.

Question 23

Which factors pushed politicians to want a Canadian federation?

Answer 23

• Political Instabilty
• British atitudes towards North American colonies
• need for railway
• threat of american invasion
• weak economy

Question 24

Who were the 2 political parties in United Canada by the 1850s? Did they hold any common interests? What were they?

Answer 24

The 2 political Parties were the Grits and the Conservatives.
They both held common interests of forming a confederation.

Question 25

What was ‘The Great Coalition’? Why was it created? Who were the members?

Answer 25

The Great coalition was an alliance between JAM, George Brown and George-Etienne Cartier. It was created in order to steer canada in the direction they want and form a country somewhat independent from England.

Question 26

What idea did the Great Coalition government introduce to the British Parliament? What would this new idea allow Canada to do?

Answer 26

The Great Coalition introduced the idea of confederation. Allowing canada to be its own country.

Question 27

When was the Charlottetown Conference? What was discussed at the conference? What was agreed upon at the conference?

Answer 27

The Charlottetown Conference was in september 1864. the idea of federation JAM and George Brown convinced the maritime coloniesthat joining federation was a good idea. They also all convinced the martime colonies to hold off on the Union in charlottetown. They all agreed to have another meeting,

Question 28

When was the Quebec Conference? What was discussed at the conference? What was agreed upon at the conference? Did all the colonies agree? Why or why not?

Answer 28

October 10th 1864 the establishment of rules for canada to become its own country. the colonies agreed as long as the rules were in the 72 resolutions document. This way it would be the foundation of for Canada's political structure. **some reactions to this were that people believed that the French Canadians would be washed out in the federal gov.

Question 29

When was the London Conference? What was discussed at the conference? What was agreed upon at the conference?

Answer 29

1866 the unification of the martime colonies. (Confederation) only 3 colonies agreed to send a representative to london to propose confederation. The colonies were United Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick

Question 30

What were the main rules for canada in the 72 resolutions?

Answer 30

- allowing each colony to have equal representation within the federal government - giving central powers to the federal gov and local powers to provincal gov. - stronger taxation powers to the federal gov. - contruction of the railway to connect the maritime colonies and united canada.

Question 31

What happened on July 1st, 1967? Which 4 provinces were the first to be part of the Dominion of Canada? What did Canada’s constitutional monarchy look like? Explain the federal/provincial system.

Answer 31

``` The BNAA (britsh north american act) was adopted. This allowed the creation of the dominion of canada The first 4 provinces were Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Canada's Constitutional monarchy was made up of prime minister, his cabinet, the senate and house of commons. prime minister = head of government his cabinet = group of people choosen by minister to advise him in specials areas (finance, labour laws etc) Senate = group of people appointed by the minister from all over canada House of Commons = group of people voted by the population ```

Question 32

How did Canada expand its territory after 1867?

Answer 32

canada bought Rupert's Land (also known as the Northwest Terrtories) They did this to stop americans from surronding canada and to have more land for immgrants.

Question 33

Describe Canada’s federal system after 1867 🡪 were powers/responsibilities/jurisdictions shared?

Answer 33

Canadas style of gov was federal. there was partnership between the fed gov and and provinces There was set powers for both fed and prov govs.

Question 34

Name some federal jurisdictions.

Answer 34

- criminal law - commerce - military defense - postal services - First nation affairs - Residuary powers

Question 35

Name some provincial jurisdictions.

Answer 35

- Civil laws - public land and natrual resources - Healthcare - Municipal instituations - Education

Question 36

What are RESIDUAL POWERS?

Answer 36

The federal gov had the power to create laws that not mentioned in the BNA Act. Overpowering the prov govs at some points.

Question 37

What is the LAW OF DISALLOWANCE?

Answer 37

The federal gov could block laws created by the pronvinces if they went against the best interest of the whole colony. (similar to power of veto)

Question 38

How did the federal government ‘abuse’ the law of disallowance in the late 19th century? How did provinces pressure the federal government to grant more autonomy to the provinces? Did it work? Explain.

Answer 38

the fed gov had a lot of control over the pronvinces. In 1871 they took away the right of NB to have gov funded schools seperate catholic schools. In 1890 took away the right of Manitoba to have gov funded sperate french catholic schools. In response to these things the provinces came together and demaded more tax reveune from fed gov and demand for the fed to stay out of prov responsibilities. The federal gov only listened to giving more tax revenue to the provinces MEANING the fed gov still had power over the provinces...

Question 39

How did the first phase of industrialization begin?

Answer 39

it began with the devolopement of technologie and the invention of the Steam Engine.

Question 40

Who are craftspeople/artisans?

Answer 40

They are people who specialized in certain products and made them all by hand.

Question 41

How did the production of goods change with the introduction of the steam engine? (Think speed and division of labour)?

Answer 41

now that prodcution of goods was mechanized there was an increase in the speed of productions of goods. production was also no longer seasonal. It also allowed more job oppurtunities because factories were being created.

Question 42

What was the main source of energy during the First Phase of industrialization?

Answer 42

Coal was the main source of energy

Question 43

Which sectors were the most popular during the first phase of industrialization (types of products produced)?

Answer 43

Food, leather, textiles,lumber, tobacco, steal and iron.

Question 44

Where did industrialization happen?

Answer 44

Industrialization happened in urban areas (cities)

Question 45

Which group invested the most money in Canada during the first phase of industrialization? Americans or the British?

Answer 45

Men of british origin

Question 46

Describe Industrial Capitalism.

Answer 46

Industrial Capitalism is the industrialization being driven by the force of capitalism. the quest for money

Question 47

Who were the main groups that worked in factories?

Answer 47

they were mainly immigrants and francophones

Question 48

Which forms of transportation (of goods and resources) were the most popular during the first phase of industrialization?

Answer 48

railroads and canals

Question 49

Why was the Eastern Continental Transportation Network important during the First Phase of Industrialization?

Answer 49

Because it allowed connection between cities. allowed easy access to raw matriels. allowed year round work transit. access to inland terrtories.

Question 50

How were railways a better form of transportation than maritime (boats) forms of transportation?

Answer 50

Railways were year round and must quicker than using maritime baots. Railways could also go to inland terrtories.

Question 51

How did cities like Montreal develop maritime transportation (think canals)?

Answer 51

they would use the st lawrence river they built factories near the water (ports) allowing easy access to ships they would deepen and widen canals for bigger boats they would also increase the number of ports

Question 52

How did Industrialization ‘kick start’ urbanization in the late 19th century?

Answer 52

people began to move out of rural areas and into urban areas for more job oppurtunities.

Question 53

Describe ‘working class’ neighborhoods in urban areas in the late 19th century. Think about living conditions.

Answer 53

- close to factories - unsanitary no running water - crowded - close together - many familys in one house - expensive - polluted air - no electricity

Question 54

Describe ‘upper/business class’ neighborhoods in urban areas in the late 19th century. Think about living conditions.

Answer 54

- away from factories - clean - green space - electricty - heating - big and spacious - running water

Question 55

What was done in urban areas to combat epidemics in the late 19th century in Quebec?

Answer 55

the creation of the Quebec provincial Board of health which then adopted Public Health Act allowing the study of causes of epidemics and contagious diseases and ways to prevent them

Question 56

What types of PUBLIC transportation infrastructure developed in urban areas in Quebec in the late 19th century?

Answer 56

tramways

Question 57

Describe working conditions for factory workers in the late 19th century.

Answer 57

- Dangereous - unsanitary - very low wages - long work hours and weeks - poor ventaliation - poorly lit - poor air quality - poorly heated

Question 58

Why were children working in factories in the late 19th century?

Answer 58

Because wages were so low famillies needed all the income they could get.

Question 59

How did workers fight for better working conditions in the late 19th century?

Answer 59

they came together to form workers unions to work to together to demand better working conditions. They would use pressure tactics like strikes and protests making the gov having to listen to them and make changes.

Question 60

How did farming/agriculture change in the late 19th century in Quebec?

Answer 60

The reciprocity treaty allowed more diversity in the agriculture productions. Farmers had more diverse crops like oats, barley, potatoes, buckwheat, raising livestock.

Question 61

What consequences did the mechanization of agriculture have on farms/jobs on farms?

Answer 61

With the advancements of the dairy industry there faster productions and various products. But mechanization created less jobs for people because technologie was taking over.

Question 62

What happened to the Seigneurial system in the mid-1800s?

Answer 62

the abolition of the seigneurial system. The pariment passed the Act for the Abolition of Feudal Rights and Duties in Lower Canada. Which got rid of all seigneurial systems.

Question 63

Which 2 economic sectors required a lot of timber in the late 19th century?

Answer 63

The Pulp and Paper industry | The Lumber industry

Question 64

Which regions saw the most timber exploitation in Quebec in the late 19th century?

Answer 64

Foresty regions like Outaouais, Mauricie and Saguney

Question 65

Indicate where the capital for the timber industry came from in the late 19th century.

Answer 65

The capital came from wealthy men of british origin

Question 66

Who did all the labour for the timber industry in the late 19th century?

Answer 66

The many french candians and immgirants that working in logging camps

Question 67

Describe life in a lumber camp in the late 19th century.

Answer 67

They worked all winter in these logging camps. staying the the whole winter. The lunberjacks would cut down the trees Men would work sunrise to sunset 6 days a week Anyone who disobeyed orders would be sent home without pay. it was a dangereous job, frostbite, falling trees, axes etc.

Question 68

What does exodus mean? What does emigration mean? What does urbanization mean?

Answer 68

exodus means the mass departure of people. Emigration means people leaving their own country to come and premenantly stay in another (people leaving canada) Urbanization means the increase of people moving out of rural areas and into urban areas

Question 69

What was happening to the population of rural areas in Quebec in the late 1800s? Where were these people going? Why?

Answer 69

the population in rural areas was decreasing | many people were going to urban areas due to industrilization

Question 70

What is a ‘rural exodus’?

Answer 70

industrilzation pushing urbanization. | people were moving to urban areas

Question 71

Why were many French Canadiens moving to the USA at the end of the 1800s (indicate push and pull factors)? Where did they go?

Answer 71

Many FCs were moving to the USA there was less work due to industrilzation and factories in USA were looking for new workers. They went mainly to New England states like Vermont, massucusetts, maine

Question 72

How did this migration affect Quebec’s population growth? Net migration?

Answer 72

the amount of people leaving were higher than the people coming in, creating a negative net migration. the population in quebec grew very slowly and remained stagnant.

Question 73

How did the Quebec government and the Catholic Church try to stop emigration to the USA?

Answer 73

they implemented new colonization programs to solve umeployment problems and get people to stay in canada.

Question 74

Where were these new areas of colonization located in Quebec?

Answer 74

Saguneay Lac Saint Jean Laurentides Outaouais

Question 75

Describe the concept of ‘agriculturalism’ in Quebec in the late 19th century. Who represented agriculturalism?

Answer 75

agriculturlism was idealogy of returning to the tradtional way of living. Antoine Labelle Honere Mercier Catholic Church

Question 76

Where did most of Canada’s immigration come from in the late 19th century? Name the countries. Did this immigration improve Canada’s net migration? Why or why not?

Answer 76

Most immigrants were coming from briths isles, but also northern europe and united states. Findland, Germany, Sweden. No, the net migration was negative because there was still more people leaving than coming in.

Question 77

Why were immigrants coming to Canada?

Answer 77

Many were coming to Canada to escape the Irish Potato Famine

Question 78

Describe how the health of immigrants arriving in Canada forced the government to take action.

Answer 78

The health of immigrants were not good. Many were sick with dieseases. weak from the famine and in overcroweded and unsanitary ships. This forced government to create a quaratine island to check in with immigrants before they entered the country. This island was called Grosse Ille.

Question 79

Describe how the Catholic Church held influence in Quebec in the late 19th century.

Answer 79

The Catholic Chruch was in charge of a lot of insitutions that were important to quebec. Education, Hospitals, Charitable Organizations

Question 80

Name the Catholic bishop of Montreal from 1840-1876.

Answer 80

Monseigneur Ignace Bourget

Question 81

What is the ideology of ULTRAMONTINISM? What are the beliefs of this ideology? Who represented this ideology?

Answer 81

That the catholic church should be invovled in both spritual and gov matters of canada. The church should be invovled in all aspects of society. The pope and the Catholic Church

Question 82

What sort of influence did Ultramontinism have over society in Quebec at the end of the 19th century? Who represented this ideology?

Answer 82

The Church had a lot of control over the society in quebec. Because they developed the other instituations well they had a lot of people voting for them.

Question 83

Which laws gave the church power over social services? Which social services did the Church oversee?

Answer 83

Ultramontanism | They oversaw, Hopsitlals, Schools, homes for the elderly, orphanges

Question 84

What is ‘Nationalism of Survival’? How did the Catholic Church connect to this ideology and French Canadien culture? What was the goal of this ideology?

Answer 84

Nationalism created around the french canadian identity. The catholic thought that nationalism was the only way for the french candian identity to last. The goal was to protect the french canadian identity.

Question 85

How did authors in Quebec play a role in promoting French Canadian identity/Nationalism of Survival?

Answer 85

Many authors would publish their ideas promoting Nationalism of Survival.

Question 86

What was the École Littéraire de Montréal?

Answer 86

It was a school that allowed the lesson of french poets

Question 87

What was the role of this school?

Answer 87

The role of this school that allowed others to learn about French poets

Question 88

What is social reformism?

Answer 88

in idea that advocates change

Question 89

How were women involved in charitable organizations?

Answer 89

they were mainly composed of anglo women. | French women didn't have the freedom due to the catholic chruch.

Question 90

How did many people during the late 1800s see women and their roles in society?

Answer 90

Many people saw them only as 'housewifes' and only worked a maternal role.

Question 91

What is feminism?

Answer 91

movement/ideology that advocates for the recognition of womens rights and gender equality.

Question 92

Legally: how were women viewed in the late 19th century?

Answer 92

they were minors in the eye of law. | They didn't have many rights.

Question 93

Which right did women NOT HAVE during this time period? Was this always the case?

Answer 93

They didn't have the right to vote. | They could only begin to vote in fed in 1918 and prov in 1940

Question 94

What other rights did women demand in the late 19th century?

Answer 94

they also demanded the right to run for elected office and to give women university access.

Question 95

Did McGill University do anything to help women further their education? Did francophone colleges/universities do the same?

Answer 95

McGill opened its door to women in 1884 for only certain subjects. Philosophy, literature or history. Franco school would NOT allow women in.

Question 96

What sectors of the economy did women participate in? Did women have many choices for employment?

Answer 96

Women could only work as - Nurse - Facotories - Teacher - Domestic Servant

Question 97

How were women involved in religious life? Did women in this sector play an important role? Explain.

Answer 97

Women played a big role in religious life. | Many would run the schools, orphanages, hospitals and shelters.

Question 98

How did literature play a role for women in the late 19th century?

Answer 98

Literature allowed women to get their name out there. Because they could now receive some education they had more skills and could publish their work.

Question 99

Which types of media played a role in helping women get their literary work out to the public?

Answer 99

Journalists and Prints

Question 100

How did the territory of the Dominion of Canada expand after 1867 to 1873?

Answer 100

it expanded to add 3 more provinces PEI Northwest territores British coloumbia

Question 101

What was the ‘Dominions Lands Act’? What was the goal and consequence of this act?

Answer 101

Measure implemented by JAM to try and attract immigrants. It promised immigrants 160 acres of land suitable for farming for anyone over 21. preventing usa from claiming land.

Question 102

Who were/are the Metis?

Answer 102

indigenous group that have shared culture and history between eurpeans and indigenous people of canada

Question 103

Who was Louis Riel?

Answer 103

the head of the National Committee of Metis

Question 104

What was the cause of the Metis uprising/Red River Rebellion in 1869? What were the consequences of this conflict?

Answer 104

The canadian gov trying to colonize the land where the metis are. Thomas Scott died. Canadian gov signed agreement with metis. Manitoba Act in 1870 Increase of english canadian settlers canadian gov promised metis title to their land and recongnition of their language and religion.

Question 105

What demands did the Metis have? How was the province of Manitoba created?

Answer 105

They wanted the canadian gov to recongnize their territorial, religious and language rights. Manitoba was created when the canadian gov signed the agreement with metis.

Question 106

What caused the second Metis uprising to happen in 1885?

Answer 106

the extension of the railroad on metis land. intterupting their hunting and fishing

Question 107

What were the consequences of this second conflict?

Answer 107

Riel surronded to the troops. Riel was tried for treason. he was found guilty and was hung in Regina in 1885

Question 108

What was the Bagot Commission? What recommendations did this commission make? (page 37 of the textbook)?

Answer 108

a commision that impacted canadas policy on indigeinous people. setting aside land for First Nations only.

Question 109

When were reserves first created IN LOWER CANADA (page 37 of the textbook)? Why were they created? (page 37 of the textbook)?

Answer 109

They were first created in 1851 | They were created for the First Nations

Question 110

How did reserves affect the lifestyles of Indigenous people/groups in Lower Canada? (page 37 of the textbook)?

Answer 110

They took away First Nations traditional hunting and fishing activites

Question 111

What was the ultimate goal of the reserve system in Lower Canada? (page 37 of the textbook)?

Answer 111

Free up territore for colonization and the exploitation of resources

Question 112

What were the ‘numbered treaties’ between the 1870s and 1930s? How did they affect Indigenous people/groups?

Answer 112

numbered treaties allowed the federal gov access and jurisdiction over traditional territores for exchange for certain promises and goods. for indigenous people it mean't they could continue to pratice their language and culture.

Question 113

Who was in charge of ‘missions’ in Canada during the late 19th century?

Answer 113

Catholic and protestant churchs.

Question 114

What was the ‘Indian Act’? When was it established? Describe some of the elements of this act. What was the ultimate goal of this act?

Answer 114

it was to encourage the First Nations to 'give up' their indian status and become civilians. 1876 authorites could intervene in many aspects of lives of indigenous people choosing the give up their indian status they would be losiong their indentiy, culture and language. the ultimate goal was to get rid of the first natures culture.

Question 115

Describe the RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL system. What happened at residential schools? Who was put in charge of these schools? Why were these schools established?

Answer 115

Children would be taken from their families and put into these schools. They were all given the same clothes and haircuts, they were only aloud to speak the colonizers langauge and learn a christian education. They were not a loud to pratice their own culture. children face all sorts of abuse. They were established to remove the indigenous culture

Question 116

What was the status of Canada’s economy in the mid-late 1870s?

Answer 116

Canada's economy was not doing great. American businesses were competing with Canadian businesses. Leading Canada to decrease in one of their main sources of revenue

Question 117

What was happening to the prices of Canada’s wheat and timber exports? How would these factors affect Canada’s economy?

Answer 117

they were decreasing due to compettion | These things deprived Canada of their main source of reveune

Question 118

What policy did John A. MacDonald adopt in 1879?

Answer 118

National Policy

Question 119

What were the three components of John A. MacDonald’s National Policy? What was the goal of each component?

Answer 119

1. increased custom duties : tackle competetion 2. Expansion of railway : link provinces and increase trade between regions in Dominion 3. population growth through immgration to western canada : attract immigrants to the west to offset the cost of canadian pacific

Question 120

How was John A. MacDonald involved in the ‘Pacific Scandal’? What was the result of the scandal?

Answer 120

he was accused of accepting election funds from the shipping businessmen hugh allan in exchange for the contract to build the Canadian Pacific Railway. evidence was found so JAM resigned in 1873

Question 121

Which ethnic/cultural group played an important role in building the Trans-continental railway? How?

Answer 121

Chinese men. They lived in makeshift camps where they paied for all their needs. They performed dangerous work building the railway

Question 122

Did Western expansion really help the population of Canada grow?

Answer 122

no the population remaied small and unevely distrubuted.

Question 123

How did French Canadiens view themselves within Canada? How did Honore Mercier address this?

Answer 123

they saw themselves as an miniority within Canada. | he became the defender of French Canadian Nationalism and promoted provincial autonomy.

Question 124

Why was 1896 a turning point for politics in Canada?

Answer 124

Canada embarked on a period of political and economic change. Wilfried Laurier became the 1st french Canadian to serve as prime minister.

Question 125

In your own words, describe British Imperialism in Canada in the late 19th-early 20th century. Make sure to indicate characteristics of British Imperialism.

Answer 125

britian trying to influence the political and culrtrial aspects into the the Dominion of Canada Britan watned to fuse Politics, Military, Economy and Culture with the domnion of Canada.

Question 126

In your own words, describe French Canadian Nationalism in Canada in the late 19th-early 20th century. Make sure to indicate characteristics of French Canadian Nationalism.

Answer 126

Being proud and protecting the French language, culture and religion. It was all over Canada, not just Quebec Demaded a greater autonomy agaisnt canadas invovlement in empire wars.

Question 127

How was British Imperialism expressed in Canada? (think places and events)

Answer 127

names of places Events Newspapers sports

Question 128

Name 1 player/actor (person) that represented French Canadian Nationalism. Describe his views on things such as the Boer War and WW1. How did he express his views?

Answer 128

Henri Bourrassa He was not in favour of Canada's involvement in the wars He expresses he views through his newpapers Le Devoir and Le nationalist

Question 129

Explain the differences between British Imperialism and French Canadian Nationalism at the start of the 1900s.

Answer 129

Imperalists wanted to be apart of the British Empire where as Nationalisnts wanted to be independent from the British Empire.

Question 130

In your own words, where did Sir Wilfred Laurier stand on British Imperialism and FCN?

Answer 130

He wanted to focus on promoting Canada's autonomy and indentity instead of fighting between imperialits and nationalinsts.

Question 131

What was/is the Canadian Red Ensign? What does it represent?

Answer 131

a flag from 1868 to represent candian identity and the first 4 provinces of Canada.

Question 132

Did Sir Wilfred Laurier (2nd Prime Minister) always say yes to British demands? Explain.

Answer 132

no. he would not listen to demands that could poorly affect Canada.

Question 133

Indicate 2 events that helped shape Canadian Nationalism/ a Canadian Identity that took place at the end of the 1800s/beginning of the 1900s.

Answer 133

The Boer War and the Canadian Navy Bill

Question 134

Describe the events of the Boer War. When? Where? Who? Why? Who was for the war? Who was against it? Why?

Answer 134

1899-1902 South Africa Boers against British The uk wanted to annex the terrtories occupied by the boers because they contained alrge gold deposits. imperilists were in favour of the war nationalists were against it because thye felt the war did not concern Canada

Question 135

How did Wilfred Laurier respond to the Boer War?

Answer 135

he supported canads involvement in the war but did NOT impose conscription

Question 136

What was the Canadian Naval Services Bill? Who wanted to help the British Navy? Who did not? Why? When was the bill signed?

Answer 136

infience from Britan for canada to build its own navy fleet. imperialists wanted to help but only with financial assistance nationalists did not becuase they feared it would invovle canada in future wars. It was signed in 1910

Question 137

How did Laurier compromise during the Boer War and the signing of the Naval Service Bill?

Answer 137

he compromised by doing things that were going to benefit canada as well.

Question 138

Was immigration to Canada in the late 1800s/early 1900s promoted? Why? How did the Canadian government promote immigration to Canada?

Answer 138

Immigration was being promoted for economic growth and to colonize the west They promoted it with brochures, posters, immigration offices, free land to immigrants and paid passage for immigrants

Question 139

WHY did immigrants choose to leave their homelands?

Answer 139

they wanted to escape from possible oppressions/persuctions due to race, politics and religion. They also were attracted to starting a new life in canada

Question 140

Which region of Canada was the focus for the settlement of immigrants in Canada from 1896 to 1914? Why?

Answer 140

the canadian prairies becuase of the block settlements

Question 141

Immigrants were not just coming from the USA and the United Kingdom… where else where they coming from? What type of immigrants did Canada ‘want’?

Answer 141

they were coming from all over europe and united states. The ideal immigrants were ones from eastern europe (ukraine, romania, Austria-Hungary and Russia) because they were known to be farmers and hard working.

Question 142

Did all immigrants settle in Western Canada? Where else did they settle?

Answer 142

many settles in the paries and urban areas

Question 143

Indicate the elements that made immigration to Canada possible between 1896-1914.

Answer 143

Transcontiental railway Dominions Lands Act Advertisments Grosse Ille

Question 144

What effects did immigration in the late 1800s/early 1900s have on the DEMOGRAPHICS of Canada?

Answer 144

The population was becoming more diverse.

Question 145

Which two Western provinces were created because of Western Settlement?

Answer 145

Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905

Question 146

Why, where and how were block settlements formed in Western Canada from 1896-1914?

Answer 146

formed in the praries because they were populated by one specifc ethinic group

Question 147

What is XENOPHOBIA and how did effect immigrants in Western Canada and British-Columbia after 1896?

Answer 147

a fear towards people of foerigh origin There were many anti asian riots And more taxes put on chinese immigrants

Question 148

What was the ‘Chinese Head Tax’? Why was it implemented? When was it implemented?

Answer 148

a tax towards chinese immigrants. English canadians feared that the growing number of immigrants was going to threaten their culture. 1900

Question 149

Why were the rights and political weight of Francophones decreasing in the late 1800s/early 1900s?

Answer 149

the influx of immigrants decreases the demogrpahic weight of francophone communities

Question 150

How did the province of Manitoba move to take away schooling in French in 1890?

Answer 150

they adopted an act to abolish the seperate school for Francophones

Question 151

Indicate what the ‘Laurier-Greenway Compromise’ was. What was the goal of this compromise?

Answer 151

it was a solution to thomas Greenway. | it allowed instruction in french in manitobian schools in classroom with 10 or more franco students

Question 152

Which other province took action to limit the rights of French Canadiens? What actions did they take?

Answer 152

Ontario | french classes were limited the first 2 years of elementary school

Question 153

Why was instruction in French creating tensions between French Canadians and Imperialists in Canada?

Answer 153

Because the imperialts wanted to assimilate French Canadians into the canadian society

Question 154

Describe conditions in residential schools in Canada at the start of the 20th century.

Answer 154

Disease, malnutrition, abuse, forced labour, as well as accidents were the main causes of death.

Question 155

Indicate other means taken by the Canadian government to attempt to assimilate indigenous populations in Canada at the start of the 20th century.

Answer 155

they hired more indian agents to monitor affairs on the reserves

Question 156

What is ‘Social Action’?

Answer 156

The catholic church holding a great deal of moral and cultural influence over the french canadian identity.

Question 157

Did the Catholic Church (RCC) grow in size during the early 20th century? Explain.

Answer 157

Yes. there was an increase in numbers of popes but the number of followers decreased.

Question 158

Which social services was the RCC in charge of in the province of Quebec?

Answer 158

charities, schools and hospitals

Question 159

How did the RCC involve themselves in the daily lives of the general public? In politics? Did this involvement give the RCC power? Explain

Answer 159

the church adopted a new social doctraine that focused on unions and socio-economic inequalities. Yes the church had power to oversee everything the unions did

Question 160

Why didn’t the RCC like unions in the early 20th century? How did the RCC try to remove power/influence from unions?

Answer 160

Because the catholic chruch did not have influence over them. They tried to remove the power by adopting a new social doctrine.

Question 161

What was the RCC’s ‘social doctrine’? What were the elements of this doctrine? Why did they create the doctrinie in the early 20th century?

Answer 161

it focused on unions and socio-econmic inequalties. The Catholic Church accepted the presence of unions; however, they would oversee everything they did To reduce socio-economic inequalities, the church advocated for solidarity and charity, instead of using pressure tactics to obtain change. Created because the church was worried about unions that were foreign and secular and growing inequalties and poor living and working conditions

Question 162

What was the ‘École Sociale Populaire’?

Answer 162

organization that played an important role in promoting and applying the new social doctraine of the catholic church.

Question 163

What were/are cooperatives? Why did the RCC involve themselves in cooperatives?

Answer 163

organizations that promotes the pooling of resources, collective management and profit sharing Solidarity was part of the new social doctrine, so copperative moevements were a effective way of pursuing social action .

Question 164

How/why was the education system in Quebec falling behind in the early 1900s? Provide examples.

Answer 164

Very little students study after the age of 12. French students were very little compared to english students many kids had to work on farms for their famillies instead

Question 165

Why were kids dropping out of school during this time period? Did the government do anything about it during the 1920s? Explain.

Answer 165

Kids were dropping out because they had to work on the farms to help support their famillies in 1923 the duration of elementary schools increased from 4 to 6 years

Question 166

How was education different for boys and girls?

Answer 166

The boys were trained in business, industry and agriculture | The girls were trained secretaires, homemakers and wives

Question 167

Were there schools for agriculture? Explain. Provide an example. Did the government of Quebec open up other specialized schools? Explain.

Answer 167

Yes there were. Macdonald College is an example. There was more variety of specialized schools Not only was there agricultural school but there was teacher school and household science school

Question 168

Indicate and describe the 3 classifications of economic activities

Answer 168

primary sector - exploitaiton of natural resources secondary sector - proccessing natrual resources into manufactured products Teritary sector - provision of services

Question 169

Which factors helped push the 2nd phase of industrialization?

Answer 169

Pulp and paper sector hydroelectricity electrometallurgy - producing and working with metals electrochemistry - transforing and breaking down matter with electrical currents

Question 170

WHEN did the 2nd phase of industrialization begin and end?

Answer 170

1896 - 1929

Question 171

Where did the 2nd phase happen? Cities? Periphery regions? Both?

Answer 171

In urban areas

Question 172

What types of industries became popular during the 2nd phase (that were not popular during the first phase)?

Answer 172

wheat industry and lucrative war industry

Question 173

What type of energy was used during the second phase? What energy source did it replace?

Answer 173

hydroelectricity | replaced coal

Question 174

What is Electrometallurgy? Electrochemistry?

Answer 174

Electrometallurgy - producing and working with metals using electrical energy Electrochemistry - transforming and breaking down matter with electrical currents

Question 175

What types of people were needed to work in the 2nd phase? Did the 2nd phase continue to develop working class neighborhoods?

Answer 175

In industries like hydroelectricity and mining, specialized workers were needed. Neighborhoods in working areas of cities continued to be tough to live in. However, we start to see municipal governments start to ‘clean up’ these neighborhoods: sewage systems, garbage collection, etc.

Question 176

What type of ‘class divide’ do we see in cities during the 2nd phase (continued from the first phase)?

Answer 176

Working Class and Business Class

Question 177

What type of economic policy did the Quebec Liberal government have between 1897-1936? How did they make a profit from natural resource exploitation?

Answer 177

Economic LIberalism: which was a therory that defends liberal practices such as free trade of goods, freedom of action for businness people and limited state intervention in the economy. The state owned the natrual resources which allowed thme to exploit them allowing quebec gov to receive revenue

Question 178

Who are INVESTORS? How did they make a profit during the 2nd phase?

Answer 178

People that would invest their money into sectors like Pulp and paper, hydroelectricity and minning. They made profit by investing in growing sectors in the economy eventually bringing them revenue.

Question 179

Where does investment come from during the 2nd phase? United Kingdom or the USA? Or both? Was there some kind of change in capital investment during the 2nd phase?

Answer 179

Both American and British investors responsed to the Quebec until American investors surpassed the british and become the main foreign investment for canada.

Question 180

Does Canada send lots of exports to other countries during the 2nd phase? Explain.

Answer 180

Canada's exports were increasing and becoming more diverse during the 2nd phase. Foreign countries were in need of raw materials which allowed canada to stimulate their foreign trade.

Question 181

How does the development of INFRASTRUCTURE help the 2nd phase of industrialization in Quebec? What type of infrastructure do we see developed during the time period? (HINT: think transportation)

Answer 181

helped increase the number of exports canada had. The more modes of transportation for trade the more exports. There was railways and ports and then in 1914 there was the intriduction of roads and highways which allowed motorized vehicles to create trade.

Question 182

Describe monopoly capitalism. Provide an example of it in Quebec in the early 20th century. How did a company try to assure that it was the only company to provide a good or service?

Answer 182

It is when a company can market a product without competition and they can assume full control over that production of the prodcut. It was used as a capilitatist system to maximize profits Example: Hydroeoectricuty To assure a product they would buyout competing companies to obtain exclusive right to market and set prices of products

Question 183

Describe the working conditions for factory workers or workers in mines in the early 1900s.

Answer 183

working conditions still bad. Same as first phase

Question 184

How did workers stand up against horrible working conditions?

Answer 184

They created Workers unions and came together to demand better working conditions Demands were : reduced working hours and better protectition for injured workers

Question 185

How did the Catholic Church get involved in Unions?

Answer 185

by establishing cathlic unions around the year of 1910. which then became secualr during the quiet revlution

Question 186

Name 1 American union that had influence in Canada/Quebec.

Answer 186

knights of labour

Question 187

How did unions influence the government? What types of pressure tactics did they use? Did they get results? Explain.

Answer 187

The workers would strike. The gov did not always see this in a positive and instead sent out people to intervene and use force to repress the strikes. Workers did receive a developing Labour Legislation

Question 188

What was the Labour Lesgislation?

Answer 188

1909 Workmen Compensation Act : Compensation for workers in an event of an accident 1910 Employment Bureau Act : help workers find a job through creation of employment bureaus 1926 Amendment to the workmens comepnsation act : required workers to be insured so that it could compensate workers even if the company shut down and increased the compensation to employees of up to two thirds of their wages

Question 189

What were some of the health problems faced by citizens in working class neighborhoods in urban areas like Montreal?

Answer 189

there were outbreaks of dieseases (smallpox, Cholrea, diptheria)

Question 190

What was the mortality rate of children before the age of 1? What were some causes of this mortality rate?

Answer 190

1 of 4 children died befroe the age of 1 Epdiemics poor qulaity of water unpasturated milk

Question 191

What measures did local (municipal) governments take to combat problems like unsanitary living conditions and high mortality rates?

Answer 191

They added water cholrination and filitration systems and Clinics called Goutte de lait

Question 192

Indicate some services that were provided by local governments in the early 20th century to make the quality of life better for people living in urban areas. (some revolved around leisure- think ‘GREEN’)

Answer 192

citites began to develop access to green space and overtime they intridcued electricty and trasnportation

Question 193

How were women viewed and/or treated in the late 1800s/early 1900s? Provide examples.

Answer 193

women were view as miniorties and were treated as so. they were viewed to be in sperate spheres from the men. Women could not vote nor run for elected office

Question 194

Did women have access to education? Explain.

Answer 194

Women only had access to some education. in 1908 Marie Lajoie formed a school for girls.

Question 195

Did women in Quebec have voting rights? Explain.

Answer 195

Women did not have the right to vote until 1918. 1918 - fed gov 1940 - prov

Question 196

Were some people opposed to women’s rights? Who? How did they view women and their role in society?

Answer 196

reformists associations viewed womens as only a maternal place. Meaning they were only meant go do motherly things like take care of education and health

Question 197

How were women NOT treated equally in the workplace? Did women have the same access to different jobs as men example: could women have careers as lawyers?)?

Answer 197

``` Women could only have certain jobs Nurse Domestic Servant Teacher Factory worker Hairdresser some office jobs ALL JOBS WERE SPERATED BY GENDER ```

Question 198

How did women combat unequal treatment?

Answer 198

With women movements | They came together to demand better rights for women

Question 199

Who were suffragettes? What was their goal? Indicate the name of one French suffragette group. Indicate the names of 2 suffragettes.

Answer 199

a women that fights for womens rights. goal was to recveive more rights for women The Fédération nationale Saint-Jean-Baptiste. Caroline Béïque and Marie Lacoste Gérin-Lajoie

Question 200

When did women gain the right to vote in Quebec provincial elections?

Answer 200

1940

Question 201

WHY did WW1 start? WHEN did WW1 start? WHEN did WW1 end?

Answer 201

the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary 1914 -1918

Question 202

What was the ‘Triple Entente’ alliance?

Answer 202

alliance between france, russia and england

Question 203

What was the ‘Central Powers’ alliance?

Answer 203

alliance between germany, austria hungary, and ottomon empire

Question 204

Why did Canada join WW1?

Answer 204

London made the decisions about the country's affairs since canada was part of the british Empire. Canada also had a large amount of voulunteer soliders

Question 205

What is the ‘homefront’-when looking at Canada and wartime?

Answer 205

home front means the civilian population and activities of a nation whose armed forces are engaged in war abroad. For canada it meant it have to mobolize all uts reources, there was a need for increase in military equipement and agriculture, clothing etc.

Question 206

How was Canada’s industrial/agricultural production affected by WW1? Explain.

Answer 206

Canada had to increase production of military equipemnt and clothing for soliders but also increase agriculture to feed the soliders

Question 207

How did wartime production affect the role of women in the workforce in Canada?

Answer 207

Because so many people were leaving for war there was a loss of workers, therefore women got the opportunity to take the place of workers who were at war.

Question 208

What type of political RIGHTS did women in Canada gain during WW1? Be specific!

Answer 208

Women could vote in the fed election of 1917 in place of their male famillie

Question 209

How did Canada PAY for the high costs of WW1? Provide several examples.

Answer 209

Issues Vicotry Bonds -The Victory Bond system was a way for Canada to borrow money from ordinary Canadians and pay them back later, with interest. 1916 : business profit war tax - Required hundreds of Canadian businesses to file a yearly tax return. 1917 : income war tax Act - First personal income tax.

Question 210

What is the ‘WAR MEASURES ACT’? When was it established? Indicate 3-4 elements that fall under the War Measures Act.

Answer 210

the fed gov to make all decisions for the involvment of canada in the war, thye could intervene in intervene in provincial jurisdictions, economic activities, social affairs and civil liberties. 1914 Thye had control over Censorship (an authority’s control over the dissemination of information.) Control prices and wages intervene in sectors of the economy

Question 211

Describe these elements during WW1: Enemy Aliens and internment camps

Answer 211

Enemy Aliens were immgriants from enermy countries (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, the Turkish Empire and parts of Ukraine) internment camps were where they would put the enemy aliens in order to protect canada these camps were horrible: Guards were brutal. There was resistance among many individuals They were used to build roads, clear bush and cut trails. They also worked on logging and mining operations. They were paid less than half the daily wage offered to other labourers.

Question 212

For which reasons did Canada use propaganda during WW1? Indicate at least 2 reasons.

Answer 212

They wanted as many soliders they could get war fever was breaking out

Question 213

How did Canada contribute to the fight in Europe during WW1? (HINT: think manpower)

Answer 213

There were many soliders that fought for canada | over 600 000 men that formed Canadian Expeditionary Force.

Question 214

What was the Conscription Crisis of 1917? Why did it happen? Who did not want conscription? Why? How did the Canadian government react to this (Think about the Military Services Act)?

Answer 214

Most people who when to war were English canadians because french cnadians didn't feel inclined to inlist. There were also troops needed in Europe because the death toll was high. French canadians did not want conscription becuase they did not feel a sense of belonging to british empire. The Canadian gov adopted Miliatary Servcies Act and imposed conscription which made men between 20 and 45 who were single or widowed without children to join the war

Question 215

How did the Canadian government demobilize soldiers at the end of WW1? Give at least 2 examples.

Answer 215

With demoalization programs to slowly reintergrate them into civilan life they were offered land and pensions to help them.

Question 216

How does Canada gain more autonomy from the British Empire after WW1? (Think about: League of Nations, the Statute of Westminster)

Answer 216

In the league of nations canada was represented as its own nation. The law of Statue of Westminster granted Canada full autonomy

Question 217

What was Canada’s economic situation during the 1920s? Explain with some details on employment and consumption.

Answer 217

The economy was doing great It was a time of prosperity There was an in crease of consumption and purchursing power

Question 218

What types of mass media were popular during the 1920s? Why is mass media and culture becoming popular?

Answer 218

- Radio, movies, nightclubs | There was an increase of properity in the citites allowing people to involve themselves in many different medias.

Question 219

How does the Canadian government get involved in radio?

Answer 219

it created its own radio stattion - CBC - Canadian | Broadcasting Corporation

Question 220

When was the first movie theatre opened in Montreal?

Answer 220

1906

Question 221

What were cabarets? What type of music was popular at cabarets? Why were cabarets super popular in Montreal in the 1920s (think American tourists)? Name 1 popular cabaret during this time period.

Answer 221

they were like night clubs jazz The US have a prohibition law on alcohol but montreal did not so people came to drink and party they essentially allowed a lot of feeling of freedom for people The terminal

Question 222

Did Quebec implement PROHIBITION? How did Quebec intervene in the sale of alcohol in Quebec during the 1920s?

Answer 222

Quebec rejected prohibtion and instead instead they created ‘Commission des Liqueurs de Quebec’ which allowed overseeing the sale and quality of alchool in quebec and give permits to restaurants to sell

Question 223

What was consumerism like in the 1920s? Did people have purchasing power? Why was consumerism increasing during this time? What types of good were purchased? Did people travel in the 1920s? Why? Where?

Answer 223

Consumerism was increasing People were obtaining more purchasing power consumerision was increasing becasue the amount of properisty increased the amount of purchasing power many home appliances and cars Many people were traveling due to the availability of cars They visited areas like Laurentians, Lac-St.-Jean, Charlevoix, Gaspésie

Question 224

Were professional sports popular in the 1920s? Which sports? Which team in Montreal became popular? Why were they popular?

Answer 224

Baseball and hockey were very popular in the 1920s | Montreal canadians because they were a symbol of French Candian culture

Question 225

Describe in your own words, why the 1920s in Canada was called “The Roaring 20s”

Answer 225

Because it was a time of happiness/ prosperity. | Everyone was happen and there was mass consumption and increase of purchasing poower

Question 226

When did the GD start? End?

Answer 226

1930 -1939

Question 227

Which major event ‘kick started’ the GD?

Answer 227

The stock market crash of 1929

Question 228

Which factors caused the GD to begin on ‘Black Thursday’? Describe the ‘steps’ leading up to Black Thursday.

Answer 228

1. over production of goods due to the roaring 20s 2. slow down of production - didnt needs as many workers, employed were laied off 3. Drop in Prices - lower prices - less profit - company value decrease 4. value of companies decrease - triggers the stock market crash because companies try to sell their stocks but no one wants them

Question 229

What was the consequence for employment during the GD? What happened to people who lost their job?

Answer 229

Unemployment rate increased | many people who lost their jobs lost their homes and ended up homeless

Question 230

What was the consequence for industrial production because of the GD?

Answer 230

There was a slow down of prodctuion because there was less need of prodcuts due to the USA stopping the imports from canada

Question 231

What types of CHARITY did we see during the GD?

Answer 231

Soup kitchens and free clothing and haircuts

Question 232

What types of aid did people get from different levels of government during the GD? What are ‘public works projects’? ‘Work Relief Camps’? ‘Direct Aid’?

Answer 232

public work projects - creates jobs for unemployed Work relief camps - camps for men to do construction Direct aid - aid given to citizens like food stamps coupons and tokens for staple foods

Question 233

What was ‘Canada’s New Deal’?

Answer 233

American president Roosevelt planned a massive project through the american fed gov

Question 234

How does Canada get ‘pulled’ from the GD?

Answer 234

WW2

Question 235

Why did Quebec try to implement AGRICULTURALISM during the GD? (NOTES 2.11)

Answer 235

To try and protect Quebec and the French Culture

Question 236

What is capitalism and why did people stop trusting it during the 1930s?

Answer 236

peopel stopped trusting it due to the unemployment and homelessness that was thought to be linked to large companies seeking profit

Question 237

What is COMMUNISM?

Answer 237

for capitlism to be repalced with communal control

Question 238

Which communist political party was established in Canada during the year 1921?

Answer 238

Communist party of Canada

Question 239

What is SOCIALISM?

Answer 239

ideoloy of that defends the GREATER GOOD meaning the gov should have a greater role

Question 240

Which socialist political party was established in Canada during the year 1933?

Answer 240

Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF)

Question 241

Describe the idea of ‘social credit’?

Answer 241

people should reveive montly allowance to help gain more purschaing power

Question 242

How was/is socialism expressed?

Answer 242

posters strikes lesgislative laws literature

Question 243

What is FASCISM?

Answer 243

promotes tradition, military force, | totalitarianism (dictorship) and extreme ETHNIC nationalism

Question 244

Which people in Canada/Europe represented fascism? How was fascism expressed?

Answer 244

``` Hitler Mussolini blueshirts Adrian Arcand & the National Social Christian Party (Canada) expressed. through propaganda ```

Question 245

Which political party gained popularity in the 1930 in Quebec (Think Duplessis)? Why did they gain popularity?

Answer 245

The union Nationale he was a strong politican that could connect with rural populations He found that there was corruption in the provincial Liberal Party and exploited it

Question 246

What were the main elements of the Union Nationale and Maurice Duplessis?

Answer 246

support catholic church support for rural life anti communisn/anti union minimal gov intervention in economy and social issues

Question 247

Did the Union Nationale involve themselves in: the economy? Social Services? Explain.

Answer 247

There was minimal intervention in both | he wanted the makret to decide how things play out

Question 248

Did Duplessis support: the Catholic Church? Farming? Explain.

Answer 248

he allowed chruchs to control social services, he created law the church wanted and installed a crucifix in the national assembly For farming he establith agricultural credits for farmers to pay off their debts and expand their lands

Question 249

How did Duplessis feel about Unions? What was the ‘Padlock Law’ established in 1937?

Answer 249

He did not like unions | Gave the gov power to padlock any building that promoted communism

Question 250

Describe Keynesianism.

Answer 250

The theroys of John Maynard Keynes gov should spend money to invest in infratruture to help buisnesses gov should lower taxes so people can spend more moeny on goods

Question 251

Describe Clerico-Nationalism from the 1920s-1950s. What were the main elements of cleric-nationalism? Who represented cleric-nationalism? How was cleric-nationalism expressed?

Answer 251

essentially nationalism of survival Protect French canadian langage and culture family, Catholicism, rural way of life and the French language/culture Lionel Groulx magazines, writings and paintings

Question 252

How was colonization connected to clerico-nationalism?

Answer 252

promoted colonization during the GD FC and Chruch promoted return to land movement The RCC and FC nationalists believed that agriculture would take people away from the poverty they faced in cities

Question 253

How did Francophones involve themselves in the economy?

Answer 253

they would involve themsevles in the role of businesses and try to take the control of businesses away from anglos

Question 254

Describe the factors that initiated WW2.

Answer 254

``` economic problems due to GD umemplyment rates questions capitalism new fascits parties rules broken by the treaty of Versailles ```

Question 255

How did Canada and other countries react to Hitler AT FIRST?

Answer 255

They knew what he was doing was horrible but they didn't intervene becasue they didn't want to start antoher wrold war. They tohught hitler would eventually stop

Question 256

When did Canada join WW2?

Answer 256

sep 10 1939

Question 257

Who were the Allied Countries?

Answer 257

``` Canada uk france soviet union usa ```

Question 258

Who were the Axis Countries?

Answer 258

Gernmany italy japan

Question 259

Did Canada implement the War Measures Act during WW2? How did the War Measures Act affect Canada on the Homefront? Think about 🡪 the economy, prices of goods, rationing, salvaging, internment camps

Answer 259

gov controled economy controled prices and wages for workers rationing and salvaging (limit of goods) interment camps

Question 260

Did WW2 affect Wartime production? How?

Answer 260

Yes Prodcution increased because canada would use as many resources as possible to hel pthe war effort Which made the canadin economy to BOOM

Question 261

How did Canada pay for the war effort? Indicate at least 2 measures.

Answer 261

Victory Bonds | War saving certifiates - asking people to give money to help

Question 262

Why did the Canadian government want to control prices and wages?

Answer 262

they wanted to make sure the cost of living didn't increase too much and that canadians could live decent lives without the value of the dollar changing

Question 263

Why was there rationing? How did people ration? What items did they ration?

Answer 263

to control the amount of goods each person could buy. to have money for production of war things sugar, tea coffee, meat, butter, maple syrup

Question 264

Why was there salvaging? How did people salvage? What items did they salvage?

Answer 264

matriels were needed for the production of products for war donated and recycling goods recycle/salvage/donate goods that were made out of metal, rubber and nylon and cooking oils/fats for explosives

Question 265

What was the ‘National Resources and Mobilization Act of 1940’?

Answer 265

organization that had troops ready for active force when needed

Question 266

Why was there a plebiscite in 1942? What was the goal of this plebiscite? What were the results of this plebiscite? Did Canada implement conscription in WW2?

Answer 266

it asked the fed gov to release its promise to no conscription it was clear that the FC did not want conscription but it was implented anyways in 1944

Question 267

Describe internment camps in Canada during WW2? Who was placed in these camps? How were they treated?

Answer 267

enemy aliens germany, japan and italy They were treated horribly, same as before

Question 268

How did women contribute during the WW2 war effort? In factories? As part of the military in any way? Explain.

Answer 268

they played a large role on the homefronts but also as milairrty nurses and drivers, mechanics, radaor operators, laundry and cooking.

Question 269

Were women in the military treated the same as men? Explain.

Answer 269

there was alot of sexism and prejudices towards women | they recveid lower pay than men

Question 270

How did people resist the Nazis in Europe?

Answer 270

Helping Jewish people escape or hide Not going along with nazi policies Using counter nazi propaganda Providing information to the Allied countries regarding Germany military operations Partisan actions 🡪 sabotaging German military operations

Question 271

What was D-day? Why was this considered to be the largest military operation in history?

Answer 271

britsh, canadian and american went inland on normandy. | one of the moments that really turned the tide for WW2

Question 272

What social measures did the Quebec government implement during WW2?

Answer 272

act for compuslary school attendence until age 14 | unepmloyment inssuracne progran

Question 273

What political measure did the Quebec government implement during WW2?

Answer 273

womans right to vote in prov | labour realtions act

Question 274

What economic measure did the Quebec government implement during WW2?

Answer 274

creation of the wubec hydro electric commision (Hydro QUenec) department of indsutry and commerce

Question 275

After WW2, how was the world divided (hint: ‘Cold War’)?

Answer 275

By superpowers essentialy, USA vs Soviet Union | Eastern block countries of europe were part of the soviet uinon and western parts were infulened by USA and UK

Question 276

What condition were European cities in after WW2? Who was responsible for helping rebuild Europe?

Answer 276

The cities were in shambles | both canada and us

Question 277

How does American investment benefit Canada’s economy?

Answer 277

American companites needed more resrouces from canada inscreasing their exports

Question 278

After WW2, Canada intervened in the Canadian economy. Indicate 2 measures taken by the Canadian government to intervene in Canada’s economy.

Answer 278

increase interest rates when economy was doing well when economy was doing well - gov spent less money when economy was doing bad - gov spent more money progams to help canadian hospitals

Question 279

Did the Union Nationale government in Quebec handle intervention from the federal government? Did they accept it? Why or why not?

Answer 279

They rejected alot of the interventions because quebec wanteed to make their own rules to protect their culture

Question 280

Did the Union National government invest in INFRASTRUCTURE to help the exploitation of natural resources? How (think railways)? Which regions in Quebec were used for the exploitation of iron ore?

Answer 280

yes, they expanded railways and connected ports on the north shore of the st laurence river

Question 281

How did the Duplessis government modernize agriculture? What type of infrastructure did the Duplessis government provide to rural regions?

Answer 281

they added to access to electricity to farms

Question 282

The Duplessis government DID NOT want to take care of social services like education and healthcare…. Which group was put in charge of social services in Quebec under the Duplessis government?

Answer 282

RCC

Question 283

Did the RCC do a good job taking care of education and healthcare in Quebec in the 1940s/1950s? Explain.

Answer 283

no, these scocial services were falling behind. There was lack of trained staff, low graduation rates, no full health insurance programs

Question 284

How did the Duplessis government handle unions and worker strikes?

Answer 284

he used violence to break up strikes and unions

Question 285

What happened during the Asbestos/Thedford Mine strikes of 1949?

Answer 285

workers went on illegal strikes and police used force to break it up. the wrokers got very little from this strike

Question 286

How did artists and intellectuals feel about the traditional/conservative Duplessis government? Did these artists and intellectuals believe in secularism? What is secularism?

Answer 286

they were opposed to the dupliessi gov. They were more of secular view. meaning that idea of the chruch and state being sperpate. the church is only used for releigous purposes

Question 287

Was there an increase in consumerism in Quebec in the 1950s? Why?

Answer 287

mass consumption occured because there was an increase of purchsing power due to wages increasing

Question 288

How did American culture influence consumerism in Quebec in the 1950s? Explain.

Answer 288

there was an rise of american products found on quebec, COCA COLA, PEPSI, FASTFOOD Quebecers were influenced by American cultural values of individual freedom and individual success/prosperity 🡪 consumerism connected directly to these values

Question 289

What was the nickname given to the time period after WW2 which saw a sharp increase in the birth rate? How did governments react to this spike in births? (think schools, etc.)

Answer 289

The baby boom | the gov releiased they needed more schools and daycares and roads with the increasing pop

Question 290

Which immigrants were favored to immigrate to Canada from 1945-1960?

Answer 290

western europe and united states

Question 291

Were residential schools till operating between 1945-1960? Did the treatment of the children change? Or was it the same as before? What type of education were Indigenous children offered in these residential schools?

Answer 291

Yes, Children were still facing horrible treatment | they received cathloc or protestant education

Question 292

Describe the event 🡪 “High Arctic Relocation”. Who was affected? Why did this happen?

Answer 292

the Canadian government forcibly relocated Inuit from Quebec to islands in Canada’s “High Arctic” The government of Canada wanted to make sure Canada held control over Arctic shipping lanes and needed people to occupy territory next to these lanes

Question 293

When did Indigenous people in Canada gain the right to vote in FEDERAL ELECTIONS?

Answer 293

1960

Question 294

When did the Duplessis Era (otherwise known as “The Great Darkness”) end?

Answer 294

1960

Question 295

What was/is the St. Lawrence Seaway? Why was it built? When was it built?

Answer 295

direct route to and from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean The need for transport into the continent was great 🡪 many manufacturing cities in the ‘heart’ of the USA Raw materials could be shipped to these cities and finished products could be exported from these cities 1950-1959

Question 296

When did Newfoundland join the Canadian federation (Canada)? Why did it join?

Answer 296

April 1st, 1949 | aise living standards for Newfoundlanders.

Question 297

When was the Fleurdelise flag established (The Quebec flag)? Why was it established?

Answer 297

1948 members within the Quebec provincial government were unhappy with the Red Ensign flag being used in Quebec

Question 298

What were the Maurice Richard riots? Why did they happen? What were they a symbol for in Quebec?

Answer 298

Riots because Maurice got suspended off the ice Many French Canadian fans saw this suspension as an injustice committee by Anglophone ‘elites’

Question 299

Why was the 1960s in Quebec called ‘The Quiet Revolution?’

Answer 299

Quebec saw massive amounts of change… however, this change was done WITHOUT the use of violence that was sometimes seen in other revolutions

Question 300

Which political party won the 1960 Quebec election? Why did they win? Who was the leader of this party?

Answer 300

The Quebec Liberal Party Lesage and the Liberals won on a political campaign that promised change Jean Lesage

Question 301

What was the goal of the Lesage Liberals for Quebec at the start of the 1960s?

Answer 301

Lesage and the Liberals won on a political campaign that promised change 🡪 a move away from the traditional values that Duplessis held for 16 years… Lesage promoted a WELFARE STATE in Quebec

Question 302

What is a ‘Welfare State’?

Answer 302

a government that looks after its citizens and their health, social/economic well being by creating laws to achieve this/these goal(s)

Question 303

What is SECULARIZATION and how did the Lesage Liberals SECULARIZE social services in Quebec at the start of the 1960s?

Answer 303

The RCC becoming less and less invovled Started the seculizarzation of education and healthcare \

Question 304

Name some problems the education system in Quebec was having at the start of the 1960s.

Answer 304

Outdated facilities Lack of training for teachers by the RCC = unqualified teachers Lack of instruction in the sciences/technical trades Too much of a focus on religious instruction Not preparing students for the real world Different education for boys and girls

Question 305

What was the name of the commission that was to investigate the problems faced by the education system in Quebec at the start of the 1960s? What was the name of the report this commission released to identify the problems/solutions to Quebec’s education system starting in the early 1960s?

Answer 305

Parent commision | parent report

Question 306

Which reforms were suggested by the report for the education system in Quebec at the start of the 1960s?

Answer 306

High quality PUBLIC education that did not change throughout the province (every child in Quebec should get the same education) Co-education (boys and girls in school together) 6 year elementary program, 5 year high school program and a 2-3 year pre-university program 🡪 CEGEP Creation of COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOLS 🡪 larger high schools that offered both academics and vocational training (trade school) 🡪 this began in 1965

Question 307

Name some problems the healthcare system in Quebec was having at the start of the 1960s.

Answer 307

lack of health care prgrams | people had to pay our of pocket moeny

Question 308

Name some reforms introduced by the Lesage Liberals to make healthcare more accessible for all Quebeckers in the first half of the 1960s.

Answer 308

Hospitals Act - Removing rcc Any type of healthcare institution had to have a government permit in order to provide any type of healthcare services In addition 🡪 all healthcare institutions had to have a group of doctors that oversaw the procedures 🡪 this power was taken away from religious groups

Question 309

What measure did the Quebec government take to help protect workers starting in 1965-1966?

Answer 309

pension plans

Question 310

What is ECONOMIC NATIONALISM?

Answer 310

the government has a strong place | and some control within the economy

Question 311

What are CROWN CORPORATIONS?

Answer 311

This was a company setup and owned by the Quebec Government

Question 312

How did the Lesage Liberals take control of the economy and implement ECONOMIC NATIONALISM with regards to natural resources? Give some examples.

Answer 312

Establishing several CROWN CORPORATIONS: 1962 🡪 Societe Generale de Financement (SGF) ``` 1964 🡪 Siderurgie du Quebec (Sidbec) crown corporation that processed iron-or into steel for export 1965 🡪 Societe Quebecoise d’Exploitation Miniere (SOQUEM) mining companies exploit minerals in Quebec ```

Question 313

How did the Quebec government in the 1960s move to promote Quebecois culture? What was a consequence of these actions to promote Quebecois culture?

Answer 313

In 1961 🡪 establishment of the Department of Cultural Affairs In addition 🡪1961 saw the establishment of the Office du Film du Quebec 🡪 a government organization that help financially support Quebecois filmmakers many veneues created around quebc

Question 314

What step in 1961 did the Lesage Liberals take to promote and protect the French language in Quebec?

Answer 314

Office Québécois de la Langue Français

Question 315

Provide an example of a cultural venue built by the Quebec government in the first half of the 1960s.

Answer 315

PLaces des arts

Question 316

How did Quebec, during the 1960s, promote itself as a partner (cultural/economic) to foreign countries like France?

Answer 316

“Maison du Quebec”

Question 317

What are ‘civil servants’? How did the number of civil servants change in Quebec during the 1960s? Why did this number change?

Answer 317

People who work for the government needed more govermenets new role

Question 318

How did the province of Quebec become more favorable to unions during the Quiet Revolution?

Answer 318

The Lesage Liberals established laws that were inclusive | towards unions in Quebec

Question 319

Which political party took power in Quebec in 1966? Who was the leader? Why did they win?

Answer 319

union natinale daniel johnson The Lesage Liberals spent a fair amount of money from 1960-1966 🡪 putting Quebec in lots of debt 🡪 forcing taxes up The Lesage Liberals were not a cohesive team as they had been in 1960 and 1962 The Union Nationale party ALSO offered modernization for Quebec and even more AFFIRMATION with the slogan “Québec d’abord” (Quebec first)

Question 320

Which educational reform did the Union Nationale introduce in 1967?

Answer 320

cegeps

Question 321

When did the Legislative Assembly change to ‘The National Assembly’?

Answer 321

1968

Question 322

Which law was introduced in 1969 to protect and promote the French language in Quebec? Which changes did this law bring to Quebec?

Answer 322

Act to Promote the French Language in Quebec (BILL 63) Parents could choose the language of instruction of their children French as a second language was introduced in Anglophone schools The government promoted the integration of immigrant children into French schools (BUT THIS WAS NOT MANDATORY…YET)

Question 323

What impact did educational reforms have on school enrollment in Quebec after 1961?

Answer 323

More children stayed in school longer An increase in Francophones staying in school An increase in Francophone females staying in school

Question 324

How did the “Confédération des Travailleurs Catholiques du Canada” change in 1961?

Answer 324

“Confédération des Travailleurs Catholiques du Canada” becomes “Confédération des Syndicats Nationaux” (CSN) 🡪 a non-religious union

Question 325

How did the role of Francophones in the business world change during the 1960s?

Answer 325

Because of the establishment of crown corporations dedicated to helping finance businesses in Quebec 🡪 more Francophones were able to start small businesses and large, multinational corporations

Question 326

What is Quebec Neo-Nationalism? How is it different from French-Canadian Nationalism? What are some major beliefs of Quebec Neo-Nationalism?

Answer 326

focused on belonging to Quebec as a territory and pushed for a new name: ‘Quebecois’ rather than ‘French Canadian’ The promotion of the Quebec economy, culture and French language turned into a political idea 🡪 Quebec should separate from Canada and fully acquire its own sovereignty independent form Canada

Question 327

Who is René Lévesque? What did he do/become in 1968?

Answer 327

member of PQ By 1968 🡪 the RN, RIN and MSA merged together to form the Parti Québécois (PQ) 🡪 a political party that is still found in Quebec today

Question 328

How did Quebec show ‘its openness to the world’ in 1967?

Answer 328

Expo 67

Question 329

What problems did the Federal government find with regards to bilingualism in Canada in the 1960s? What did the federal government do to try and fix these problems?

Answer 329

worried about the french culture The Candian Prime Minister, Lester B. Pearson, created the “Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism” The goal was to study biculturalism and bilingualism across Canada

Question 330

How did the demographics of Quebec change during the 1960s with regards to: Birth rates? Explain why. Diversity? Explain why.

Answer 330

Falling birth rates in Quebec More women in labour market birth control changes of values More diverse immigration and cultural communities in Quebec/Canada Abolish restrictions placed on immigrants from non-Western countries

Question 331

What consequence did immigration after 1967 have on Quebec’s territory (think food and where you can buy food)

Answer 331

more diverse cultures and religions to explore. | More diverse restaruants

Question 332

What did Quebec establish in 1968 to have more control over immigration to Quebec?

Answer 332

Quebec’s Ministry of Immigration

Question 333

Did consumerism grow in Quebec during the 1960s? Explain why.

Answer 333

YES Wages in Quebec continue to increase on average The price of goods drop in the 1960s 🡪 more people can afford more goods Innovation/technology help create goods that were not available before 🡪 need of the population are met beyond what was possible in previous decades Increase in time spent on leisure 🡪 goods to satisfy/occupy leisure time Advertising 🡪 “Keeping up with the Jonses” 🡪 people didn’t just buy goods for practicality 🡪 people bought goods because advertising told them to and because people wanted to show off affluence (wealth)

Question 334

What were the negative consequences of consumerism in the 1960s?

Answer 334

DEBT More products meant more waste 🡪 landfills, pollution, etc.

Question 335

Name 3 factors that contributed to economic growth in the 1960s?

Answer 335

Public investment increase of amufacturing housing counstrtuin increases

Question 336

How did the government invest in infrastructure in the 1960s?

Answer 336

New elementary/high schools, hospitals, university buildings and offices for government departments ``` Roads, highways, bridges, hydroelectric dams and public transportation (the Montreal metro) ```

Question 337

What happened to housing construction in the 1960s in Quebec? Why did this happen?

Answer 337

increased more demand for houses Population growth + increase in wage/purchasing power

Question 338

What happened to manufacturing in the 1960s in Quebec? Why did this happen?

Answer 338

increase Greater purchasing power Increased demand for manufactured goods

Question 339

What consequences could be seen as a result of factories becoming more efficient and automated in the 1960s?

Answer 339

less jobs in manufacturing but creating jobs in technology smaller companies could not keep up with larger companies and may have went bankrupt

Question 340

How did the development of Toronto have an impact on Quebec/Montreal in the 1960s?

Answer 340

Toronto 🡪 became the leader in terms of | economic and population growth in Canada

Question 341

What is an URBAN AGGLOMERATION?

Answer 341

a large city AND its surrounding areas | suburbs

Question 342

What is a SUBURB? Name some suburbs of Montreal.

Answer 342

areas around cities | West Island/South Shore/ Laval

Question 343

Why did people choose to move to the suburbs in the 1960s?

Answer 343

The influence of car culture coming from the United States | helped continue to push the growth of suburbs

Question 344

What is URBAN SPRAWL?

Answer 344

living father and farther and farther away | from the city

Question 345

What consequences did urban sprawl and suburbs have during the 1960s (and now too)?

Answer 345

traffic jams long rush hours pollution from cars

Question 346

How did attitudes amongst young adults (“Baby Boomers”) change in the mid to late 1960s?

Answer 346

theyquestioned the ideas and values of their parents

Question 347

What is COUNTERCULTURE?

Answer 347

There was a rejection of material goods and material success 🡪 this ideology of rejection was called “counterculture”

Question 348

How did traditional values in Quebec change during the 1960s with regards to: Marriage and divorce? Explain. The Catholic Church? Explain.

Answer 348

Marriages became less common and people in Quebec often chose to live in common law relationships Divorce was more prevalent 🡪 especially after federal laws made getting a divorce easier church attendance shrank from 61% to 30% all due to the change of attitudes

Question 349

How did the rights of women change in Quebec after 1964? Which player helped push for this change?

Answer 349

married women could make important decisions that affected the home without their husband’s consent Kirkland-Casgrain with the creation of “Act Respecting the Legal Capacity of Married Women”

Question 350

How did a woman’s right to have an abortion change in Canada after 1966? What were the circumstances of this change?

Answer 350

abortion was allowed under certain circumstance 🡪 the health of the woman was the main factor considered 🡪 3 doctors had to agree

Question 351

What change was brought to the Canadian Criminal Code with regards to same sex relationships in Canada after 1969? Did this change have an impact on certain peoples’ attitudes on same sex relationships?

Answer 351

Bill C-150 which decriminalized same sex relationships this did not stop people from harassing men and women involved in same sex marriage

Question 352

What did Pierre Elliott Trudeau want to change regarding indigenous status in Canada (in 1969)? Did the government make this change? Explain why or why not.

Answer 352

wanted to get rid of special status for indigenous people, withdraw the Indian in full and get rid of treaties signed in the past (including the abolition of reserves) No because the indigeous did not agree to it

Question 353

Which political party won the Quebec provincial election in 1970? What was the name of the leader of this political party?

Answer 353

Liberal party won | Robert Bourassa

Question 354

Which political party won 7 seats in the 1970 Quebec provincial election and what was the name of the leader of this political party? Why was this significant?

Answer 354

PQ Rene levesque Second most popular votes

Question 355

What did the Bourassa Liberals do in 1975 to promote human rights in Quebec?

Answer 355

adopted the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms This charter outlines rights that Quebeckers hold within the province 🡪 including rights from safety to dignity to privacy (and many other elements)

Question 356

What is the name of the large hydroelectric project started by the Bourassa Liberals in 1973? In which region was this project established? (make sure you can find it on a map)

Answer 356

The James Bay Hydroelectric Project La Grande River - Part of James Bay Middle left of map

Question 357

Name 3-4 environmental/social impacts this project had on the environment and people living in the region this project was established.

Answer 357

Mercury pollution Climate change in regions developed for the project Impact of water flow modifications Habitat destruction Changes in migration routes of animals Disruption of traditional way of life/traditional activities of indigenous groups 🡪 the Cree and Inuit people

Question 358

Name 2 groups of Indigenous people affected by this hydroelectric project.

Answer 358

inuit and cree

Question 359

How did the Quebec government move forward with this hydroelectric project after disputes with Indigenous groups in the region? Name 2 concessions given to these 2 groups.

Answer 359

“The James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement” was signed in 1975 protection of culture and traditional life of inuit and cree 2 school boards for the cree and inuit

Question 360

Name 2 things Indigenous groups fought for in the 1970s.

Answer 360

demand change in how they can govern themeselves and gain more autnomy

Question 361

Who were the Front de Liberation du Quebec (FLQ)? What were their goals? Why could they be considered a terrorist group? Make sure to indicate some events that took place in the 1960s.

Answer 361

nationalists that tried to use violence to achieve their goals. sovereignty for Quebec used violence and attacked places/businesses/organizations they saw as symbols of “British colonialism and Anglophone power” Canadian military barracks are bombed in March 1963 The RCMP headquarters in Westmount in bombed in April 1963 New Years 1969 🡪 Montreal City Hall attacked with bombs February 1969 🡪 bombing of the Montreal Stock Exchange September 1969 🡪 bombing of Montreal mayor 🡪 Jean Drapeau was bombed

Question 362

What was the October Crisis? Which events during the October Crisis triggered the WAR MEASURES ACT to be enacted? Who called for the WAR MEASURES ACT to be enacted? What were some of the consequences of the WAR MEASURES ACT?

Answer 362

A dozen members of the FLQ kidnaped a British politician named Richard James Cross 🡪 they would not release him unless FLQ ‘political prisoners’ were released a letter written to him on October 15th by Bourassa triggered act Trudeau The Canadian army was brought into Montreal Police could search houses, etc. without a warrant Arrests could be made without any reason 🡪 500 people were arrested within 24 hours without knowing the charges or access to a lawyer Curfews at night 🡪 people had t be how at a certain hour

Question 363

What is a Labour Confederation?

Answer 363

an organization that ties together | many unions

Question 364

Describe relations between the Quebec government and unions in the early 1970s.

Answer 364

Unions beleive the gov only did things to benefit the wealthy

Question 365

What is a Common Front? How was a common front used by unions in 1972? What was the consequence for union leaders during the common front in 1972?

Answer 365

when different labour confederations join together and take action to pressure the government The CEQ, FTQ and CSN joined together and 210,000 workers went on strike The leaders of each union were sent to jail because the government claimed the strikes were illegal and the government issued an injunction to force workers back to work

Question 366

What was the name of the federal commission that investigated the status of women in Canada in 1970? What conclusion did this commission come to?

Answer 366

“Royal commission on the Status of Women in Canada” women were not treated as such in society and the workplace equal to men

Question 367

Indicate 3-4 demands made by women/feminist groups in the 1970s.

Answer 367

Pay equity Right to abortions (without constraints) Maternity leave Child care services

Question 368

Who was the FLFQ? What did they demand?

Answer 368

Front de Liberation des femmes du Quebec women needed to break free from traditional views of women

Question 369

What types of social issues did artists advocate for in the 1970s?

Answer 369

Women’s rights Workers The unemployed

Question 370

Did artists advocate for Quebec Nationalism? If so, how? Provide examples.

Answer 370

Music events that were connected to Quebec nationalism were also quite popular

Question 371

What was the cause of the Oil Crisis of 1973?

Answer 371

Egypt and Syria invaded Israel Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) supported Egypt and Syria 🡪 these nations were responsible for exporting most of the oil to North America

Question 372

What were the consequences of the Oil Crisis of 1973?

Answer 372

increased the price of oil and limited their production shortage of oil stopped economic growth

Question 373

Why did Pierre Elliott Trudeau want to patriate the Canadian Constitution in 1971? How did he go about trying to do so?

Answer 373

to take any control the British Parliament might have over the Canadian Constitution meetings were held to discuss the ‘power-sharing’ responsibilities of the federal and provincial governments

Question 374

Was the Victoria Conference a success? Explain why or why not.

Answer 374

no because full amending formula was not reached

Question 375

What was ‘Bill 22’? What other name was given to ‘Bill 22’? What were the causes of ‘Bill 22’? Name 2 consequences of ‘Bill 22’. How did Anglos and allophones react to ‘Bill 22’?

Answer 375

“Official Languages Act” 🡪 known as “Bill 22” Concern that the French language was continuing to lose out to English in Quebec French became the ONLY official language of Quebec English schooling became limited for immigrants Anglophones and allophones considered this law to be discriminatory

Question 376

What was the consequence of the Health Insurance act of 1970?

Answer 376

this allowed Quebecers access to | free medical services

Question 377

What was established to help provide Quebeckers with free healthcare services in 1974?

Answer 377

``` government established the Centres Locaux de Services Communautaires (CLSC) ```

Question 378

Which political party won the Quebec provincial election in 1976? What was the name of the leader of this political party? Name one important part of this party’s political platform.

Answer 378

PQ Rene Levesque a plan for Quebec sovereignty

Question 379

How would the PQ ask Quebecers if they wanted Quebec sovereignty? Did they ask as soon as they were elected? Explain why or why not.

Answer 379

Referendum no, would need to prove that they were capable of running a province before they asked to separate Quebec and make it an independent nation

Question 380

What was the goal of the 1971 federal policy on multiculturalism?

Answer 380

to encourage equality amongst different | cultures within Canada

Question 381

How did immigration to Canada change after the Immigration Act of 1976? Describe the different ‘classes’ of immigrants.

Answer 381

``` 3 ‘classes’ of immigrants: Independent immigrants no family connections in Canada A ‘family class’ of immigrants who had immediate family members Refugees left their country of origin ```

Question 382

What reasons could the government turn away immigrants after 1976?

Answer 382

Health Public safety Criminal background Violent behavior or possibility of violent behavior Fraudulent immigration applications

Question 383

Which determining factor allowed immigrants to settle in Quebec? Name 2 groups of immigrants that settled in Quebec (in large numbers) in the late 1970s.

Answer 383

French Haitians 🡪 leaving Haiti because of Jean Claude Duvalier’s dictatorship Vietnamese (8000 in 1979)🡪 escaping a communist regime after the Vietnam War 🡪 see an interview with a CBC journalist about escaping Vietnam

Question 384

What is ‘Bill 101’? When was ‘Bill 101’ implemented? What other name is given to ‘Bill 101? What were the causes of ‘Bill 101? Name 2 consequences of ‘Bill 101. How did Anglos and allophones react to ‘Bill 101’ soon after its implementation? What did many corporate head offices do after the implementation of ‘Bill 101’?

Answer 384

``` law that make sure French remained the language used in many areas of society in Quebec 1977 “Charter of the French Language” or Bill 1 many allophone immigrants arriving in Quebec who integrated into English communities affected: Education ``` Commerce Workplace communication Media this law was restrictive and infringed on their rights they then left settle in other parts of Canada 🡪 Toronto, Calgary, Vancouver are good examples 🡪 Anglophone EXODUS

Question 385

What was/ is the ‘Rand Formula’?

Answer 385

workers who were unionized must | now pay into union dues from their wages

Question 386

Name some consequences of the “Act Respecting Labour Standards”?

Answer 386

The minimum wage of workers in Quebec Breaks workers get while working Vacation time Sick days Maternity leave for female employees Work performed by people under 18 years of age

Question 387

What is the “Act to Govern the Financing of Political Parties”? Why was this law implemented? How did this law affect the financing of political parties? Name 2 consequences.

Answer 387

a set of rules that dictated how people could donate money to political parties so large corporations and wealthy citizens could not use their political views to influence financing of political parties should balance the financial aspects of elections ONLY individual citizens could donate money to political parties 🡪 NOT businesses, unions, lobby groups, etc. Individuals could only donate $3000 maximum to a political party

Question 388

Name a cause and consequence of the “Act Respecting the Preservation of Agricultural Land”

Answer 388

This land was also being developed creation of ‘agricultural zones’ in Quebec that were reserved for agriculture only and a commission to oversee the protection of these zones

Question 389

Which event in 1979 hurt Quebec/Canada’s economy? Indicate a consequence of this event.

Answer 389

oil crisis | price of oil up causing inflation

Question 390

Which 1978 agreement was added to the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement? Why was this agreement added?

Answer 390

The Northeastern Quebec Agreement expanded the territory that could be exploited by the Quebec government

Question 391

How did the Quebec government, in 1977, take measures to protect victims of automobile accidents?

Answer 391

The Automobile Insurance Act | Société L’assurance Automobile

Question 392

Which Quebec provincial party implemented the 1980 referendum?

Answer 392

PQ

Question 393

What was the goal of the 1980 referendum?

Answer 393

sovereignty-association

Question 394

What does Sovereignty- Association mean?

Answer 394

politically separating Quebec from the rest of Canada while maintaining economic ties with Canada

Question 395

What does ‘renewed federalism’ mean?

Answer 395

idea that Canada would review and reconsider some of the demands made by Quebec 🡪 more autonomy WITHIN Canada

Question 396

What were the final results of the 1980 referendum?

Answer 396

The ‘No’ side 🡪 59.6% of the vote The ‘Yes’ side 🡪 40.4% of the vote NOT PASSED

Question 397

What happened during the 1982 Constitution/Constitutional Act? What was the goal of these meetings?

Answer 397

Pierre Elliott Trudeau made another attempt to patriate the Canadian Constitution several meetings with the premiers of the provinces to negotiate a deal

Question 398

How did Rene Levesque feel betrayed during the meetings during the 1982 Constitution/Constitutional Act? What was the result of the betrayal for the Quebec signing of the Constitution/constitutional Act of 1982?

Answer 398

becasue he was left out of the meetings Quebec did not sign the new agreement The Constitutional Act 1982 did not define Quebec’s status and distinct character within Canada

Question 399

Which Prime Minister initiated the ‘Meech Lake Accord’? When was the Meech Lake Accord?

Answer 399

Brian Mulroney | 1987

Question 400

What was the goal of the Meech Lake Accord?

Answer 400

negotiations with Quebec to pursue | reconciliation with Quebec after the “Night of Long Knives”

Question 401

Did Quebec sign on to the Meech Lake Accord? What elements did Quebec demand if they were to sign the accord?

Answer 401

sighned as long as Quebec was recognized as a distinct society Quebec could have the right to veto (block) any change to the Canadian Constitution if it affected Quebec in a ‘negative’ way Quebec had the right to withdraw from federal programs (like childcare allowances) Quebec held more power to elect judges within the federal government Quebec held MORE power in the area of immigration

Question 402

How did the Meech Lake Accord fail?

Answer 402

``` Manitoba did not agree a member of Manitoba Legislative Assembly, Elijah Harper, voted ‘NO’ Meech Lake did not recognize Indigenous rights ```

Question 403

What was the Belanger-Campeau Commission? What conclusion did this commission come to?

Answer 403

``` to look at Quebec’s status within Canada and to look at Quebec’s future within Canada the commission suggested that another referendum on Quebec sovereignty be held 1990 ```

Question 404

What was the Allaire Report? What was the conclusion from this report?

Answer 404

``` set up to look at options for Quebec moving forward after the failure of the Meech Lake Accord The report indicated that Canada should grant Quebec more political autonomy and a new referendum on Quebec sovereignty was needed due to the failure of the Meech Lake Accord ```

Question 405

Which Prime Minister initiated the Charlottetown Accord? When was the Charlottetown Accord?

Answer 405

The Mulroney | 1992

Question 406

What was the goal of this Charllotetown accord?

Answer 406

find a common ground which would grant Quebec ‘distinct society’ status while recognizing others such as Indigenous groups

Question 407

Why did this accord fail?

Answer 407

All Canadians were consulted on the accord and almost 57% of all Quebeckers and 54% of Canadians rejected it

Question 408

How did the Constitutional Act of 1982, Meech Lake Accord and Charlottetown Accord lead to the 1995 Quebec referendum?

Answer 408

All of the failed accords would lead Quebec towards another referendum in 1995 Sovereignist ideas began to surface in Quebec by the early 1990s

Question 409

What were the results of the 1995 referendum? Were they similar to the 1980 referendum? Why? Why not?

Answer 409

‘NO’ 🡪 50.58% ‘YES’ 🡪 49.42% results were a lot closer this time

Question 410

What was the goal of the Clarity Act of 2000?

Answer 410

establishes ‘rules’ that would ‘allow’ or ‘not allow’ a province to politically separate from Canada

Question 411

How did the Clarity Act make it more difficult for a province to separate from Canada?

Answer 411

The question that voters answer ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to 🡪 must be CLEAR not complicated The House of Commons (Canadian government) must approve the question In order for any potential of separation 🡪 the YES vote must be a CLEAR MAJORITY A ‘YES’ majority does not mean automatic separation 🡪 it means negotiation with Canada to separate 🡪 Canada does not have to agree to all terms Borders can be changed and Indigenous groups would need to be consulted

Question 412

How did the Constitution/Constitutional Act of 1982 change Indigenous rights in Canada?

Answer 412

address Indigenous issues: Ancestral/treaty land rights It provided a ‘definition’ of Indigenous groups as “Indian, Inuit and Metis”

Question 413

How did Bill C-31 in 1985 change Indigenous rights in Canada?

Answer 413

amended the Indian Act Women who were married to ‘non-Indigenous’ men still held status as ‘Indians’ This changed an amendment from 1869 which removed ‘Indian’ status from women who married ‘non-Indigenous’ men Bill C-31 also allowed bands (groups of Indigenous people) to decide who was allowed to be a member of their band

Question 414

How did the Quebec government recognize Indigenous rights starting in 1985?

Answer 414

Political Autonomy within Quebec Right to preserve, culture, language, traditions Land ownership and marriage Wildlife management in areas designated to Indigenous groups Participation in and profit from economic development 🡪 fancy way of saying give up land for natural resource exploitation Rights to develop distinct nations with their own identities

Question 415

Describe the Oka Crisis: Why did it start? Who were the actors/players involved? What happened during the Oka Crisis? When did it end? What was the result of the crisis?

Answer 415

land dispute between the town of Oka and the Mohawk territory of Kanesatake near Montreal The town wanted to build a housing development and expand a golf course on land that was traditional Mohawk territory Mohawk Warriors vs prov gov road block that lead to hostilities, violence july 11 1990 - sep 26 1990 drew more attention to the treatment of Indigenous groups in Canada and the lack of respect different levels of government had for their land rights

Question 416

What was the goal of the ‘Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples’? Did this commission actually change anything? Explain.

Answer 416

commission to investigate HOW to create better relationships between Indigenous groups, the federal government and Canadian society this meant that the federal government did not follow through on many of the recommendations because they would have the change the candian constitution

Question 417

When was the territory of Nunavut created? Why was it created?

Answer 417

1999 The Canadian government reorganized the territorial borders to create Nunavut at the request of the Inuit

Question 418

What was the ‘Paix des Braves’? What was the goal of the signing of this agreement? What was the outcome?

Answer 418

2002 Agreement between the Quebec government and the Cree nation(s) of Quebec Goal for the Quebec government 🡪 facilitate the development of hydroelectric projects and other types of resource exploitation moving forward From 2002 to 2052 🡪 the government would pay $70 million each year to the Cree nations and the Cree would hold ancestral rights to land In return: The Cree dropped all pending lawsuits regarding land claims The Quebec government now had greater access to the Eastmain river for hydro development

Question 419

Describe the “Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada”? What was the goal of this commission? What was the outcome?

Answer 419

Describe the “Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada”? What was the goal of this commission? What was the outcome? Describe the “Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada”? What was the goal of this commission? What was the outcome? Describe the “Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada”? What was the goal of this commission? What was the outcome?

Question 420

What is GLOBLIZATION?

Answer 420

more connectivity between nations Technology and telecommunications allowed for this connectivity

Question 421

How has Canada’s military been involved on the international scene since the 1980s? What types of situations would push Canada’s military to get involved in international and national (within Canada) events?

Answer 421

Canada’s involvement is seen by its involvement in international organizations Countries ‘in crisis’ Terrorism Any form of extremism (political, ethnic, cultural, religious)

Question 422

Which international organizations has Canada joined since the end of World War 2?

Answer 422

NATO

Question 423

Which event forced the Canadian government to place a focus on terrorism? What has Canada done since this event?

Answer 423

911 Other Canadian agencies involve themselves in making sure Canada is secure: The Department of National Defence Canada Border services Agency Public Safety Canada Foreign Affairs Canada Citizenship and Immigration Canada Transport Canada Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS)

Question 424

‘Recession’ mean?

Answer 424

a period of time where the economy of a | country/province/region is struggling

Question 425

‘Period of growth’ mean?

Answer 425

The economy is doing well

Question 426

‘Primary/Secondary/Tertiary sector’ mean?

Answer 426

of the economy: jobs that include natural resource exploitation (mining, etc.), farming, hunting, fishing, of the economy: Manufacturing (making/building goods) of the economy: Service industry 🡪 providing services 🡪 lawyers, media jobs, information and technology industry, financial consultation, teaching,

Question 427

‘Unemployment rate’ mean?

Answer 427

The percent of a specific | population that does not have a job

Question 428

‘Mortgage rates’ mean?

Answer 428

the interest the home buyer pays on | the loan given by the bank

Question 429

What are the causes and consequences of the 1980s recession (for Canada)?

Answer 429

less exports meant mines, factories, etc. shut down 🡪 people lose their jobs due to USA held back on importing goods Unemployment rates went from 5.5% in 1973 to 12% in 1982/1983 decrease in manufacturing Mortgage rates in the 1980s peaked at 20%...

Question 430

What were the different opinions on how the government should ‘help’ during the 1980s recession? Think about the difference between INTERVENTIONIST and NEO-LIBERAL. What did each side want the government to do?

Answer 430

INTERVENTIONIST: Invest money into the economy by building infrastructure and paying for programs to help the unemployed 🡪 this means government goes into debt Focus on corporate taxes Continue to provide government services 🡪 people have the right to these services important part of Quebec’s welfare state Helping the ‘most vulnerable’ citizens is important 🡪 unemployed, elderly, etc. NEO-LIBERAL: the government should spent LESSS money 🡪 force people to fend for themselves and be less depended on government aid Corporations/some ‘right wing’ political parties Welfare state = not good Lower taxes on businesses so they have more money to hire people Government should spend less money on services to reduce government debt Less debt means future generations won’t have to worry about debt

Question 431

What is ‘PRIVATIZATION’?

Answer 431

When a service run by the government or a crown corporation is now in the hands of a private/no-government run organization/company

Question 432

How did the federal government implement privatization in the 1980s/1990s?

Answer 432

They privatized companies that at one time belonged | to the federal government:

Question 433

WHY did the federal government implement privatization in the 1980s/1990s?

Answer 433

All the decisions made by these crown corporations took a lot of time being approved by government 🡪 loss of time = loss of lots of $$$

Question 434

How did the QUEBEC PROVINCIAL government implement neoliberal ideas and privatization in the 1980s/1990s? What are some examples of this?

Answer 434

some government services became privatized | or SEMI privatized

Question 435

How has globalization affected Canadian businesses?

Answer 435

More international trade 🡪 more Canadian businesses | making deals with other countries

Question 436

What are free trade agreements?

Answer 436

An agreement that allows businesses from different countries to sell their products internationally without duties/taxes OR with very little duties/taxes

Question 437

What is NAFTA? Who is involved in NAFTA? When was NAFTA signed?

Answer 437

North American Free Trade Agreement Mexico joined into the agreement (Within NAFTA 🡪 the USA remained Canada’s strongest trading partner) same as other agreement

Question 438

How has NAFTA affected Canadian exports?

Answer 438

increased

Question 439

Have there been any ‘trade disputes’ between Canada and the USA? Provide an example.

Answer 439

There are times where certain products are looked at and one country may think that this product needs special circumstances Softwood lumber/timber is one of those products In Canada 🡪 the government allows lumber companies to cut down trees on government land (“Crown Land”) for a fee 🡪 The USA thinks that the fees charged by the Canadian government are too small which gives Canadian lumber companies an advantage to selling lumber in the USA (they can sell lumber for cheaper) Therefore 🡪 the USA charges extra duties on Canadian lumber even though it is part of NAFTA

Question 440

How have free trade agreements affected Quebec business? Explain how these agreements might affect Quebec businesses in positive ways and negative ways.

Answer 440

Quebec to sell their products beyond Canadian borders 🡪 sell to the international market (which is helpful) this means that international companies can sell their products in Canada 🡪 globalization = more competition (not helpful)

Question 441

How has the Quebec government promoted certain sectors of the Quebec economy?

Answer 441

Lower taxes (for that industry) Access to land/infrastructure to help the business grow Promoting education to train people in a certain sector Subsidies (money given)

Question 442

What does the expression ‘Quebec INC.’ mean?

Answer 442

A name given to the relationship between the Quebec government and large scale companies own by Francophone Quebecers

Question 443

What are MULTINATIONALS?

Answer 443

a business that has branches/offices all over the | world

Question 444

How has the Quebec government helped multinationals in the past?

Answer 444

The government may help these companies by reducing taxes, allowing these businesses to merge to form larger companies, etc. Over time 🡪 few large scale businesses 🡪 however 🡪 each one that was left grew in size 🡪 multinational business

Question 445

What is ‘social justice’?

Answer 445

veryone deserves equal economic, political and social rights and opportunities

Question 446

Provide examples of social justice actions in Quebec

Answer 446

Protests at the “3rd Summit of the Americas” | “Red Square” Student protests

Question 447

What has the Quebec government done in response to social justice actions (think laws/acts)?

Answer 447

Act to Combat Poverty and Social Exclusion | establishment of the Social Solidarity Program

Question 448

What is ‘social economy’? What is the goal of the social economy?

Answer 448

form of improving a community’s economy while considering the needs within the community Social economy usually means providing good jobs for people in a community Fighting poverty within communities

Question 449

Provide an example of an organization practicing social economy.

Answer 449

Light a Dream Candle Shop in Pointe Claire

Question 450

What is the ‘DEVITALIZATION of COMMUNITIES’? How does the devitalisation of communities happen? Where does this phenomenon usually happen (urban or rural areas)? What are the consequences of this phenomenon?

Answer 450

phenomenon experiences a decline in population and/or an ageing population while there is less investment in the community which leads to a drop in available jobs No jobs = people leaving rural the Quebec government decided to push more municipalities to merge together in order to better shares resources and services

Question 451

What is a ‘SINGLE INDUSTRY TOWN’?

Answer 451

Towns that rely on the extraction/exploitation of a certain | natural resource

Question 452

How are DEVITALIZATION of COMMUNITIES and SINGLE INDUSTRY TOWNS connected?

Answer 452

When the economy takes a turn for the worse or this resource is found elsewhere for cheaper 🡪 loss of jobs 🡪 mines/factories close 🡪 services (stores, gas stations, schools etc.) disappear 🡪 the youth leave for larger urban areas for schooling or for work

Question 453

Provide an example of a single industry town

Answer 453

Murdochville, Quebec

Question 454

How have some single industry towns avoided collapsing?

Answer 454

commission was setup to | investigate economic diversification

Question 455

Why and HOW have rural communities lost political influence in recent years? Which regions gain political influence? Why?

Answer 455

As rural towns/regions/municipalities’ populations decrease The regions that grow in terms of population gain new ridings in elections As these regions decrease in population 🡪 regions around urban areas such as Montreal increase in population

Question 456

Why is it becoming more and more difficult for young, potential farmers to enter into the farming sector?

Answer 456

Climate and climate change has made farming even more (than usual) risky 🡪 borrowing money to start your farm may end up in large amount of debt if crops do not grow due to climate Older farmers may find it is more profitable to sell of parts of their farm (land, equipment, etc.) rather than sell to a new farmer 🡪 this is called ‘dismantling’ The price of farmland has increased drastically over the past 2.5 decades

Question 457

There more farms in Quebec now compared to 20-30 years ago? Explain why or why not.

Answer 457

Technology and automation have turned farms into large industries Farms may grow in size as they merge 🡪 creating ‘mega farms’ As farms grow and automation increases 🡪 less farmers actually work on farms

Question 458

What has happened to the average age of Quebec and Canada’s population over the past 2-3 decades? WHY is this happening (think about life expectancy and birth rates)?

Answer 458

average age of the population is increasing ‘Baby Boomers’ getting older combined with low birth rates = an older population

Question 459

What is happening to the population of people 65+ in Quebec?

Answer 459

The number of people reaching age 65 and living | beyond the age of 65 continues to increase

Question 460

As more and more people retire, what happens to the labour market?

Answer 460

not enough people to replace the | retired workers

Question 461

What effect will an increasing number of seniors have on government spending and healthcare costs? Why would this happen? How will this affect personal income taxes of workers?

Answer 461

Increase in seniors = increase in healthcare costs An aging population puts more pressure on the healthcare system in Quebec What will this do to income taxes? They will increase for each person in the workforce!

Question 462

How has/will the Quebec government ‘promote the family’? Why does the government want to do this? Provide examples on how the government will ‘promote the family’.

Answer 462

Provide subsidies and services for families Increase the birth rate in Quebec Subsidized child care services (Quebec government pays for part of a child’s daycare costs) Tax credit if you are responsible for children (pay less taxes or get more money back at tax time) ``` Family allowances (families receive money each month 🡪 amounts vary depending on family income and number of children) ```

Question 463

Has the Indigenous population in Canada grown or shrunk in recent years?

Answer 463

Has the Indigenous population in Canada grown or shrunk in recent years?

Question 464

How has immigration created a balance to birth rates in Quebec?

Answer 464

immigration is the driving force behind the growth of | Quebec’s population

Question 465

What does ETHNO-CULTURAL GROUP(S) mean?

Answer 465

groups of people that have different | cultures, religions, languages, traditions and countries of origin

Question 466

Does immigration create a mono-cultural society in Quebec or a multicultural society? Explain why.

Answer 466

multi becasue it brings in different cultured people

Question 467

In recent years, what has been the concern of some Quebecers regarding immigration to Quebec and INTEGRATION?

Answer 467

Some Francophones in Quebec have expressed concerns that immigrant gravitate to the Anglophone community or that immigrants are not integrating into Quebec society

Question 468

Over the past 2-3 decades, what has the Quebec government done to help promote inclusion towards immigrants coming to Quebec?

Answer 468

``` denounces all forms of racism and racial discrimination forth a policy on immigration and integration called “Let’s Build Quebec Together” ```

Question 469

What is the “Let’s Build Quebec Together” policy? Explain. When was it established?

Answer 469

Quebec is a society where French is the common language of public life Quebec is a democratic society and every person is encouraged to participate within the democratic framework Quebec is a pluralist society 🡪 it respects the diverse opinions of its citizens and encourages them to enter in respectful dialogue on meaningful issues 1990

Question 470

How has Quebec helped immigrants integrate into Quebec society with regards to LANGUAGE?

Answer 470

Quebec is a society where French is the common language of public life “Let’s Build Quebec Together”

Question 471

What is the “Together, we are Quebec” policy? Explain. When was it established? (Page 321)

Answer 471

Another Quebec government policy on immigration called “Together, We are Quebec” The goal of this policy was to establish more effective ways to integrate and francisize immigrants in order for them to feel comfortable participating in Quebec society 2016

Question 472

What does religious neutrality mean? (Page 321)

Answer 472

attitude of a state that does not take a position onreligion

Question 473

Describe the living conditions of some Indigenous communities in Quebec in contemporary times. What are some Indigenous communities lacking? (Page 322)

Answer 473

not good | crowded and poorly bit housing

Question 474

Which factors have contributed to the presence of social issues/problems in some Indigenous communities? (Page 322)

Answer 474

high umempoylment and low wages

Question 475

What was the goal of the 1996 “Royal Commission of aboriginal Peoples”? Did this change anything? (Page 322)

Answer 475

Nothing changed

Question 476

What are some gender equality issues that still exist in modern times? (Page 323)

Answer 476

women vs men in work force

Question 477

What was the ‘Tragedy at École Polytechnique’? Why did this happen? (Page 323)

Answer 477

Marc Lepine ran into Montreal’s École Polytechnique and used a gun to kill 13 female students and 1 employee before killing himself He left a letter stating that he targeted female activists/students

Question 478

What happened to the legality of abortion in Canada in the year 1988? (Page 323)

Answer 478

supreme Court of Canada fully legalizes | abortion in Canada

Question 479

What was the goal of the ‘Family Patrimony Act’? What are some of the elements of this act? (Page 324)

Answer 479

the government of Quebec establishes a law to make sure women are treated fairly after a divorce This law ensures that each person gets equal portions after a divorce or that a widow (er) gets compensation (pension of deceased spouse)

Question 480

What is the ‘Act Instituting Civil Unions and establishing New Rules of Filiation’? When was it established? What were the goals of the act? Explain. (Page 324)

Answer 480

the government of Quebec establishes a law to allow couples to form a ‘union’ rather than a marriage 2002 The ‘union’ can now be dissolved using a notary rather than a judge These couples can be opposite sex or same-sex However 🡪 the couple can only dissolve the ‘union’ if no children are involved

Question 481

What is the ‘Pay Equity Act’? When was it established? (Page 325)

Answer 481

there were still pay gaps between men and women act fixes this Companies with more that 10 employees must pay equal wages for equal work

Question 482

What does ‘gender parity in the workplace’ mean? (Page 325)

Answer 482

Gender parity means that institutions/businesses should | have equal numbers of men and women working

Question 483

What are some of the challenges of single parents or family care-givers? (Page 326)

Answer 483

There are many households where both parents/guardians | work full time

Question 484

How do some people struggle with work-family balance? (Page 326)

Answer 484

there are many single parent households | where the parent/guardian works full time

Question 485

What is the Quebec Parental Insurance Program (QPIP)? When was it established? How does it help parents? (Page 326)

Answer 485

allows workers to get paid leaves when a child is born or when there is an adoption 2006

Question 486

How have employers in Quebec helped create ‘work-family balance’? (Page 327)

Answer 486

Potential to work from home Flexible schedules Reduced hours

Question 487

What is a lobby group?

Answer 487

a group that tries to influence a government’s | decisions

Question 488

What did Anglophone lobby groups try to do after the establishment of Bill 101? Name 1 Anglophone lobby group in Quebec after the establishment of Bill 101.

Answer 488

an Anglophone rights lobby group that made demands to make English a second official language in Quebec Alliance Qc

Question 489

What changes to signage (signs inside/outside businesses and public buildings) occurred after the establishment of Bill 101 (in Quebec)?

Answer 489

French could be the dominant language of | signage (more French/in bigger writing)

Question 490

How do English and French signs vary in terms of visual dominance after Bill 86 in 1993?

Answer 490

Allowed bilingual signage indoors and outdoors French had to be visually dominant This applied to commercial (stores, restaurants, etc.) and public (libraries, city hall, etc.) signs

Question 491

How has the language of instruction changed since the establishment of Bill 101?

Answer 491

children MUST attend French school institutions unless 1 of their parents attended an English school within Canada

Question 492

What loophole can be used by immigrants in order to eventually send their children to English public schools? How has this loophole changed?

Answer 492

if a student attended a fully private (not funded by the government) school for 1 year 🡪 students could then attend a public English school Students must spend a minimum of 3 years at a fully private English school before they move to a public English school

Question 493

How are school boards after 1998 different from before 1998?

Answer 493

public schools were now divided by language

Question 494

What is the status of Indigenous languages in Canada in modern times?

Answer 494

Indigenous languages are threatened

Question 495

Is the Inuit language, Inukitut, threatened?

Answer 495

YEs

Question 496

What is the cause of the issue of threatened Indigenous languages?

Answer 496

many Indigenous people in Quebec do not speak the language of their ancestors

Question 497

What is the ‘Cultural Industry’?

Answer 497

part of society that promotes Quebec | culture

Question 498

What are the goals of the “Politique Culturelle du Québec”, established in 1992?

Answer 498

Affirm Quebec’s cultural identity (make sure Quebec holds on to its own culture) Support (publicity and $$$) Quebec artists and culture Make sure citizens have access to cultural events (free events, Quebec government helps fund cultural events)

Question 499

How has the Quebec government taken measures to support arts and culture in Quebec since the “Politique Culturelle du Québec”?

Answer 499

Programs to fund initiatives such as Indigenous radio stations, museums, art/music training program, etc. were established

Question 500

Are Quebec artists making their mark on the world? What has made this possible?

Answer 500

Thanks to support from local communities and possible funding from the federal/provincial governments Accessible arts education may also play a factor 🡪 affordable CEGEP/university programs for artists, etc.

Question 501

What is ‘La Grande Bibliothèque’?

Answer 501

government library that holds every form of media that was published in Quebec or that connects to Quebec in one way or another: Music, books, historical documents, etc. Any publication that has at least one Quebecois author This dates back to the times new france

Question 502

What is an “Information Society”? How has the information society developed over time?

Answer 502

society that develops based on the integrated technologies such as the internet, smartphones, etc. The internet was established as a tool used in peoples’ daily lives / the 24 hour news cycle with specialized news stations such as CNN 2000s 🡪 Social networks like Facebook 2010s 🡪 predominance of ‘smart phones’ and access to social media and the internet in the palm of a person’s hand

Question 503

How are people using the internet? Has internet usage increased over the past 15 years?

Answer 503

Search for information Entertainment/gaming/streaming Email Social media E-Commerce (online shopping) E-Banking Vehicle for cultural dissemination (ITunes, etc.) Memes (I added this one)

Question 504

What is the dissemination of digital content? How has technology helped Quebec artists? Has technology created competition for Quebec artists trying to share/sell their art (music, films, etc.)?

Answer 504

the internet and information and communication technologies (ICTs) like smartphones This allowed digital content such as books, music, films, etc. to be shared over a wider range of the population and speeds that have never been seen before plan to help support artists and to help them reap the benefits of selling cultural products online

Question 505

How have the Canadian/Quebec governments reacted to the use of technology to share content?

Answer 505

“Copyright | Modernization Act”

Question 506

What is the 24-hour news cycle?

Answer 506

24-hour news channels

Question 507

How has the 24-hour news cycle changed with the emergence of the internet (think websites)?

Answer 507

new providers now offer FREE access to news through their online sites 🡪 creating competition for 24-hour news stations

Question 508

Why is the merging of different news providers a problem for diversity in the media?

Answer 508

the same news story with the | same point of view/angle would be seen many times over

Question 509

How has the environment suffered because of human activity?

Answer 509

threatened ecosystems, and | pollutants cause major problems for the environment

Question 510

What was the “État de l’Environment au Québec, 1992”? What did it find?

Answer 510

Since the 1980s 🡪 overall better air and water quality Better waste management and recycling Problems such as the deterioration of agricultural soil, species extinction and mining runoff contamination

Question 511

How can the different levels of government play a role in helping the environment?

Answer 511

Governments can create laws and enforce these law to protect the environment Governments can also enter into agreements which online the management of the environment

Question 512

What is the “Bureau Publique sur l'Environnement”? What is its mandate (job)?

Answer 512

This government agency was established to inform citizens on development projects (housing, commercial buildings, etc.) and to consult citizens: Possible impacts on the natural environment

Question 513

What are some of the standards the Quebec government will look at with regards to the environment?

Answer 513

standards which it will apply and enforce Standards that frame what a company can or cannot do with regards to environment impacts The government’s job is to monitor companies to make sure they are following these standards

Question 514

How has human activity affected the ozone layer and climate change?

Answer 514

Thinning of the ozone layer

Question 515

Have governments from different countries met to discuss environmental agreements? If so, name 2-3 of them, when they were signed and if Canada agreed to them and upheld these agreements.

Answer 515

🡪20 governments entered into discussions to work towards the protection of the ozone layer “Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer” signed Kyoto Protocol signed

Question 516

What environmental plan did the Quebec government establish in the year 2000? What was the goal of this plan?

Answer 516

“Quebec Action Plan on Climate Change” The goal was to reduce Quebec’s overall GHG emissions 🡪 he government would consider GHGs released in the areas of (among others): Transportation Energy production Manufacturing

Question 517

What is the “St. Lawrence Action Plan”? What is the goal of this plan?

Answer 517

The goal of this plan was/is to protect and conserve the ecosystems that connect with the St. Lawrence River, the Golf of the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes

Question 518

What has been the goal of oil companies in Alberta since the early 2000s?

Answer 518

transporting oil to both the East and | West coasts of Canada 🡪 pipelines

Question 519

Which project was adopted in 2013? What risks did this project run?

Answer 519

TransCanada Energy East pipeline project Resistance to the oil sands and the pipelines 🡪 GHGs emitted from the oil sands and the refining of the oil, destruction of ecosystems because of oil sand extraction, soil and water contamination if a pipeline breaks and spills oil

Question 520

What are the potential dangers of shale gas? What is a moratorium and how does it apply to shale gas in Quebec?

Answer 520

unknown effects on groundwater Exploitation of this resource was placed under a moratorium in 2012 🡪 unknown effects on groundwater

Question 521

Why are landowners upset with a law passed by the Quebec government regarding access to oil and gas?

Answer 521

Quebec government allows oil and gas companies to extract | resources from private property even if landowners refuse

Question 522

Name 2 types of renewable energy.

Answer 522

wind and hydro

Question 523

What are the benefits of renewable energies?

Answer 523

low levels of | GHGs and the fact that they are RENEWABLE

Question 524

What are some of the cons of renewable energies?

Answer 524

River diversion Flooding of areas that were forested Rise in mercury levels affecting fish and mammals Habitats destroyed People living close to wind farms complain about noise emitted by wind turbines

Question 525

Which law was established in 1986 to protect forests in Quebec?

Answer 525

“The Forest Act”

Question 526

What problem did the forestry industries face in 1999? What did the Quebec government do to fix this problem?

Answer 526

overcutting the Boreale Forest the Quebec government set up an inquiry to investigate and the investigation found evidence that the documentary had the right information “Sustainable Forest Development Act”

Question 527

Were there any new acts to fix this problem? Which ones? | forest

Answer 527

Act to Amend the Forest Act” | “Sustainable Forest Development Act”

Question 528

What kinds of environmental impacts does mining have in Quebec?

Answer 528

Mines produce waste which can cause environmental problems | 🡪 contamination of waterways, destruction of ecosystems, etc.

Question 529

What has the government done to stop these impacts moving forward? mining

Answer 529

“Mining Act”

Question 530

What is the ‘Plan Nord’? What is the goal of this plan?

Answer 530

a plan to make sure resource exploitation in Northern | Quebec (North of the 49th Parallel) is sustainable

Question 531

Name and describe 2 natural disasters that occurred in Quebec in the 1990s.

Answer 531

The Ice Storm: January 1998 Montreal, the Monteregie region, Eastern Ontario and Northern New York State and Northern Vermont 100 millimeters of freezing precipitation over 80 hours 30 people dead, half of Quebec without power at one point, over 1000 power transmission towers downed Other issues included lack of heating and a water supply shortage July 1996 🡪 Saguenay-Lac-St.-Jean region 250 millimeters of rain fell in less than a day and a half Flooded roads, landslides and rising water levels People were trapped in their homes Canadian military and Red Cross called in to help 10 people died, 16,000 people evacuated, 50 towns/villages flooded $1 billion in damage Amount of rain and poorly kept dams contributed to this disaster