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History > History Final Exam 8th Grade > Flashcards

History Final Exam 8th Grade Flashcards

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1
Q

1st Amendment

A

5 freedoms:
Freedom of speech - Say what you want as long as it is based on truth (Slander is not allowed)
Freedom of Religion - Any religion you want or none. If religion effects someones rights it can’t happen
Freedom of Press - Media/News Libel is like Slander and is not allowed. both hurt someones character
Freedom to Assemble - ASSEMBLE PEACEFULLY can’t be violent
Freedom to Petition - Petition against something/someone. 150,000 signatures = government has to look at it

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2
Q

2nd Amendment

A

The right to bear arms
To own a weapon (guns)
James Madison said every American should own a gun for protection. States get to make decisions on gun laws. Some let you by a gun immediately others make you wait.

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3
Q

3rd Amendment

A

No quartering of soldiers can be forced. Soldiers can’t force yo to let them stay in your house.

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4
Q

4th Amendment

A

No unreasonable searches. People can’t come into your house and search for things without a warrant. The only thing people can search for in your home and take if found is if it is said on the warrant. Border control does have the power to search through your car.

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5
Q

5th Amendment

A

Jury must determine that there is enough evidence to have a trial and charge someone with a crime.
Double Jeopardy - once ruled innocent can’t be tried with the charge a second time even if later found guilty
No self incrimination - “I plead the 5th” defendant can’t be told to testify against him/her self
Jury is unbiased = made of random people
If charged with the death penalty you spend 20 years on death row
Due Process - order in which events are supposed to happen
Domain compensation - government can take your house if they pay the fair price

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6
Q

6th Amendment

A

Right to a speedy trial - must happen within 100 days
Defendant has the right to a lawyer
Plea bargains - defendant pleads guilty for a better sentence
Right to witnesses

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7
Q

7th Amendment

A

Civil cases can have a jury
example: Neighbor sues you for a loud party
It is a smaller case but it still gets a jury like a criminal case

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8
Q

8th Amendment

A

No torturing or harming on purpose. No excessive bail. If you are found guilty of a crime you cannot pay bail.

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9
Q

9th Amendment

A

Rights that aren’t written down that all Americans have.
example: education

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10
Q

10th Amendment

A

Gives any rights not written in the constitution to the states to decide on. Any power not given in the constitution is also given to the states

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11
Q

Houses of Congress

A

House of representatives - amount of representatives per state based on population
Senate - 2 senators per state

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12
Q

3 Branches of Government

A

Executive - President
Legislative - House of representatives and the senate
Judicial - Supreme Court

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13
Q

Articles of Confederation

A

The documents made before the constitution that were revised during the constitutional convention. Problems occurred in states and we couldn’t pay off debts needed stronger government.

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14
Q

Shays Rebellion

A

Daniel shays = a farmer who wanted to fight in the war but was shot and couldn’t. bought more land to supply food to the soldiers but when war was over he and many other farmers were in debt. They got angry and rebelled. This caused the constitutional convention to happen.

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15
Q

Constitutional Convention

A

Happened because of rebellions across the country and the Articles of Confederation needed to be revised. Legislative issues occurred. Multiple plans were made.
Virginia Plan - made by James Madison (father of the constitution) Strong national government, 3 branches, Bicameral - number of representatives based on population
New Jersey Plan - made by William Patterson, Unicameral - number of representatives are equal
Great Compromise - made by Roger Sherman, 3 Branches, Bicameral - House of representatives based on population while the Senate is equal

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16
Q

Federalists

A

Supported the constitution without a bill of rights. Wanted a strong federal government. Usually the more well off people were federalists (Jon Jay, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton)

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17
Q

Anti-Federalists

A

Afraid of to much power in one place. wanted more power to the states = federalism. Wanted a Bill of Rights. Thought that without a Bill of Rights we were just like Britain. A Bill of Rights was added.

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18
Q

Living Document

A

A document like the constitution that can be changed at any time

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19
Q

Electoral vs. Popular vote

A

Electoral votes are the amount of representatives per state (number on state on an electoral college map)
Popular votes are the votes from the people in the state that decide which person running gets the Electoral votes

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20
Q

Federalism

A

The belief that the states should have more power

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21
Q

Checks and Balances

A

To keep any one branch from getting to powerful

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22
Q

Judicial Review

A

Supreme Court can determine the constitutionality of laws.

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23
Q

Veto

A

The power to veto is the power that the president has to say no to a acts of Congress. So legislative branch doesn’t become overly powerful.

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24
Q

Impeachment

A

A government official being tried for a wrong doing

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25
Q

Bicameral

A

Representatives based on population

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26
Q

Popular Sovereignty

A

more votes win used in vote for Kansas free or slave state. People took advantage of this rule and corrupted the vote. Changed outcome influenced others votes

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27
Q

James Madison

A

known as the father of the constitution. Proposed the Virginia Plan during constitutional convention.

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28
Q

George Washington

A

1st president excellent general. said no more political parties but after he stepped down from president political parties returned.

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29
Q

William Patterson

A

Proposed the New Jersey Plan

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30
Q

Roger Sherman

A

made the Great Compromise.

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31
Q

Double Jeopardy

A

In the 5th amendment says that if you are tried and found innocent you can not be tried for the same subject even if found guilty later.

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32
Q

Manifest Destiny

A

Thomas Jefferson’s belief that the United States’ destiny was to go west and that we had to make it happen.

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33
Q

Louisiana Purchase

A

First Land acquisition (1803)
A purchase from France all the U.S. wanted New Orleans. France needed money and offered all the land they had in North America. U.S. offered 7.5 mil for New Orleans and France lead by Napoleon said they would give us all their land here if we paid them 15 mil. Largest land purchased by U.S. in history. caused some controversy with price.

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34
Q

Florida

A

Second Land acquisition (1819). Bought from Spain after we gave it to them during revolution. Andrew Jackson was chasing after the Seminoles because they were causing problems in Georgia. President said that he couldn’t go into Florida legally. Jackson went into Florida. He bargained with the Spanish and they came to a deal that we would buy Florida for 5 mil.

35
Q

Lone Star Republic

A

Third Land Acquisition (1845). Mexico Declared independence (1821) Santa Anna was a hero like George Washington to the Mexicans. Stephen Austin moved to Texas with three hundred other people three years later there were 25,000 people in Texas. Tension started to build between Santa Anna and them. Alamo in San Antonio Killed by Santa Anna this led to rage in America Sam Houston led men to the battle of San Jacinto (1836). Lone Star republic made by Houston (his country). in 1845 James Polk (president) was given Lone star republic by Houston.

36
Q

Oregon Country

A

Fourth Land Acquisition (1846). Russia, Spain, Great Britain, USA, all were established in Oregon. 49th Parallel line drawn divided Oregon land. Gave America Border with the Pacific. Trade with Asia now available.

37
Q

Mexican Cession

A

Fifth Land acquisition (1848). Border dispute with Mexico in 1846. Polk ordered Zachary Taylor to build a fort right on the border Mexico did the same. A Mexican soldier shot an American. America declared war. only 18 months later (1848) Mexico City had Fallen. We won California and other land.

38
Q

Gadsden Purchase

A

Final land acquisition (1853). Zachary Taylor died in office his VP is Millard Fillmore. America had started making train tracks all across the U.S. We needed the bottom part of Arizona to finish the transcontinental railroad. This was owned by mexico who wanted a ridiculous amount of money (10 mil) for such small amount of land. The U.S. didn’t care bought it and finished the railroad.

39
Q

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

A

The document that was made after Mexico. Gave U.S. California and other land. Gave Mexico 15 mil as a “consolation prize”

40
Q

Mormons

A

They moved west due to religious persecution. Joseph Smith Jr. was the first leader claimed he found a buried book called the book of Mormon. He became power hungry. tried to move to Missouri was run out in Chicago he was shot to death. Brigham Young new leader. took them west and they left their houses on the way to help others. this was not like most people who moved west. Made it to Utah. settled there.

41
Q

Missionaries

A

Religious beliefs shaped how many people thought of the frontier and its possibilities. First Missionaries: Spanish were very forceful with their religion and harmed natives who disobeyed. Native Americans beliefs started to change mixed old and new traditions. Missionaries work changed their beliefs. Missionaries would go west and teach natives their religion. Some ended bad others were good.

42
Q

49ers

A

The 49ers came to California because of the gold rush. arrived in 1849 (49ers). Came from all over the world. California changed drastically because of them. Population exploded during gold rush (1848-1855). Culture changed. The work of the 49ers was difficult. many people weren’t successful in the gold rush a few were. Levi Strauss (made Levi’s)

43
Q

Mountain Men

A

Trappers who moved west and their numbers grew. Most preferred to be alone. It was a dangerous job. They had rendezvous for supplies. they would all meet and get supplies. Their numbers started to dwindle as beaver fur became less valuable and hard to find. They are credited with opening the mountains and helped mapping out and making paths through the west.

44
Q

Pioneer Women

A

Their roles as house wives started to change as they moved west. Homestead Act allowed a head of family to claim land in the west and the head could now be a women. Morrill Act Pushed states in the west to make land grant colleges these allowed women to have a good education. Wyoming was the first to allow women to vote and other privileges. Gender Roles changed they began to start doing mens jobs as they moved. African American women helped build towns and schools. many other large advancements for them.

45
Q

Henry Clay

A

Henry Clay was a politician. He was the person who suggested both the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850.

46
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

The revolution in which America started to use machines and more high tech processing for goods. Why the north was so strong in the war because they had faster production and more goods.

47
Q

Cotton Gin (Whitney)

A

An invention made by Eli Whitney to make processing cotton faster. It took out the seeds from the cotton so it was able to be turned into cloth. Whitney’s goal was to end slavery all together but his invention actually made the declining in slavery stop and slavery boomed back in the south.

48
Q

Steven A Douglass

A

He was a politician who helped Henry Clay with the Compromise of 1850. He also came up with the idea of popular sovereignty which was used in the Kansas election.

49
Q

Frederick Douglas

A

He was an incredibly influential escaped slave who unlike most slaves was literate. He was able to sway people with his words and describe in great detail what it was like for a slave in the south.

50
Q

Francis Cabot Lowell

A

He created the factory system. Made factories were you didn’t have to leave to sleep and could just live there. The working conditions were terrible. He was a major factor in the industrial revolution. His factories helped Union win the Civil War

51
Q

Charles Sumner

A

He was a politician who stood up for what he thought was wrong in the Kansas election (rigged). Called out Andrew Butler for corruption. Butler was not present when this occurred but his relative Preston Brooks was there and he was angry. He started to beat Sumner with his cane.

52
Q

Jefferson Davis

A

He was the president of the confederacy and led them through the war.

53
Q

James Polk

A

Polk was the president who promised America when he was elected that he would expand the nation and he did that by gaining lots of land west (Texas land, Mexican Cession, Oregon country).

54
Q

Zachary Taylor

A

Was president after Polk who died in office. He was the man commanded by Polk to build the fort on the border which ultimately started what we call the Mexican Cession.

55
Q

Lewis and Clark

A

Were told to go west and map it out. Told us of all the resources there. Famed for being the first to map the west.

56
Q

Roger Taney

A

He was considered one of the most racist men in America and was the chief Justice of the supreme court. He was on the Dred Scott Case.

57
Q

Self Incrimination

A

It is said in the 5th Amendment that you can’t be told to testify against yourself

58
Q

Missouri Compromise

A

Made by Henry Clay. Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state and Maine as a free state. The Missouri Compromise line was drawn divided Slave states (south of line) and free states (north of line) one problem Missouri which is now a slave state was north of the line. Temporary compromise.

59
Q

Compromise of 1850

A

Made by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglass. It was the document that allowed California to enter as a free state. It also is what strengthened the fugitive slave act and this angered the north. one reason of war starting.

60
Q

Fugitive Slave Act

A

It was the act that allowed southern slave owners to persue escaped slaves and make northerners return the slaves if seen. angered the northerners because it they found it unfair. Major reason for tension rising and war beginning

61
Q

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

A

written by Harriet Beecher stowe. It was about a slave who accepted his fate and it made northerners see what was happening. It was unheard of for a white women (Stowe) to be writing about a slave like this and it opened the eyes of many people.

62
Q

1860 Election

A

Abraham Lincoln election.

63
Q

John Brown

A

He was a radical abolitionist and thought if he killed all the slave owners that he could free all the slaves. He didn’t end up winning this battle and was killed but it showed people that some white people believe slavery is wrong.

64
Q

Secession

A

The term meaning to leave an organization or seceded from it. The south illegally seceded from the U.S.A before the Civil War.

65
Q

Fort Sumter

A

This was were the first shots were fired of the Civil War P.G.T. Beauregard shot a northern fort because they didn’t leave it when told. Believed that since it was in South Carolina it belonged to the confederacy.

66
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of the North

A

The advantages that the north had were the amount of resources they had available to them. Another one was that they had more people, and more railroads which allowed them to transport goods and people faster. A disadvantage was that the war was mainly fought on southern land so they didn’t know the land well.

67
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of the South

A

An advantage was that they had home field advantage and knew the land better. There were a lot of disadvantages though such as they didn’t have as many railroads, people, resources, Etc.

68
Q

Battle of Bull Run

A

First big battle in the Civil War. Confederacy led by P.G.T Beauregard, and Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson won this battle. Showed that both sides needed better training, and that it was going to be a long bloody war.

69
Q

Battle of Antietam

A

Confederate General Robert E. Lee and Union General George McClellan both had many casualties. Union won this battle. one of the bloodiest in the war. fought in Maryland which was northern land it showed the south were actually fighting and not just “sitting back” and “being peaceful” like Jefferson Davis said at the beginning of the war.

70
Q

Battle of Vicksburg

A

This was a major victory for the Union led by Ulysses S. Grant. John Pemberton the confederate general lost a key battle here. Multiple major outcomes for the north. North now had complete control of the Mississippi River. It also cut the confederacy in half making everything harder for them.

71
Q

Battle of Gettysburg

A

This was the single most bloody battle of the whole war. Led by Robert E. Lee and George Pickett the confederacy lost this battle and ultimately the war. George Meade and Joshua Lawrence Chamberlan led the Union to a very large victory. Confederacy lost about 1/3 of their army in this battle. Last time that the confederacy was on offense in the war and after this Lee was surrounded and forced to surrender in Appomattox Courthouse Virginia marking the end of the war.

72
Q

Emancipation Proclamation

A

This document written by Abraham Lincoln was sent to the south and stated that Slavery abolished in the south. South didn’t really care what it said because they still believed they were their own country.

73
Q

13 Amendment

A

Abolished slavery in the U.S.A.

74
Q

14 Amendment

A

Provides all U.S. Citizens including slaves equal protection under laws.Must use due process on everyone.

75
Q

15 Amendment

A

Every American Citizen has the right to vote doesn’t matter race.

76
Q

Gettysburg Address

A

Speech by Lincoln. Turned battle field into a cemetery and it is saying look at where we are and where we were 87 years ago (when declaration was made) and look what we are fighting over it goes directly against the declaration.

77
Q

Dred Scott Case

A

He was a slave who traveled with his owner. His owner died in a free territory and he didn’t know if he was still a slave or not. He took his case to court. This was the first case of its kind to be seen by the supreme court.

78
Q

Kansas-Nebraska Act

A

This was what allowed Kansas to enter as a slave state after the rigged vote and Nebraska as a free state to keep the balance. This act made many people find what was going on with these elections and acts unfair and this act lead to actions later that helped jump start the war.

79
Q

Goals of the Civil War-North

A

The goal at first for the north was to reunite the nation but as the war went on that shifted to trying to end slavery.

80
Q

Goals of the Civil War-South

A

The goal for the south was that they wanted to be their own country and keep doing what they believe in

81
Q

Abraham Lincoln

A

He was the president during the civil war known as one of the best presidents of all time and he made many acts that showed his beliefs.

82
Q

Assimilation

A

The U.S.A. tried to turn Natives into Americans by using schools and camps where they would be forced to learn European-American culture.

83
Q

Slander vs. Libel

A

Slander and LIbel are both illegal. It is were there is a lie told in speech or press that denounces someones character. Libel is press and Slander is Speech.

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