History Final Exam Flashcards
The 19th century doctrine that westward expansion of the United States was not only inevitable but a God-given right.
Manifest Destiny
A trail from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon that was used by pioneers in the mid-1800s.
Oregon Trail
The fortified former mission in San Antonio that was the site of 1836 defeat and slaughter of Texans by Mexican troops.
Alamo
A preacher who works to renew the importance of religion in American life
Revivalists
Member of the religion which believes that God is a single divine being rather than a trinity
Unitarians
Member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, which was organized in 1830 by Joseph Smith
Mormons
A person who has been freed from slavery
Freedman
A rule lasting from 1836 to 1844 that banned debate about slavery in Congress
Gag Rule
A principle in which the people are the only source of government power
Sovereignty
To withdraw formally from a membership in a group or an organization
Secede
An antislavery political party in the mid-1800s
Free-Soil Party
A system that existed before the Civil War in which African American and white abolitionists helped escaped slaves travel to safe areas in the North and in Canada
Underground Railroad
A law that required all citizens to aid in apprehending runaway slaves; a part of the Compromise of 1850
Fugitive Slave Act
During the Civil War, a state that allowed slavery but remained in the Union: Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri
Border States
A military tactic in which a navy prevents vessels from entering or leaving its enemy’s ports
Blockade
Supplies captured from an enemy during wartime
Contraband
A military strategy in which an army attacks not only enemy troops but also the economic and civilian resources that support them
Total War
A military tactic in which an enemy is surrounded and all supplies are cut off in an attempt to force a surrender
Siege
A certificate bought from the government that promises to pay the holder back the purchase amount plus interest at a future date
Bonds
An 1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens willing to live on and cultivate it for five years
Homestead Act
A belief that the government has any power not forbidden by the constitution.
Loose construction
A belief that the government is limited to powers clearly stated in the constitution.
Strict Construction
A 1794 uprising in western Pennsylvania that opposed the federal excise tax on whiskey
Whiskey Rebellion
An official ban or restriction on trade.
Embargo
A war between the Barbary States and the United States
Barbary War
The 1803 purchase from France by the United States of the territory between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains.
Louisiana Purchase
Members of Congress who pushed for war against Great Britain in the years leading up to the War of 1812.
War Hawks
A canal completed in 1825 that connected Lake Erie too to the Hudson River.
Erie Canal
A road that requires users to pay a toll
Turnpikes
A road by the federal government in the early 1800s that extended from Maryland to Illinois
National Roads
A person who favors native-born inhabitants over immigrants
Nativists
Loyalty and devotion to one’s nation.
Nationalism
An 1820 agreement calling for the admission of Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and banning slavery in the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36℉ 30℉ N latitude
Missouri Compromise
A forced march of the Cherokee Indians to move west of the Mississippi in the 1830s
Trail of Tears
An act passed by Congress in 1830 that allowed the federal government to negotiate land exchanges with the American Indian in the Southeast.
Indian Removal Act
Members of the nationalist political party formed in the 1832 in opposition to the democrats
Whigs
A closed meeting of party members for the purpose of choosing a candidate.
Caucus
Practice of the political party in power giving jobs and appointments to its supporters, rather than to people based on their qualifications.
Spoils System
A theory that states that states could nullify, or void, any federal law they deemed unconstitutional.
Nullification
An 1814 meeting of Federalists from New England who opposed the War of 1812 and demanded constitutional amendments to empower the region.
Hartford Convention
Those who favored loose construction and those who supported strict construction most strongly differed on which of the following issues?
the extent of federal power
In what sense was Thomas Jefferson’s election in 1800 a revolution?
It signaled a shift away from Federalist policy and ideology.
President Jefferson and other Americans were angered by the attack on the Chesapeake because
it represented an affront to the nation’s sovereignty
In the early 1800s, American foreign policy was largely defined by
struggles with Britain and France
Which of the following groups was most affected by the Tariff of 1816?
Farmers
What did the Adams-Onís Treaty do?
It expelled American Indians from American territory
The Tariff of Abominations and subsequent nullification crises signified a growing crisis in the United States over
sectional differences
What effect did the Whiskey Rebellion have on the relationship between the Federalists and antiFederalists?
it intensified their conflict and encouraged the development of two parties
Why was the Battle of New Orleans significant?
Not realizing a peace treaty had been signed, outnumbered Americans fought and won the battle to save New Orleans
In order for the United States to expand westward, with which country would it most likely come into conflict?
Mexico
Based on the area’s geography, into which Spanish territory was the United States most likely to expand first?
Texas
Which of the following compromises offered a solution to the problem posed by Texas?
Acquisition of Oregon Territory
Which population group suffered the most as a result of mining activities and related policies?
American Indians
The work of Henry David Thoreau most supported which aim of the Transcendentalist movement?
to seek truth within the individual and in nature
The Second Great Awakening contributed to increased popular support for which of the following groups?
Social Reforms
What did the Gag Rule demand?
no discussion of slavery take place in Congress
How did industrialization lead to improvements in the status of women?
by providing economic opportunities outside of the home
How did Spanish leaders stimulate New Mexico’s population and economic growth?
By creating alliances with the American Indians
Many of the Mountain Men who created trails through the Rockies saw financial opportunities in
Fur Trading
How was the idea of Manifest Destiny used to justify westward expansion?
Many thought the United States had a right to own all of North America.
The Mexican government hoped that if they allowed Americans to settle in Texas, the Americans would
encourage economic growth
How did the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act affect opinions about slavery in the North?
It drove moderate northerners to side with the abolitionists.
How did the American Party differ from the Free-Soil Party?
The American Party focused on immigration rather than slavery.
Which factor contributed most to President Lincoln’s decision to announce the Emancipation Proclamation in September 1862?
an improvement in the military situation
The Emancipation Proclamation limited the abolition of slavery to certain regions in order to?
maintain the support of political leaders in the border states.
Which statement makes an accurate comparison of Union and Confederate Army policies?(on African Americans)
The Union Army benefited from African American soldiers while the Confederate Army resisted enlisting of slaves.
Which of these events did the most to bring an end to the Civil War?(Battle)
the end of the siege of Vicksburg
Which of these changed most dramatically as the Civil War turned into a prolonged conflict?(How the people view it)
the relative levels of public support enjoyed by the Union and the Confederacy
The founding of the Free -Soil party
called for popular sovereignty as a way to resolve the slavery issue.
One advantage which contributed to the North’s victory was?
strong military leadership under Generals Grant and Sherman.
What major difference between the Union and Confederate armies became apparent during the siege of Petersburg in 1864?
The Union army had superior numbers of replacement troops in reserve.
What was the result of the protective tariff passed in 1862?
Industrial development in the North surged because the tariff made imported goods more expensive.
In 1865, Congress proposed the Thirteenth Amendment, which would
abolish slavery in the United States.
The main reason the Union wanted control of the Mississippi River was to
effectively split the Confederacy in two.
The main idea of President Lincoln’s “Gettysburg Address” was that
the Civil War was being fought to preserve the nation
Why was Pickett’s Charge significant?
Its failure gave the Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg
What did General Winfield Scott’s “Anaconda Plan” entail?
cutting off Confederate supply lines by taking control of the Mississippi River
How did President Lincoln respond to the Confederacy’s attack on Fort Sumter?
He declared the Confederacy’s actions to be an insurrection and asked for volunteers to fight.
Among the events leading to the Civil War
the Compromise of 1859 increases slave representation and hostility between the North and South.
