History Grade 10 review End of Year Flashcards
What document did the Parti Patriotes submit to the British Parliament? What were the demands of this document?
The 92 Resolutions Document.
The demands were
- For a Responsible Goverment
- Full control to assembly for the colony funds
- Elected officlas
- Elmination of corruption in the government
Which events lead to the rebellions of 1837-1838?
- The rejection of the 92 resolutions document and creating the 10 russel resolutions instead
- Patriotes and Louis Joseph Papineau creating demonstrations in response
- Governor banning demostrations
- Resulting in the patriotes turning to violence and clashing with the british soliders
How did the rebellions of 1837-1838 unfold?
Clashed lower canada, in locations like St Eustache, St Denis, Beauharnois and Sorel.
What were the results of the rebellions for the Patriotes?
The patriotes lost because the british soilders were too strong.
It was like regualar people (patriotes) fighting trained soliders.
The leaders were arrested. Some were exiled to Australia and Some were hung in the public square in 1838
Who was Lord Durham? How did he intervene after the 1837-1838 rebellions? What did he suggest in his report?
Lord Durham was a man sent by the British governement to go and investiagate the revolts due to the Rebellions and suggest possible solutions.
He suggested for a
Responsible Governement,
for both lower and upper canada to merge creating United Canada
For the French to be assimliated
For one legislative assembly for the whole colony
Did the British Parliament follow through on his suggestions? All of them?
The British Parliment only followered through on some of his suggestions.
- Unite Upper and Lower Canada to create united canada
- Have one legislative assembly for the whole colony
Which constitution was enacted in 1840? How did this constitution change the territory? Laws of Lower Canada?
The 4th constitution
It merged upper and lower canada together to create United Canada.
There is also only one legislative assembly for the whole colony.
Did the capital of United Canada change over time? How many times?
The capital of united canada changed multiple times over the years.
Describe the organization of the Legislative Assembly of United Canada.
There is now only one legislative assembly for the only colony.
There are 42 deputies from canada east and 42 deputies from canada west
However the legislative council is still appointed by the governor.
Name some of the problems with government/society after the Act of Union.
There was unfair representation within the government
the official langauge spoken is english only
the debts of both canadas are now combined
Canada east had to pay for the spending of Canada West
What is protectionism and how did it apply to United Canada around 1840?
Protectionism is protecting the economy of colonies
In this case Great Britan wanted to protect the exports of the BNA colonies agaisnt others competing countries.
What are PREFERENTIAL TARIFFS and how do they apply to United Canada after 1840?
Preferential Tariffs is the guarantee of paying a good price.
In this case Great Britan bought raw materials from its colonies and guarateded them Preferential Tariffs.
Did some British officials like protectionism for the colonies? Explain why? What is this ideology called?
many people did not.
They believed that is was better to pay less for resources than pay more, meaning they didn’t care about the colonies and their economies.
This ideology is called Economic Liberalism
What was protectionism replaced with? How did this new policy affect timber exports coming from United Canada? Why did this happen? How did this affect jobs in the colony?
Protectionism was replaced with FREE TRADE
This new policy decreased the number of exports coming from UC
This happened because UC now had to compete with other countries to sell their resources.
Because there was a decrease in exports there was also a decrease in jobs.
What was the RECIPROCITY TREATY? How did this treaty help United Canada’s economy? Did it help?
The RECIPROCITY TREATY is a trade deal UC signed with USA.
it allowed minimal duties and taxes on raw materials for both countries.
It helped increase the amount of trades = increasing exports = creating more money
it allowed candian fisherman to use American waters, The st lawrence can now be used to ship for both countries.
When did this treaty end? Why did it end?
This treaty ended in 1865 due to the American Civil War.
The northern states were at war against the southern states
Who were Louis Hippolyte-Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin? What goal/objective did they try and accomplish? Why were they called ‘reformers’?
Lafontaine and Baldwin were both representatives from Canada East and West.
Lafontaine was East and Baldwin was West.
they both wanted change. Lafontaine wanted responsible gov and for french to be regonized as an official language. Bladwin wanted change in the economy.
They were called the reformers because they wanted change.
How did the reformers accomplish this goal?
Because they won the majority of the seats of the assembly in 1848 they had a large voice. So they started pressuring the british parilment to grant responsible gov in UC.
How did the economic situation in United Canada help the Reformers get responsible government?
Because there was no more protectionism and only free trade was in place united canada needed the power to have more control over its economic future.
When was Responsible government accomplished? What does responsible government mean? How did responsible government change the way the government in United Canada was organized?
Responsible Gov was accomplised in 1848.
It means the government is responsible to the people.
The members of the executive council are now elected by the assembly.
the legislative council is appointed by the governor
What was the ‘Rebellions Losses Bill’? Why did it make some people upset? What did they do as a response?
The Rebellions losses Bill was a law established by Lafontaine and Baldwin. It was a law that gave people compensation for the damage left after the rebellions of 1837-1838.
It made some peopel upset because even people who created the damage were getting compensation for it.
In response they burned down the parliment building
Why was United Canada politically unstable by the 1850s? What are political ‘deadlocks’? Why was this a problem?
UC was politically unstable by the 1850s because Canada West had more population than Canada East. Which causes a lot of political Deadlocks
Deadlocks are when 2 political parties cannot come to an agreement.
This was a problem because they had problems passing laws and there was 10 different governements in 10 different years.
Which factors pushed politicians to want a Canadian federation?
- Political Instabilty
- British atitudes towards North American colonies
- need for railway
- threat of american invasion
- weak economy
Who were the 2 political parties in United Canada by the 1850s? Did they hold any common interests? What were they?
The 2 political Parties were the Grits and the Conservatives.
They both held common interests of forming a confederation.
What was ‘The Great Coalition’? Why was it created? Who were the members?
The Great coalition was an alliance between JAM, George Brown and George-Etienne Cartier. It was created in order to steer canada in the direction they want and form a country somewhat independent from England.
What idea did the Great Coalition government introduce to the British Parliament? What would this new idea allow Canada to do?
The Great Coalition introduced the idea of confederation. Allowing canada to be its own country.
When was the Charlottetown Conference? What was discussed at the conference? What was agreed upon at the conference?
The Charlottetown Conference was in september 1864.
the idea of federation
JAM and George Brown convinced the maritime coloniesthat joining federation was a good idea. They also all convinced the martime colonies to hold off on the Union in charlottetown.
They all agreed to have another meeting,
When was the Quebec Conference? What was discussed at the conference? What was agreed upon at the conference? Did all the colonies agree? Why or why not?
October 10th 1864
the establishment of rules for canada to become its own country.
the colonies agreed as long as the rules were in the 72 resolutions document.
This way it would be the foundation of for Canada’s political structure.
**some reactions to this were that people believed that the French Canadians would be washed out in the federal gov.
When was the London Conference? What was discussed at the conference? What was agreed upon at the conference?
1866
the unification of the martime colonies. (Confederation)
only 3 colonies agreed to send a representative to london to propose confederation.
The colonies were United Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
What were the main rules for canada in the 72 resolutions?
- allowing each colony to have equal representation within the federal government
- giving central powers to the federal gov and local powers to provincal gov.
- stronger taxation powers to the federal gov.
- contruction of the railway to connect the maritime colonies and united canada.
What happened on July 1st, 1967? Which 4 provinces were the first to be part of the Dominion of Canada? What did Canada’s constitutional monarchy look like? Explain the federal/provincial system.
The BNAA (britsh north american act) was adopted. This allowed the creation of the dominion of canada The first 4 provinces were Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Canada's Constitutional monarchy was made up of prime minister, his cabinet, the senate and house of commons. prime minister = head of government his cabinet = group of people choosen by minister to advise him in specials areas (finance, labour laws etc) Senate = group of people appointed by the minister from all over canada House of Commons = group of people voted by the population
How did Canada expand its territory after 1867?
canada bought Rupert’s Land (also known as the Northwest Terrtories)
They did this to stop americans from surronding canada and to have more land for immgrants.
Describe Canada’s federal system after 1867 🡪 were powers/responsibilities/jurisdictions shared?
Canadas style of gov was federal.
there was partnership between the fed gov and and provinces
There was set powers for both fed and prov govs.
Name some federal jurisdictions.
- criminal law
- commerce
- military defense
- postal services
- First nation affairs
- Residuary powers
Name some provincial jurisdictions.
- Civil laws
- public land and natrual resources
- Healthcare
- Municipal instituations
- Education
What are RESIDUAL POWERS?
The federal gov had the power to create laws that not mentioned in the BNA Act.
Overpowering the prov govs at some points.
What is the LAW OF DISALLOWANCE?
The federal gov could block laws created by the pronvinces if they went against the best interest of the whole colony. (similar to power of veto)
How did the federal government ‘abuse’ the law of disallowance in the late 19th century? How did provinces pressure the federal government to grant more autonomy to the provinces? Did it work? Explain.
the fed gov had a lot of control over the pronvinces.
In 1871 they took away the right of NB to have gov funded schools seperate catholic schools.
In 1890 took away the right of Manitoba to have gov funded sperate french catholic schools.
In response to these things the provinces came together and demaded more tax reveune from fed gov and demand for the fed to stay out of prov responsibilities.
The federal gov only listened to giving more tax revenue to the provinces
MEANING the fed gov still had power over the provinces…
How did the first phase of industrialization begin?
it began with the devolopement of technologie and the invention of the Steam Engine.
Who are craftspeople/artisans?
They are people who specialized in certain products and made them all by hand.
How did the production of goods change with the introduction of the steam engine? (Think speed and division of labour)?
now that prodcution of goods was mechanized there was an increase in the speed of productions of goods. production was also no longer seasonal.
It also allowed more job oppurtunities because factories were being created.
What was the main source of energy during the First Phase of industrialization?
Coal was the main source of energy
Which sectors were the most popular during the first phase of industrialization (types of products produced)?
Food, leather, textiles,lumber, tobacco, steal and iron.
Where did industrialization happen?
Industrialization happened in urban areas (cities)
Which group invested the most money in Canada during the first phase of industrialization? Americans or the British?
Men of british origin
Describe Industrial Capitalism.
Industrial Capitalism is the industrialization being driven by the force of capitalism.
the quest for money
Who were the main groups that worked in factories?
they were mainly immigrants and francophones
Which forms of transportation (of goods and resources) were the most popular during the first phase of industrialization?
railroads and canals
Why was the Eastern Continental Transportation Network important during the First Phase of Industrialization?
Because it allowed connection between cities.
allowed easy access to raw matriels.
allowed year round work transit.
access to inland terrtories.
How were railways a better form of transportation than maritime (boats) forms of transportation?
Railways were year round and must quicker than using maritime baots. Railways could also go to inland terrtories.
How did cities like Montreal develop maritime transportation (think canals)?
they would use the st lawrence river
they built factories near the water (ports) allowing easy access to ships
they would deepen and widen canals for bigger boats
they would also increase the number of ports
How did Industrialization ‘kick start’ urbanization in the late 19th century?
people began to move out of rural areas and into urban areas for more job oppurtunities.
Describe ‘working class’ neighborhoods in urban areas in the late 19th century. Think about living conditions.
- close to factories
- unsanitary
no running water - crowded
- close together
- many familys in one house
- expensive
- polluted air
- no electricity
Describe ‘upper/business class’ neighborhoods in urban areas in the late 19th century. Think about living conditions.
- away from factories
- clean
- green space
- electricty
- heating
- big and spacious
- running water
What was done in urban areas to combat epidemics in the late 19th century in Quebec?
the creation of the Quebec provincial Board of health
which then adopted Public Health Act
allowing the study of causes of epidemics and contagious diseases and ways to prevent them
What types of PUBLIC transportation infrastructure developed in urban areas in Quebec in the late 19th century?
tramways
Describe working conditions for factory workers in the late 19th century.
- Dangereous
- unsanitary
- very low wages
- long work hours and weeks
- poor ventaliation
- poorly lit
- poor air quality
- poorly heated
Why were children working in factories in the late 19th century?
Because wages were so low famillies needed all the income they could get.
How did workers fight for better working conditions in the late 19th century?
they came together to form workers unions to work to together to demand better working conditions.
They would use pressure tactics like strikes and protests making the gov having to listen to them and make changes.
How did farming/agriculture change in the late 19th century in Quebec?
The reciprocity treaty allowed more diversity in the agriculture productions.
Farmers had more diverse crops like oats, barley, potatoes, buckwheat, raising livestock.
What consequences did the mechanization of agriculture have on farms/jobs on farms?
With the advancements of the dairy industry there faster productions and various products.
But mechanization created less jobs for people because technologie was taking over.
What happened to the Seigneurial system in the mid-1800s?
the abolition of the seigneurial system.
The pariment passed the Act for the Abolition of Feudal Rights and Duties in Lower Canada.
Which got rid of all seigneurial systems.
Which 2 economic sectors required a lot of timber in the late 19th century?
The Pulp and Paper industry
The Lumber industry
Which regions saw the most timber exploitation in Quebec in the late 19th century?
Foresty regions like Outaouais, Mauricie and Saguney
Indicate where the capital for the timber industry came from in the late 19th century.
The capital came from wealthy men of british origin
Who did all the labour for the timber industry in the late 19th century?
The many french candians and immgirants that working in logging camps
Describe life in a lumber camp in the late 19th century.
They worked all winter in these logging camps. staying the the whole winter.
The lunberjacks would cut down the trees
Men would work sunrise to sunset 6 days a week
Anyone who disobeyed orders would be sent home without pay.
it was a dangereous job, frostbite, falling trees, axes etc.
What does exodus mean? What does emigration mean? What does urbanization mean?
exodus means the mass departure of people.
Emigration means people leaving their own country to come and premenantly stay in another (people leaving canada)
Urbanization means the increase of people moving out of rural areas and into urban areas
What was happening to the population of rural areas in Quebec in the late 1800s? Where were these people going? Why?
the population in rural areas was decreasing
many people were going to urban areas due to industrilization
What is a ‘rural exodus’?
industrilzation pushing urbanization.
people were moving to urban areas
Why were many French Canadiens moving to the USA at the end of the 1800s (indicate push and pull factors)? Where did they go?
Many FCs were moving to the USA there was less work due to industrilzation and factories in USA were looking for new workers.
They went mainly to New England states
like Vermont, massucusetts, maine
How did this migration affect Quebec’s population growth? Net migration?
the amount of people leaving were higher than the people coming in, creating a negative net migration.
the population in quebec grew very slowly and remained stagnant.
How did the Quebec government and the Catholic Church try to stop emigration to the USA?
they implemented new colonization programs to solve umeployment problems and get people to stay in canada.
Where were these new areas of colonization located in Quebec?
Saguneay
Lac Saint Jean
Laurentides
Outaouais
Describe the concept of ‘agriculturalism’ in Quebec in the late 19th century. Who represented agriculturalism?
agriculturlism was idealogy of returning to the tradtional way of living.
Antoine Labelle
Honere Mercier
Catholic Church
Where did most of Canada’s immigration come from in the late 19th century? Name the countries. Did this immigration improve Canada’s net migration? Why or why not?
Most immigrants were coming from briths isles, but also northern europe and united states.
Findland, Germany, Sweden.
No, the net migration was negative because there was still more people leaving than coming in.
Why were immigrants coming to Canada?
Many were coming to Canada to escape the Irish Potato Famine
Describe how the health of immigrants arriving in Canada forced the government to take action.
The health of immigrants were not good. Many were sick with dieseases. weak from the famine and in overcroweded and unsanitary ships.
This forced government to create a quaratine island to check in with immigrants before they entered the country.
This island was called Grosse Ille.
Describe how the Catholic Church held influence in Quebec in the late 19th century.
The Catholic Chruch was in charge of a lot of insitutions that were important to quebec.
Education, Hospitals, Charitable Organizations
Name the Catholic bishop of Montreal from 1840-1876.
Monseigneur Ignace Bourget
What is the ideology of ULTRAMONTINISM? What are the beliefs of this ideology? Who represented this ideology?
That the catholic church should be invovled in both spritual and gov matters of canada.
The church should be invovled in all aspects of society.
The pope and the Catholic Church
What sort of influence did Ultramontinism have over society in Quebec at the end of the 19th century? Who represented this ideology?
The Church had a lot of control over the society in quebec. Because they developed the other instituations well they had a lot of people voting for them.
Which laws gave the church power over social services? Which social services did the Church oversee?
Ultramontanism
They oversaw, Hopsitlals, Schools, homes for the elderly, orphanges
What is ‘Nationalism of Survival’? How did the Catholic Church connect to this ideology and French Canadien culture? What was the goal of this ideology?
Nationalism created around the french canadian identity.
The catholic thought that nationalism was the only way for the french candian identity to last.
The goal was to protect the french canadian identity.
How did authors in Quebec play a role in promoting French Canadian identity/Nationalism of Survival?
Many authors would publish their ideas promoting Nationalism of Survival.
What was the École Littéraire de Montréal?
It was a school that allowed the lesson of french poets
What was the role of this school?
The role of this school that allowed others to learn about French poets
What is social reformism?
in idea that advocates change
How were women involved in charitable organizations?
they were mainly composed of anglo women.
French women didn’t have the freedom due to the catholic chruch.
How did many people during the late 1800s see women and their roles in society?
Many people saw them only as ‘housewifes’ and only worked a maternal role.
What is feminism?
movement/ideology that advocates for the recognition of womens rights and gender equality.
Legally: how were women viewed in the late 19th century?
they were minors in the eye of law.
They didn’t have many rights.
Which right did women NOT HAVE during this time period? Was this always the case?
They didn’t have the right to vote.
They could only begin to vote in fed in 1918 and prov in 1940
What other rights did women demand in the late 19th century?
they also demanded the right to run for elected office and to give women university access.
Did McGill University do anything to help women further their education? Did francophone colleges/universities do the same?
McGill opened its door to women in 1884 for only certain subjects.
Philosophy, literature or history.
Franco school would NOT allow women in.
What sectors of the economy did women participate in? Did women have many choices for employment?
Women could only work as
- Nurse
- Facotories
- Teacher
- Domestic Servant
How were women involved in religious life? Did women in this sector play an important role? Explain.
Women played a big role in religious life.
Many would run the schools, orphanages, hospitals and shelters.
How did literature play a role for women in the late 19th century?
Literature allowed women to get their name out there. Because they could now receive some education they had more skills and could publish their work.
Which types of media played a role in helping women get their literary work out to the public?
Journalists and Prints
How did the territory of the Dominion of Canada expand after 1867 to 1873?
it expanded to add 3 more provinces
PEI
Northwest territores
British coloumbia
What was the ‘Dominions Lands Act’? What was the goal and consequence of this act?
Measure implemented by JAM to try and attract immigrants.
It promised immigrants 160 acres of land suitable for farming for anyone over 21.
preventing usa from claiming land.
Who were/are the Metis?
indigenous group that have shared culture and history between eurpeans and indigenous people of canada
Who was Louis Riel?
the head of the National Committee of Metis
What was the cause of the Metis uprising/Red River Rebellion in 1869? What were the consequences of this conflict?
The canadian gov trying to colonize the land where the metis are.
Thomas Scott died.
Canadian gov signed agreement with metis.
Manitoba Act in 1870
Increase of english canadian settlers
canadian gov promised metis title to their land and recongnition of their language and religion.
What demands did the Metis have? How was the province of Manitoba created?
They wanted the canadian gov to recongnize their territorial, religious and language rights.
Manitoba was created when the canadian gov signed the agreement with metis.
What caused the second Metis uprising to happen in 1885?
the extension of the railroad on metis land. intterupting their hunting and fishing
What were the consequences of this second conflict?
Riel surronded to the troops.
Riel was tried for treason.
he was found guilty and was hung in Regina in 1885
What was the Bagot Commission? What recommendations did this commission make? (page 37 of the textbook)?
a commision that impacted canadas policy on indigeinous people.
setting aside land for First Nations only.
When were reserves first created IN LOWER CANADA (page 37 of the textbook)? Why were they created? (page 37 of the textbook)?
They were first created in 1851
They were created for the First Nations
How did reserves affect the lifestyles of Indigenous people/groups in Lower Canada? (page 37 of the textbook)?
They took away First Nations traditional hunting and fishing activites
What was the ultimate goal of the reserve system in Lower Canada? (page 37 of the textbook)?
Free up territore for colonization and the exploitation of resources
What were the ‘numbered treaties’ between the 1870s and 1930s? How did they affect Indigenous people/groups?
numbered treaties allowed the federal gov access and jurisdiction over traditional territores for exchange for certain promises and goods.
for indigenous people it mean’t they could continue to pratice their language and culture.
Who was in charge of ‘missions’ in Canada during the late 19th century?
Catholic and protestant churchs.
What was the ‘Indian Act’? When was it established? Describe some of the elements of this act. What was the ultimate goal of this act?
it was to encourage the First Nations to ‘give up’ their indian status and become civilians.
1876
authorites could intervene in many aspects of lives of indigenous people
choosing the give up their indian status they would be losiong their indentiy, culture and language.
the ultimate goal was to get rid of the first natures culture.
Describe the RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL system. What happened at residential schools? Who was put in charge of these schools? Why were these schools established?
Children would be taken from their families and put into these schools.
They were all given the same clothes and haircuts, they were only aloud to speak the colonizers langauge and learn a christian education. They were not a loud to pratice their own culture.
children face all sorts of abuse.
They were established to remove the indigenous culture
What was the status of Canada’s economy in the mid-late 1870s?
Canada’s economy was not doing great.
American businesses were competing with Canadian businesses.
Leading Canada to decrease in one of their main sources of revenue
What was happening to the prices of Canada’s wheat and timber exports? How would these factors affect Canada’s economy?
they were decreasing due to compettion
These things deprived Canada of their main source of reveune
What policy did John A. MacDonald adopt in 1879?
National Policy
What were the three components of John A. MacDonald’s National Policy? What was the goal of each component?
- increased custom duties : tackle competetion
- Expansion of railway : link provinces and increase trade between regions in Dominion
- population growth through immgration to western canada : attract immigrants to the west to offset the cost of canadian pacific
How was John A. MacDonald involved in the ‘Pacific Scandal’? What was the result of the scandal?
he was accused of accepting election funds from the shipping businessmen hugh allan in exchange for the contract to build the Canadian Pacific Railway.
evidence was found so JAM resigned in 1873
Which ethnic/cultural group played an important role in building the Trans-continental railway? How?
Chinese men.
They lived in makeshift camps where they paied for all their needs.
They performed dangerous work building the railway
Did Western expansion really help the population of Canada grow?
no the population remaied small and unevely distrubuted.
How did French Canadiens view themselves within Canada? How did Honore Mercier address this?
they saw themselves as an miniority within Canada.
he became the defender of French Canadian Nationalism and promoted provincial autonomy.
Why was 1896 a turning point for politics in Canada?
Canada embarked on a period of political and economic change. Wilfried Laurier became the 1st french Canadian to serve as prime minister.
In your own words, describe British Imperialism in Canada in the late 19th-early 20th century. Make sure to indicate characteristics of British Imperialism.
britian trying to influence the political and culrtrial aspects into the the Dominion of Canada
Britan watned to fuse Politics, Military, Economy and Culture with the domnion of Canada.
In your own words, describe French Canadian Nationalism in Canada in the late 19th-early 20th century. Make sure to indicate characteristics of French Canadian Nationalism.
Being proud and protecting the French language, culture and religion.
It was all over Canada, not just Quebec
Demaded a greater autonomy
agaisnt canadas invovlement in empire wars.
How was British Imperialism expressed in Canada? (think places and events)
names of places
Events
Newspapers
sports
Name 1 player/actor (person) that represented French Canadian Nationalism. Describe his views on things such as the Boer War and WW1. How did he express his views?
Henri Bourrassa
He was not in favour of Canada’s involvement in the wars
He expresses he views through his newpapers
Le Devoir and Le nationalist
Explain the differences between British Imperialism and French Canadian Nationalism at the start of the 1900s.
Imperalists wanted to be apart of the British Empire where as Nationalisnts wanted to be independent from the British Empire.
In your own words, where did Sir Wilfred Laurier stand on British Imperialism and FCN?
He wanted to focus on promoting Canada’s autonomy and indentity instead of fighting between imperialits and nationalinsts.
What was/is the Canadian Red Ensign? What does it represent?
a flag from 1868 to represent candian identity and the first 4 provinces of Canada.
Did Sir Wilfred Laurier (2nd Prime Minister) always say yes to British demands? Explain.
no. he would not listen to demands that could poorly affect Canada.
Indicate 2 events that helped shape Canadian Nationalism/ a Canadian Identity that took place at the end of the 1800s/beginning of the 1900s.
The Boer War and the Canadian Navy Bill
Describe the events of the Boer War. When? Where? Who? Why? Who was for the war? Who was against it? Why?
1899-1902
South Africa
Boers against British
The uk wanted to annex the terrtories occupied by the boers because they contained alrge gold deposits.
imperilists were in favour of the war
nationalists were against it because thye felt the war did not concern Canada
How did Wilfred Laurier respond to the Boer War?
he supported canads involvement in the war but did NOT impose conscription
What was the Canadian Naval Services Bill? Who wanted to help the British Navy? Who did not? Why? When was the bill signed?
infience from Britan for canada to build its own navy fleet.
imperialists wanted to help but only with financial assistance
nationalists did not becuase they feared it would invovle canada in future wars.
It was signed in 1910
How did Laurier compromise during the Boer War and the signing of the Naval Service Bill?
he compromised by doing things that were going to benefit canada as well.
Was immigration to Canada in the late 1800s/early 1900s promoted? Why? How did the Canadian government promote immigration to Canada?
Immigration was being promoted for economic growth and to colonize the west
They promoted it with brochures, posters, immigration offices, free land to immigrants and paid passage for immigrants
WHY did immigrants choose to leave their homelands?
they wanted to escape from possible oppressions/persuctions due to race, politics and religion. They also were attracted to starting a new life in canada
Which region of Canada was the focus for the settlement of immigrants in Canada from 1896 to 1914? Why?
the canadian prairies becuase of the block settlements
Immigrants were not just coming from the USA and the United Kingdom… where else where they coming from? What type of immigrants did Canada ‘want’?
they were coming from all over europe and united states.
The ideal immigrants were ones from eastern europe (ukraine, romania, Austria-Hungary and Russia) because they were known to be farmers and hard working.
Did all immigrants settle in Western Canada? Where else did they settle?
many settles in the paries and urban areas
Indicate the elements that made immigration to Canada possible between 1896-1914.
Transcontiental railway
Dominions Lands Act
Advertisments
Grosse Ille
What effects did immigration in the late 1800s/early 1900s have on the DEMOGRAPHICS of Canada?
The population was becoming more diverse.
Which two Western provinces were created because of Western Settlement?
Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905
Why, where and how were block settlements formed in Western Canada from 1896-1914?
formed in the praries because they were populated by one specifc ethinic group
What is XENOPHOBIA and how did effect immigrants in Western Canada and British-Columbia after 1896?
a fear towards people of foerigh origin
There were many anti asian riots
And more taxes put on chinese immigrants
What was the ‘Chinese Head Tax’? Why was it implemented? When was it implemented?
a tax towards chinese immigrants.
English canadians feared that the growing number of immigrants was going to threaten their culture.
1900
Why were the rights and political weight of Francophones decreasing in the late 1800s/early 1900s?
the influx of immigrants decreases the demogrpahic weight of francophone communities
How did the province of Manitoba move to take away schooling in French in 1890?
they adopted an act to abolish the seperate school for Francophones
Indicate what the ‘Laurier-Greenway Compromise’ was. What was the goal of this compromise?
it was a solution to thomas Greenway.
it allowed instruction in french in manitobian schools in classroom with 10 or more franco students
Which other province took action to limit the rights of French Canadiens? What actions did they take?
Ontario
french classes were limited the first 2 years of elementary school
Why was instruction in French creating tensions between French Canadians and Imperialists in Canada?
Because the imperialts wanted to assimilate French Canadians into the canadian society
Describe conditions in residential schools in Canada at the start of the 20th century.
Disease, malnutrition, abuse, forced labour, as well as accidents were the main causes
of death.
Indicate other means taken by the Canadian government to attempt to assimilate indigenous populations in Canada at the start of the 20th century.
they hired more indian agents to monitor affairs on the reserves
What is ‘Social Action’?
The catholic church holding a great deal of moral and cultural influence over the french canadian identity.
Did the Catholic Church (RCC) grow in size during the early 20th century? Explain.
Yes. there was an increase in numbers of popes but the number of followers decreased.
Which social services was the RCC in charge of in the province of Quebec?
charities, schools and hospitals
How did the RCC involve themselves in the daily lives of the general public? In politics? Did this involvement give the RCC power? Explain
the church adopted a new social doctraine that focused on unions and socio-economic inequalities.
Yes the church had power to oversee everything the unions did
Why didn’t the RCC like unions in the early 20th century? How did the RCC try to remove power/influence from unions?
Because the catholic chruch did not have influence over them.
They tried to remove the power by adopting a new social doctrine.
What was the RCC’s ‘social doctrine’? What were the elements of this doctrine? Why did they create the doctrinie in the early 20th century?
it focused on unions and socio-econmic inequalties.
The Catholic Church accepted the presence of unions; however, they would
oversee everything they did
To reduce socio-economic inequalities, the church advocated for solidarity and
charity, instead of using pressure tactics to obtain change.
Created because the church was worried about unions that were foreign and secular
and growing inequalties and poor living and working conditions
What was the ‘École Sociale Populaire’?
organization that played an important role in promoting and applying the new social doctraine of the catholic church.
What were/are cooperatives? Why did the RCC involve themselves in cooperatives?
organizations that promotes the pooling of resources, collective management and profit sharing
Solidarity was part of the new social doctrine, so copperative moevements were a effective way of pursuing social action .
How/why was the education system in Quebec falling behind in the early 1900s? Provide examples.
Very little students study after the age of 12.
French students were very little compared to english students
many kids had to work on farms for their famillies instead
Why were kids dropping out of school during this time period? Did the government do anything about it during the 1920s? Explain.
Kids were dropping out because they had to work on the farms to help support their famillies
in 1923 the duration of elementary schools increased from 4 to 6 years
How was education different for boys and girls?
The boys were trained in business, industry and agriculture
The girls were trained secretaires, homemakers and wives
Were there schools for agriculture? Explain. Provide an example. Did the government of Quebec open up other specialized schools? Explain.
Yes there were.
Macdonald College is an example.
There was more variety of specialized schools
Not only was there agricultural school but there was teacher school and household science school
Indicate and describe the 3 classifications of economic activities
primary sector - exploitaiton of natural resources
secondary sector - proccessing natrual resources into manufactured products
Teritary sector - provision of services
Which factors helped push the 2nd phase of industrialization?
Pulp and paper sector
hydroelectricity
electrometallurgy - producing and working with metals
electrochemistry - transforing and breaking down matter with electrical currents
WHEN did the 2nd phase of industrialization begin and end?
1896 - 1929
Where did the 2nd phase happen? Cities? Periphery regions? Both?
In urban areas
What types of industries became popular during the 2nd phase (that were not popular during the first phase)?
wheat industry and lucrative war industry
What type of energy was used during the second phase? What energy source did it replace?
hydroelectricity
replaced coal
What is Electrometallurgy? Electrochemistry?
Electrometallurgy - producing and working with metals using electrical energy
Electrochemistry - transforming and breaking down matter with electrical currents
What types of people were needed to work in the 2nd phase? Did the 2nd phase continue to develop working class neighborhoods?
In industries like hydroelectricity and mining, specialized workers were needed.
Neighborhoods in working areas of cities continued to be tough to live in. However, we start to see municipal governments start to ‘clean up’ these neighborhoods: sewage systems, garbage collection, etc.
What type of ‘class divide’ do we see in cities during the 2nd phase (continued from the first phase)?
Working Class and Business Class
What type of economic policy did the Quebec Liberal government have between 1897-1936? How did they make a profit from natural resource exploitation?
Economic LIberalism:
which was a therory that defends liberal practices such as free trade of goods, freedom of action for businness people and limited state intervention in the economy.
The state owned the natrual resources which allowed thme to exploit them allowing quebec gov to receive revenue
Who are INVESTORS? How did they make a profit during the 2nd phase?
People that would invest their money into sectors like Pulp and paper, hydroelectricity and minning.
They made profit by investing in growing sectors in the economy eventually bringing them revenue.
Where does investment come from during the 2nd phase? United Kingdom or the USA? Or both? Was there some kind of change in capital investment during the 2nd phase?
Both American and British investors responsed to the Quebec until American investors surpassed the british and become the main foreign investment for canada.
Does Canada send lots of exports to other countries during the 2nd phase? Explain.
Canada’s exports were increasing and becoming more diverse during the 2nd phase.
Foreign countries were in need of raw materials which allowed canada to stimulate their foreign trade.
How does the development of INFRASTRUCTURE help the 2nd phase of industrialization in Quebec? What type of infrastructure do we see developed during the time period? (HINT: think transportation)
helped increase the number of exports canada had. The more modes of transportation for trade the more exports.
There was railways and ports and then in 1914 there was the intriduction of roads and highways which allowed motorized vehicles to create trade.
Describe monopoly capitalism. Provide an example of it in Quebec in the early 20th century. How did a company try to assure that it was the only company to provide a good or service?
It is when a company can market a product without competition and they can assume full control over that production of the prodcut.
It was used as a capilitatist system to maximize profits
Example: Hydroeoectricuty
To assure a product they would buyout competing companies to obtain exclusive right to market and set prices of products
Describe the working conditions for factory workers or workers in mines in the early 1900s.
working conditions still bad. Same as first phase
How did workers stand up against horrible working conditions?
They created Workers unions and came together to demand better working conditions
Demands were : reduced working hours and better protectition for injured workers
How did the Catholic Church get involved in Unions?
by establishing cathlic unions around the year of 1910. which then became secualr during the quiet revlution
Name 1 American union that had influence in Canada/Quebec.
knights of labour
How did unions influence the government? What types of pressure tactics did they use? Did they get results? Explain.
The workers would strike. The gov did not always see this in a positive and instead sent out people to intervene and use force to repress the strikes.
Workers did receive a developing Labour Legislation
What was the Labour Lesgislation?
1909 Workmen Compensation Act : Compensation for workers in an event of an accident
1910 Employment Bureau Act : help workers find a job through creation of employment bureaus
1926 Amendment to the workmens comepnsation act : required workers to be insured so that it could compensate workers even if the company shut down and increased the compensation to employees of up to two thirds of their wages
What were some of the health problems faced by citizens in working class neighborhoods in urban areas like Montreal?
there were outbreaks of dieseases (smallpox, Cholrea, diptheria)
What was the mortality rate of children before the age of 1? What were some causes of this mortality rate?
1 of 4 children died befroe the age of 1
Epdiemics
poor qulaity of water
unpasturated milk
What measures did local (municipal) governments take to combat problems like unsanitary living conditions and high mortality rates?
They added water cholrination and filitration systems and Clinics called Goutte de lait
Indicate some services that were provided by local governments in the early 20th century to make the quality of life better for people living in urban areas. (some revolved around leisure- think ‘GREEN’)
citites began to develop access to green space and overtime they intridcued electricty and trasnportation
How were women viewed and/or treated in the late 1800s/early 1900s? Provide examples.
women were view as miniorties and were treated as so. they were viewed to be in sperate spheres from the men.
Women could not vote nor run for elected office
Did women have access to education? Explain.
Women only had access to some education. in 1908 Marie Lajoie formed a school for girls.
Did women in Quebec have voting rights? Explain.
Women did not have the right to vote until 1918.
1918 - fed gov
1940 - prov
Were some people opposed to women’s rights? Who? How did they view women and their role in society?
reformists associations viewed womens as only a maternal place. Meaning they were only meant go do motherly things like take care of education and health
How were women NOT treated equally in the workplace? Did women have the same access to different jobs as men example: could women have careers as lawyers?)?
Women could only have certain jobs Nurse Domestic Servant Teacher Factory worker Hairdresser some office jobs ALL JOBS WERE SPERATED BY GENDER
How did women combat unequal treatment?
With women movements
They came together to demand better rights for women
Who were suffragettes? What was their goal? Indicate the name of one French suffragette group. Indicate the names of 2 suffragettes.
a women that fights for womens rights.
goal was to recveive more rights for women
The Fédération nationale Saint-Jean-Baptiste.
Caroline Béïque and Marie Lacoste Gérin-Lajoie
When did women gain the right to vote in Quebec provincial elections?
1940
WHY did WW1 start? WHEN did WW1 start? WHEN did WW1 end?
the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary
1914 -1918
What was the ‘Triple Entente’ alliance?
alliance between france, russia and england
What was the ‘Central Powers’ alliance?
alliance between germany, austria hungary, and ottomon empire
Why did Canada join WW1?
London made the decisions about the country’s affairs since canada was part of the british Empire.
Canada also had a large amount of voulunteer soliders
What is the ‘homefront’-when looking at Canada and wartime?
home front means the civilian population and activities of a nation whose armed forces
are engaged in war abroad.
For canada it meant it have to mobolize all uts reources, there was a need for increase in military equipement and agriculture, clothing etc.
How was Canada’s industrial/agricultural production affected by WW1? Explain.
Canada had to increase production of military equipemnt and clothing for soliders but also increase agriculture to feed the soliders
How did wartime production affect the role of women in the workforce in Canada?
Because so many people were leaving for war there was a loss of workers, therefore women got the opportunity to take the place of workers who were at war.
What type of political RIGHTS did women in Canada gain during WW1? Be specific!
Women could vote in the fed election of 1917 in place of their male famillie
How did Canada PAY for the high costs of WW1? Provide several examples.
Issues Vicotry Bonds -The Victory Bond system was a way for Canada to borrow
money from ordinary Canadians and pay them back later, with interest.
1916 : business profit war tax - Required hundreds of Canadian businesses to file a yearly tax return.
1917 : income war tax Act - First personal income tax.
What is the ‘WAR MEASURES ACT’? When was it established? Indicate 3-4 elements that fall under the War Measures Act.
the fed gov to make all decisions for the involvment of canada in the war, thye could intervene in intervene in provincial jurisdictions,
economic activities, social affairs and civil liberties.
1914
Thye had control over Censorship (an authority’s control over the dissemination of information.)
Control prices and wages
intervene in sectors of the economy
Describe these elements during WW1: Enemy Aliens and internment camps
Enemy Aliens were immgriants from enermy countries (Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Bulgaria, the Turkish Empire and parts of Ukraine)
internment camps were where they would put the enemy aliens in order to protect canada
these camps were horrible:
Guards were brutal.
There was resistance among many individuals
They were used to build roads, clear bush and cut trails.
They also worked on logging and mining operations.
They were paid less than half the daily wage offered to other labourers.
For which reasons did Canada use propaganda during WW1? Indicate at least 2 reasons.
They wanted as many soliders they could get war fever was breaking out
