History-Germany Change In Life For The German People 1933-1939 Flashcards
What was the Nazi attitudes and polices towards women
Progress made through women in the Weimar period, made substantial advances in Germany, gaining equal voting right, encourages to get a good education and subsequently a good job especially in law medicine and teaching. If a woman chose they could go out unescorted, follow fashion, wore makeup, smoked and drank in public
Nazi attitude toward women, traditional ideals, reversed many of the gains of the 1920 women. Viewed men as the decision makers, advisors, politicians, while women were home makers and children carers.
They discouraged women from wearing makeup, trousers, high heels and dyeing their hair
How did hitler deal with economic problems
Creation of the national labour severe corps (RAD) 1935, males 18-25 must work in the RAD for 6months, undertaking manual labour jobs. Lived in cams, wore uniforms.
Public work program’s, put to work on work program’s including building the 7000km motorway, tree planting, hospitals, schools, houses
Rearmaments, 1935 the army was increased from100,000 to1,4000,000 by 1939. In 1933 3.5 billion marks was spent on producing heavy artillery system such as tanks
Controls of the economy, 1934 Hjalmar Schacht president if the Reichbank was made economic minister, he believed in deficit spending to crate jobs and memo bills, he designed a 4 year plan. That was mean to speed up rearmament, prepare the country for war and make Germany self efficacy
Invisible unemployment, fell dramatically from 6million in 1933 to 350,000 by1939, however that did nit include the Jews or women dismissed from jobs or opponents of the Nazi
Controls of the workforce, Hitler saw trade unions and socialists and communists, to avoid strikes, he replaced them with the DAF who has controls over the discipline of workers regulating pay and hours
Reward for workforce, loyal workers were rewarded with concert tickets, sporting events and weekend trips by the KdF ‘Joy through strength’
What were the tree main polices aimed at women
The three ks
Children, kitchen, church, they are expected to give up their jobs and start a family
Law for the encouragement of marriage
Provided loans to encourage compile to get married, they were allowed too keep 1/4 of the loan for each child born, up to four.
The motherhood cross medal was introduced to reward women with large families
Life spring- Lebensborn
To boost the population, unmarked Aryan women were encourages to ‘donate a baby to the Fuhrer by becoming pregnant by a pure SS man
How did the Nazis controls education
The teachers had to belong to the Nazi Teachers League they had to promote Nazi ideals in the classroom and swarm an oath to loyalty to Hitler
The curriculum was strictly controlled, 15% of the timetable was devoted to physical education, for boys the emphasis was on preparation for the military, for girls it was needlework and cookery to enable them to become homemakers and mother
Lessons started with the pupils saluting and saying ‘Heil Hitler’, every subject was taught through the Nazi point of view -biology lessons were used to study the racial theory and the importance of the ‘master race’ geography lessons were used to show hoe Germany was surrounded by hostile neighbours
Textbooks were re-written to reflect Nazi views-history textbooks contained a heavy emphasis upon German military glory and the evils of the communism that the Jews were blamed for the problems of the depression
How did The Nazis control German youth
The hitler youth law of the 1936 made it difficult to avoid joining
The second law in 1939 made membership compulsory
By 1939 it has 7million members
Devisions:
6-10 boys-pimpfen (little fellows)
10-14boys young folk, girls young girls
14-18 boys hitler youth, girls German girls league
The Nazi police state
The SS formed in 1925 as a bodyguard for hitler, they were part of the SA, wore black uniforms,lead by Heinrich Himmler. Replaced the SA after night of the long nights. Responsible for removing all opposition of the Nazi. SS had to be pure Aryan race, by1934 the SS numbered 50,000
The Gestapo, set up by Goering in 1933, came into controls in 1936 by the SS, lead by Himmlers deputy, Reinhard Heydrich, they could arrest ‘enemies of states’ without trial. By 1939 160,000 people were under arrest for political crimes
Concentration camps, first opened in 1933 at Dachau and others soon followed at Mauthausen and others, prisoners were classified into categories and wore coloured triangles to denote their crimes
How did the Nazis controls the legal system
Judges and lawyers had to belong to the National Socialist League for the maintenance of the law and order which forced them ti accept Nazi policy, if they refused they were sacked
In October 1933 the German lawyers front was established and in 10,000 members swore an oath is loyalty to the Fuhrer
In 1934 a new peoples court was set up to try enemies of state, by 1939 it had sentenced over 500 people to death, the number of crimes punishable by death rose from 3 in 1933 to 46 in 1943. Including crimes such as listening to foreign radio stations.
How did the Nazi gran controls over the central and regional government
Central government:
Enabling act mean that the Reichstag was no longer needed to pass laws, rarely met after 1933, Germany was governed by the ‘will of the Fuhrer’ and hitler made all key decisions, government politics was carried out by an elite core of Nazi leaders such as Goebbels and Himmler, the civil survive was purged of al, non-Nazi and carried out polices without question
Regional government:
1933 Hitler closed down all state parliaments and divided the country into regions, each headed by a Reich governor, these men were directly appointed by Hitler and had the power to appoint and dismiss the town mayor and councillor and make state laws
Though these means Hitler maintained a tight hold over wheat went in at the central regions and local government
How did Hitler use propaganda and censorship to control Germans
1934 the minster for propaganda was set up under Goebbels, aims- was to control the nations thoughts, beliefs and opinions through these methods
Cinema
All films given a pro-Nazi story, lines and plots were shown to Goebbels before production, shown with all films were official newsreels which glorified Hitler and Nazi achievements
Newspapers
All papers were subjected to strict censorship, editors were warned to only print what the Nazis wanted them too
Rallies
Annual rally mass of over 100,000 was staged on September at Nuremberg to showcase Nazi regimes, music, flags, banners and marching columns followed by a speech by Hitler, crating a spectacular atmosphere
Radio
All radio stations were placed under Nazi controls, cheap mass produced radios were sold, and placed in public phases such as cafés and factories, broadcasting Nazi ideals
Posters
Used to pot across Nazi message as a mass of people could view one poster, put up in public places
Books
All books censored and those published had to put across a Nazi message, over 2500 published were banned, in May 1933 Goebbels organised the mass burning of banned books
The arts
Music, paintings, sculptures, poetry and theatre has to portray Nazis ideals of German life and society and emphasised the ‘master race’ and it’s heroic qualities
What were the measured taken again German Jews from 1933-39
April 1933-boycott of Jewish shops and business
April 1933-Jews banned from working in the civil survive and holding positions such as teachers, doctors, dentists
October 1933-Jews banned from working as journalists
May 1935- Jews banned from entering the armed forces
September 1935- the Nuremberg laws, the Reich law on citizenship took away from Jews the right of German citerzenshio, the law for the protection of German Blood and Honour made it illegal for them to marry or to have sexual relations with Aryans
November-1936 Jews banned from using German greeting ‘Heil Hitler’
July 1938- Jews issued identification cards, Jewish doctors, dentists and lawyers forbidden to treat Aryans
August 1938- Jews forced to adopt the Jewish for mane of ‘Israel’ for men and ‘Sarah’ for women
October 1939- Jewish passports stamped with the letter J
November 1938- night of broken glass, attack on Jewish properties, over 7500 Jewish shops distorted, 400, synagogues brunt down and about 100 Jews killed, over 30,000 Jews arrested and taken to concentration camps, Jews fined 1 billion Reichmarks for the damages caused (all of this was retaliation for the murder of a Nazi officer by a Polish Jew in Paris)
December 1939- forced sales of Jewish businesses
February 1938- Jews forced to had over previous metals and jewellery
April 1939- Jews evicted from there homes and forced to live in Ghettoes
What was the Nazis treatment of the Church
Nazi attitudes to the church
A treat to Nazi polices but realised the importance of its support and Germany was a Christian country, 2/3 Protestants, 1/3 Catholics, many Christians saw Nazism as the protection against communism and an upholder of traditional values
Nazi relation with the Catholic Church
1933 Hitler signed an agreement with the pope, allowing Catholics full religious freedom as long as they did not interfere in politics, Hitler broke this agreement as Catholic schools were taken out if Church controls, catholic youth groups closed and popes harassed and arrested, 1933 pope Pius XI protested against human abuse, resulting in the arrest of 400 Priests who were sent to concentration camps
Nazi relationship with the Protestant church
Many protested Nazism and the National Reich Church, lead by Pastor Martin who openly attacked Nazi ideals, 1937 he was arrested and sent to a concentration camp, the confessional church set yo by him was banned.
Hitlers creation of the National Reich Church
1933 the National Reich Church was set up to Nazify the Protestant church, lead by the Reich bishop, the bible, cross and other religious objects were removed from the Alter and replaced with a copy of ‘Mein Kampf’m a pot rate of Hitker and a sword
Priests and Pastors had to make the choice of staying quite and giving the appearance of conformity or being arrested by the Gustapo, most spotted for conforming
