History Final

Question 1

Reformation

Answer 1

The reform of the Church to Protestantism.

Question 2

The Renaissance

Answer 2

The rebirth/awakening of urban society, secular (worldly) mindset, humanism, art, and intellect, particularly from ancient Greece and Rome ideals.

Question 3

Absolutism

Answer 3

The idea of an absolute monarch ruling completely without government influence.

Question 4

John Locke

Answer 4

A political author from England who argued against absolutism and believed in natural rights (life, liberty, property) and equality of people.

Question 5

Inquisition

Answer 5

A Christian court that tried heretics for crimes against the church and God.

Question 6

Spanish Armada

Answer 6

A fleet of Spanish ships that attempted to invade England but failed due to England’s superior defense and catastrophic storms.

Question 7

Mecca

Answer 7

The holy city of Islam which contains the Kaaba (Black Stone). Muslims are supposed to make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lives.

Question 8

Feudalism

Answer 8

A social system in which people pledged their loyalty and services to their lord in exchange for protection and other benefits (such as land).

Question 9

“God, gold, and glory”

Answer 9

The three primary reasons why European explorers wished to colonize in the Americas (god- conversion, gold- money, glory- fame)

Question 10

Martin Luther

Answer 10

A German professor who noticed deficiencies in the church (corruption) and acted on them by writing the 95 Theses. By doing this, he created a new Protestant branch of Christianity called Lutheranism.

Question 11

Peter the Great

Answer 11

A Russian czar of the Romanov Dynasty who established St. Petersburg, one of his many attempts to Westernize Russia with European influence as a great state with strong military power.

Question 12

Samurai

Answer 12

Japanese knights who fought on horseback in order to protect their lords at all costs. They followed a strict code of law called Bushido.

Question 13

Shogun

Answer 13

A powerful feudal Japanese military leader appointed in order to create a centralized government to strengthen the state.

Question 14

Maya

Answer 14

A Mexican Mesoamerican society located on the Yucatan Peninsula who used hieroglyphics and established a dual-calendar system covering both lunar and solar cycles. They practiced human sacrifices and had brutal forms of sports.

Question 15

Quran

Answer 15

The sacred book of the Muslims (Muslim bible).

Question 16

Hajj

Answer 16

One of the six religious pillars in Islam that emphasizes the need to make a once-in-a-lifetime pilgrimage to Mecca, the holy city of Islam.

Question 17

Kush

Answer 17

A major trading empire in the eastern African area between Egypt and Nubia. It was a mostly urban society and greatly influenced trade throughout all of Africa fro more than 1000 years.

Question 18

Louis XIV

Answer 18

The epitome of the European Absolutist Era, Louis XIV ruled France in a very stern and absolutist way. He created the Court of Versailles to where he moved the capital of France and all of the nobles so that he could control the government and country completely. Economically, Louis XIV introduced mercantilism, the goal of exporting more than importing.

Question 19

Wergild

Answer 19

A Germanic system based on a fine to avoid bloodshed. It was the amount, the value of the victim, paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the person he or she had injured or killed.

Question 20

Charlemagne

Answer 20

Charles the Great, or Charlemagne, was a great king of the Frankish kingdom who established the Carolingian Empire. Charlemagne unified the German, Roman, and Catholic by being elected by the Pope as the German king of the Roman Empire. He also preserved much Latin and Greek literature.

Question 21

Magna Carta

Answer 21

The Great Charter, which was a document of rights which King John of England sealed. It was a feudal document which recognized that the relationship between king and vassals was based on mutual rights and obligations.

Question 22

Byzantine Empire

Answer 22

The Eastern Roman Empire, a civilization with its own unique character that lasted until 1453. It was both a Greek and Chrisitan state, Greek was the main language, as opposed to Latin, and they had their own church. The capital was Constantinople, which was a great trading city, and had wonderful architecture.

Question 23

Crusades

Answer 23

A series of medieval expeditions during the Middle Ages where many Catholic knights, or crusaders, went towards Jerusalem in an attempt to claim the Holy Land for Christians while converting as many people as possible. The crusaders brutally killed and destroyed many towns and cities along the way.

Question 24

Serfs

Answer 24

Peasants who are at the bottom of the Manorial system and were legally bound to the land of their lord’s manor in agricultural labor.

Question 25

Guilds

Answer 25

Guilds were a Renaissance innovation of creating groups of like-minded craftspeople = business association

Question 26

Kublai Khan

Answer 26

A truculent ruler of the Mongolian Empire who created a vast empire that was strong and wealthy. He also established the Yuan Dynasty in China. He was the grandson of Genghis Khan.

Question 27

The Black Death

Answer 27

A devastating epidemic that spread throughout Europe, mainly by rats infested with fleas. It’s considered the most detrimental natural disaster in European history, decreasing Europe’s population by nearly 50%.

Question 28

Montezuma

Answer 28

The Aztec king Montezuma helped create a vast Aztec Empire in Central America and was a prominent ruler of integrity. His reign was ended by the Spanish Conquistadors who kidnapped Montezuma and killed him after looting his regal city.

Question 29

Machiavelli

Answer 29

A great Italian author, most famous for his powerful political thesis The Prince which stated the princes don’t have to be moral in their service. His views on politics have had a profound influence on political leaders who lived after him.

Question 30

Michelangelo

Answer 30

A great Italian painter, sculptor, and architect of the Renaissance. He is regarded as one of the greatest artists of the Renaissance, and of all time.

Question 31

Triangular Trade

Answer 31

The trade route which began in Europe, went to Africa, and then landed in the Americas. The Europeans brought manufactured items like guns and traded them for slaves in Africa, and traveled to America where they traded the slaves for raw crops like cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane..

Question 32

Inflation

Answer 32

The rapid increase of prices due to the decrease in value of currency.

Question 33

Divine Right of Kings

Answer 33

The belief that all kings receive their power from God and are responsible not for the people, but only for God.

Question 34

Oliver Cromwell

Answer 34

The head of the New Model Army, who, like most men at his time, believed he was fighting for God. He executed King Charles I of England and became the military leader of England. He ruled until his death in 1658, and the kingship of England was restored after his death.

Question 35

Joan of Arc

Answer 35

A religious French peasant woman who, with her persuasive efforts, inspired the French soldiers, so much so that they conquered a great piece of land due to her selfless inspiration.