History Final Flashcards
peculiar institution
A phrase used by whites in the antebellum South to refer to slavery without using the word slavery. (page 484)
Old Southwest
Region covering western Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas, where low land prices and fertile soil attracted hundreds of thousands of settlers
Cotton Kingdom
Cotton-producing region, relying predominantly on slave labor, that spanned from North Carolina west to Louisiana and reached as far north as southern Illinois.
planters
Owners of large farms in the South that were worked by twenty or more slaves and supervised by overseers
plantation mistress
Matriarch of a planter’s household, responsible for supervising the domestic aspects of the estate.
plain white folk
Yeoman farmers who lived and worked on their own small farms, growing food and cash crops to trade for necessities.
slave codes
Ordinances passed by a colony or state to regulate the behavior of slaves, often including brutal punishments for infractions.
mulattoes
Mixed-race people who constituted most of the South’s free black population.
field hands
Slaves who toiled in the cotton or cane fields in organized work gangs
spirituals
Songs with religious messages sung by slaves to help ease the strain of field labor and to voice their suffering at the hands of their masters and overseers.
Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)
Insurrection in rural Virginia led by black overseer Nat Turner, who killed slave owners and their families; in turn, federal troops indiscriminately killed hundreds of slaves in the process
Unitarians
Members of the liberal New England Congregationalist offshoot, often well-educated and wealthy, who profess the oneness of God and the goodness of rational man.
Universalists
Members of a New England religious movement often from the working class, who believed in a merciful God and universal salvation.
Second Great Awakening
Religious revival movement that arose in reaction to the growth of secularism and rationalist religion; spurred the growth of the Baptist and Methodist churches
frontier revivals
Religious revival movement within the Second Great Awakening, that took place in frontier churches
Mormons
Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, which dismissed other Christian denominations, emphasizing universal salvation and a modest lifestyle; Mormons were often persecuted for their secrecy and clannishness.
transcendentalism
Philosophy of a small group of New England writers and thinkers who advocated personal spirituality, self-reliance, social reform, and harmony with nature.
Temperance
A widespread reform movement, led by militant Christians, focused on reducing the use of alcoholic beverages.
cult of domesticity
A pervasive nineteenth-century ideology that urged women to celebrate their role as manager of the household and nurturer of the children.
Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
Convention organized by feminists Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to promote women’s rights and issue the pathbreaking Declaration of Sentiments.
Declaration of Rights and Sentiments
Document based on the Declaration of Independence that called for gender equality, written primarily by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and signed by Seneca Falls Convention delegates in 1848.
utopian communities
Ideal communities that offered innovative social and economic relationships to those who were interested in achieving salvation.
American Colonization Society
Established in 1817, an organization whose mission was to return freed slaves to Africa
Abolition
In the early 1830s, the anti-slavery movement shifted its goal from the gradual end of slavery to the immediate end or abolition of slavery.
Underground Railroad
A secret system of routes and safe houses through which runaway slaves were led to freedom in the North.
manifest destiny
The widespread belief that America was “destined” by God to expand westward across the continent into lands claimed by Native Americans as well as European nations.
Overland Trails
Trail routes followed by wagon trains bearing settlers and trade goods from Missouri to the Oregon Country, California, and New Mexico, beginning in the 1840s.
Oregon fever
The lure of fertile land and economic opportunities in the Oregon Country that drew thousands of settlers westward, beginning in the late 1830s.
Texas Revolution (1835–1836)
Conflict between Texas colonists and the Mexican government that resulted in the creation of the separate Republic of Texas in 1836.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
Treaty between United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican-American War.
Wilmot Proviso (1846)
Proposal by Congressman David Wilmot, a Pennsylvania Democrat, to prohibit slavery in any land acquired in the Mexican-American War.
popular sovereignty
Legal concept by which the white male settlers in a new U.S. territory would vote to decide whether or not to permit slavery.
Free-Soil party
A political coalition created in 1848 that opposed the expansion of slavery into the new western territories.
California gold rush (1849)
A massive migration of gold hunters, mostly men, who transformed the economy of California after gold was discovered in the foothills of northern California.
Compromise of 1850
A package of five bills presented to the Congress by Henry Clay intended to avoid secession or civil war by reducing tensions between North and South over the status of slavery.
Fugitive Slave Act (1850)
Part of the Compromise of 1850, a provision that authorized federal officials to help capture and then return escaped slaves to their owners without trials.
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Controversial legislation that created two new territories taken from Native Americans, Kansas and Nebraska, where residents would vote to decide whether slavery would be allowed (popular sovereignty).
Bleeding Kansas (1856)
A series of violent conflicts in the Kansas Territory between anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions over the status of slavery.
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
U.S. Supreme Court ruling that slaves were not U.S. citizens and therefore could not sue for their freedom and that Congress could not prohibit slavery in the western territories.
Lincoln-Douglas debates (1858)
During the Illinois race between Republican Abraham Lincoln and Democrat Stephen A. Douglas for a seat in the U.S. Senate, a series of seven dramatic debates focusing on the issue of slavery in the territories.
Anaconda Plan
The Union’s primary war strategy calling for a naval blockade of major southern seaports and then dividing the Confederacy by gaining control of the Tennessee, Cumberland, and Mississippi Rivers.
contrabands
Slaves who sought refuge in Union military camps or who lived in areas of the Confederacy under Union control.
Battle of Antietam (1862)
Turning-point battle near Sharpsburg, Maryland, leaving over 20,000 soldiers dead or wounded, in which Union forces halted a Confederate invasion of the North.
Emancipation Proclamation (1862)
Military order issued by President Abraham Lincoln that freed slaves in areas still controlled by the Confederacy but did not free the 500,000 slaves in the four border states that remained in the Union.
Militia Act (1862)
Congressional measure that permitted freed slaves to serve as laborers or soldiers in the United States Army.
Homestead Act (1862)
Legislation granting “homesteads” of 160 acres of government-owned land to settlers who agreed to work the land for at least five years.
Morrill Land Grant College Act (1862
Federal statute that allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges and universities, which were founded to provide technical education in agriculture, mining, and industry.
Copperhead Democrats
Democrats in northern states who opposed the Civil War and argued for an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates; Republicans labeled them “Copperheads,” because they wore copper coins on their lapels.
Battle of Vicksburg (1863)
A protracted battle in northern Mississippi in which Union forces under Ulysses Grant besieged the last major Confederate fortress on the Mississippi River, forcing the inhabitants into starvation and then submission.
Battle of Gettysburg (1863)
A monumental three-day battle in southern Pennsylvania, widely considered a turning point in the war, in which Union forces successfully countered a second Confederate invasion of the North.
election of 1864
Abraham Lincoln’s successful reelection campaign, capitalizing on Union military successes in Georgia, to defeat Democratic opponent, former general George B. McClellan, who ran on a peace platform
March to the Sea (1864)
The Union army’s devastating march through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah led by General William T. Sherman, intended to demoralize civilians and destroy the resources the Confederate army needed to fight.
Appomattox Court House
Virginia village where Confederate general Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union general Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865.
Thirteenth Amendment (1865)
Amendment to the U. S. Constitution that freed all slaves in the United States.
What factors made the South distinct from the rest of the us during the early 19th century.
-The South was rural and agricultural.
- The North embraced industrial development.
- the south grew cash crops: tobacco, rice, indigo, and cotton.
- The plantation developed and relied on slave labor
-The planters wanted to preserve and expand slavery.
What role did cotton production and slavery have on the souths social and economic development
The South became committed to a cotton economy
- soil exhaustion forced western expansion
- slaves worked in hard conditions
-by 1860, the cotton kingdom went from the Carolinas the East Mississippi
- more than half of slaves work with cotton
- as long as planters made money, they had slaves
What were the major social groups within southern white society and why did the expand slavery
the planter elite represented 4% of the population
-plain white folk they were simple farmers
- southern white women suprivised the house
impact of slavery on african Americans
- the south was dependent on slave labor
- the slaves were regulated , restricted, could be bought or sold at any time, their movements were limited, and were severely punished
- many molloto’s worked in towns and cities
how did slaves respond to the inhumanity of their owners
with obedience and fear
- the slave codes treated them as properties more than people.
- few rebellions
- most slaves relied on their Christian faith and developed their own culture
- spirituals were used as therapy.
What major changes took place in the practice of religion in the early 19th century? What impact did they have on society?
Starting in the late 18th century, Unitarians and Universalists in New England challenged the Christian notion of predestination by arguing that everyone could receive salvation. The evangelical preachers of the 2nd Great Awakening generated widespread interest among Protestants in fiery frontier revivals. The more democratic sects, like Baptists and Methodists that promoted the idea of free-will salvation gained huge numbers of converts including women and people of color. Religion went hand in hand with reform in the “burned-over district” in western New York which was also the birthplace of several religious movements including the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons)
How did transcendentalism emerge in the early 19th century?
A group of New England poets, philosophers, writers, ministers, and reformers embraced a moral and spiritual idealism (Romanticism) in reaction to scientific rationalism and Christian orthodoxy. they sought to “transcend” reason and the material world and encourage more-independent thought and reflection. At the same time, transcendentalism influenced novelists, essayists, and poets who created a uniquely “American” literature.
What were the origins of the major social-reform movements in the early 19th century? How did they influence society and politics?
The dominant cult of domesticity celebrated a “women’s sphere” in the home and argued that young women should be trained not for the workplace but in the domestic arts-managing kitchen, running a household, and nurturing children. However, the rise of an urban middle class offered growing numbers of women more time devote to societal concerns. Social reformers, many of them women, sought to improve society and eradicate social evils. The most widespread reform movement focused on temperance which is the elimination of excessive drinking. With the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848, social reforms launched the women’s rights movement with the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments. In many parts of the country, reformers called for greater access to education through free public schools. Amid the pervasive climate of reform, more than 100 utopia communities were established, including the Shakers, Brook Farms, and Oneida Community.
What were the impacts of the anti-slavery movement on society and politics?
Northern opponents of slavery promoted several solutions, including the American Colonization Society’s call for gradual emancipation and the deportation of African Americans to colonies in Africa. Abolitionism emerged in the 1830s, demanding an immediate end of slavery. Some abolitionists went further calling for full social and political equality among the races, although they disagreed over tactics. Abolitionist efforts in the North provoked fear and resentment among southern whites. Yet many Northerners shared the belief in the racial inferiority of Africans and were hostile to the tactics and message of the abolitionists. African Americans in the North joined with abolitionists to create an Underground Railroad, a network of courageous people, both white and black, which helped runaway slaves escape.
Why did Americans move west of the Mississippi River during the 1830s and 1840s? How did they accomplish this, and where did they move to?
In the 1830s Americans came to believe in “Manifest Destiny” that the West was divinely ordained to be part of the United States. Most of the West was populated by the Native Americans and Hispanics. A population explosion and the lure of cheap fertile land promoted Americans to move along the Overland Trails in groups, enduring physical hardships to settle in Oregon (Oregon fever) and California. The discovery of gold in California by the year 1848 brought a flood of people across the world.
How did Texas become part of the United States? Why was the process so complicated, and how did it impact national politics?
Texas has rich soil which gave interests to many Americans. America offered to buy Texas 2 times but Mexico refused. Stephen Austin offered a “buffer” between Comanche and Mexican settlements. Mexico agreed as long they are Catholic and brought no slaves. Most Americans were farmers or ranchers. By 1830 there were more Americans than Tejanos or Indians, blacks would bring cotton to Texas. American clashed with Indians and Mexican officials who treated Americans as “tolerated guests.” Americans in Texas were called “Anglos” or “Texians.” April 1830, Mexico outlawed emigration from the U.S. Americans and Africans outnumbered Tejanos 10 to 1. Austin believe Texas should be “Americanized.” 1834, Gen.Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna suspended Congress and became a dictator as the Napoleon of the West. He planned to make Americans slaves. Santa Anna ordered a “Deposition” to expelled Americans into Texas and executed as pirates. The Alamo occurred which resulted into a Mexican victory. Battle of Caleto Creek, Goliad were both victories for Mexico. At the very end of the war, the “Texas Revolution” relied on Sam Houston. At the Battle of San Jacinto lasted 18 minuets where 650 Mexican troops killed and 300 captured but Santa Anna escaped then found the next day. Santa Anna signed a treaty that recognized the independence of the Republic of Texas. Tyler pledged to make Texas be part of America. Texas would become a slave state. Before Tyler left office he asked Congress to annex Texas by joint resolution by a simple majority that made Texas the 28th state.
What were the similarities and differences in how California and Texas were settled and how they became part of the United States?
Similarities of California/Texas
+ Both Spanish rule then Mexican rule.
+ Catholic
+ Both created their own Republics
+ Both were out West
+ Shared one war together: Mexican-American War
+ The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo transferred territories to the United States which consisted of CA, TX, AZ, NM, CO, UT, WY, and NV.
Differences of California/Texas
+ California became a free-state (Taylor admin)
+ Texas became a slave-state (Polk admin)
+ California has gold
+ Texas had rich soil
+ California used Indians as labor in the mines, tortured them.
+ Texas fought in two wars: the Texas Revolution and the Mexican-American War.
+ California has important ports for it’s Navy
+ Polk wanted CA badly
+ Tyler wanted to make sure TX became a state
How did opposition to the Mexican-American War complicate national politics?
New Englanders, Northerns, Abolitionists opposed Polk’s war saw it as a shame to the Southerns to expand slavery. Abraham Lincoln opposed the war. Daniel Webster believed the war was unconstitutional. Even though we won the war against Mexico it led to political divisive. It reinvigorated the debate over the future of slavery. Many saw the conflict as a shameful war of conquest directed by a president bent on territorial expansion for the sake of slavery. Southerners were in favor of removing Indians and Hispanics into America. Democrats favored slavery expansion while Whigs dis-favored expansion of slavery.
How did the federal government try to resolve the issue of slavery in the western territories during the 1850s?
Wilmot’s Proviso (1848) it never became law, it declared that since Mexican territories acquired by the United States had been free and should remain free. the Wilmot Proviso, the new Free-Soil Party demanded that slavery not be expanded to the territories. But it was the discovery of gold in California and the ensuing California gold rush in 1849 that escalated tensions. Californians wanted to enter the Union as a free state. Southerners feared that they would lose federal protection of their “peculiar institution” if there were more free states than slave states. It had been agreed that popular sovereignty would settle the status of the territories, but when the territories applied for statehood, the debate over slavery renewed. Through the widely celebrated Compromise of 1850, California entered the Union as a free state; the territories of Texas, New Mexico and Utah were established without direct reference to slavery; the slave trade was banned in D.C., and a new Fugitive Slave Act (1850) was passed. Tensions turned violent with the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) which overturned the Missouri Compromise by allowing slavery in the territories where the institution had been banned by Congress in 1821.
Analyze the appeal of the Republican party to northern voters; How did it lead to Abraham Lincoln’s victory in the 1860 presidential contest?
The efforts of pro-slavery advocates in Kansas to force slavery on the territory enraged northern opinion, even though anti-slavery settlers such as John Brown were equally violent in the events known as Bleeding Kansas (1856). The Supreme Court’s Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) decision which ruled that Congress couldn’t interfere with slavery in the territories, further fueled sectional conflict. Northern voters gravitated toward the Republican party as events unfolded. Republicans also advocated raising protective tariffs and funding the development of the nation’s infrastructure which appealed to northern manufacturers and commercial farmers. Abraham Lincoln’s narrow failure to unseat Democrat Stephen Douglas in the 1858 Senate election which lead to the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates (1858), which revealed the Republican party’s growing appeal. In 1860 Lincoln carried every free state and won a clear electoral college victory.
Why did seven southern states secede from the Union shorty after Lincoln’s election in the 1860s?
Following Lincoln’s election, South Carolina seceded. 6 other Lower South states followed S.C. Together they formed the Confederate States of America, citing their belief that secession was necessary for the preservation of slavery. In his inaugural address, Lincoln made it clear that secession was unconstitutional but that the North wouldn’t invade the South. However, the Confederate states stood by their declarations of secession and war came when the South Carolinian’s fired on the “stars and strips” at Fort Sumter.
What were the respective advantages of the North and South as the Civil War began? How did those advantages affect the military strategies of the Union and the Confederacy?
The confederacy had the advantage of fighting the war on “its own territory” which kind of gave it the home court advantage. They knew the land well so they were able to use tactics that gave them a higher advantage. The union had a lot more people and a better advantage when it came to industry and manufacturing. They had more weapons, ships, and railroads. The Anaconda plan was put into place to make sure the south wouldn’t be able to trade for necessary goods with foreigners and this helped the Union get an advantage
Why did Abraham Lincoln decide to issue the Emancipation Proclamation? How did it impact the war?
He initially wanted the Union to be preserved and he didn’t really care about slavery as a big issue. He needed the proclamation because the south was using “its captive labor force” to fightfor them and they were forced to be in the military. Lincoln wanted to deprive them of a huge portion of their army so he freed the slaves. He let them fight for the union once they crossed the border. He also wanted to make sure that the Union had the moral high ground when it came to foreign influence
In what ways did the war affect social and economic life in the North and South?
The economy was in a state of shambles for the confederacy. They were not as “capable with finances” compared to the Union. The Union paid off most of the war’s costs. There were still many disadvantages for freed african americans but their opportunities were slowly growing andthey had more freedoms. This slowly started the formation of a national economy.
What were the military turning points in 1864 and 1864 that ultimately led to the confederacy’s defeat?
The battle of vicksburg and gettysburg turned the war to the Union’s favor. The victory at vicksburg deprived the confederate armies in the east of supplies and manpower. Grant attacked Lee’s forces in virginia and Sherman’s forces destroyed “plantations, railroads, and morale”. These wins led Lincoln to win the election of 1864 and Lee ended up surrendering to grant the year after.
How did the Civil War change the nation?
There were many casualties and the Union’s win altered the “course of the nation’s development”. Slavery ended and the thirteenth amendment was ratified shortly after. The powerful people in the south lost some of their influence and later on, tariffs were raised to fund the transcontinental railroad. There were many financial reforms that wereintroduced that changed the nation’s economy and developed it more. The country started focusing more on industrialization as a whole and the federal government gained
some more power
the phrase fifty four forty eight referred to
Oregon
Abraham Lincoln stated that his paramount object was to
save the union
According to the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo the United States
gained california and new mexico
All Of the following factors made the south distinctive except
The presence of many European immigrants
At the beginning most Americans in both the north and the south believe the war would be over quickly true or false
true
before The Civil War white southerners often attempted to defend slavery on all of the following grounds except
The idea that slaves willingly sought out slavery
1860 which of the following was true of most protestant churches in the south
they typically declared that slavery was a divinely ordained social system
civilians gather towards the first battle between the confederate and union soldiers true or false
true
Clara Barton was a nurse who oversaw the distribution of medicines to union troops and founded the Red Cross true or false
true
Dorothea Lynde Dix was a leader in reforming the condition of
asylums for the mentally ill
Dearing the years prior to the Civil War the term peculiar institution was away for white southerners to refer to slavery and it’s uniqueness to the south without using the charge the word slavery true or false
true
Call Elijah P Lovejoy was murdered by a mob of pro abolition zealots true or false
false
immigration to the southwest in the early 19th century occurred because of
Soil exhaustion
Harriet Beecher Stowe’s novel uncle Tom’s cabin became a huge success despite being very unpopular in the south true or false
true
Henry David Thoreau was a naturalist with the famous work Walden and promoted the spontaneity of every day experiences true or false
true
How many states seceded from the union during the Civil War
11
in Proposing the Kansas Nebraska act Stephen a Douglas was initially most concerned about
establishing railroads
And Jefferson Davis hoped to win the war by
pushing the union to negotiate a settlement
Call John C Fremont earned the nickname the Pathfinder and published popular stories in the newspapers about his explorations true or false
true
Call Mary Boykin Chestnut describe to slavery as monstrous because
It involved what planters impregnating enslaved women
Call most southern whites owned at least one slave true or false
false
Nat turners rebellion terrified southern whites and resulted in the imposition of more restrictions on enslaved African-Americans in the south true or false
true
One important advantage the south had over the north was that it
Fighting on its own territory
Popular sovereignty left the status of slavery up to the people in each territory true or false
true
Call president and John Tyler succeeded in annexing Texas by using a joint resolution rather attempting to pass a treaty through the senate true or false
true
Call prior to the emancipation proclamation however escaped slaves regarding by the union army
contraband
Call the confederate anaconda plan called for dividing the union at Ohio river true or false
false
Federalist his final defeat occurred at appotomax
true
The Crittenden compromise sought to
guaranteed slavery where it already existed
Are the Dred Scott decision of the US Supreme Court involved
a slave suing for his freedom because his master had taken him into free territory
A fugitive slave act widened and deep into the anti-slavery sentiment in the north true or false
true
the most common form of resistance to slavery by the slaves themselves was
cultural practices
The Mexican dictator general Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna personally let the action against the Texans rebels at the Alamo true or false
true
And the turning point of the Civil War was the battle of
Battle of antietam
The Webster Ashburton treaty settled boundary disputed between the United States and Mexico true or false
false
Call the Wilmot proviso called for
Prohibiting slavery in land gain from the war with Mexico
And the destructive march across Georgia was led by
William T sherman
The first organized a meeting for women’s rights occurred at
Seneca New York
Yeah of manifest destiny suggested that
God supported the expansion of the United States
The largest slave insurrection in America history was that of
Charles deslondes in louisianna 1811
Call the massive migration westward during the 1830s and 40s was driven primarily by
The promise of land and economic prosperity
The number of newspapers expanded in the antebellum. Primarily because of
Advance printing technology
I the organized movement for women’s rights has its origins in
A split anti-slavery movement
Thoreau wrote civil disobedience in reaction to
the US declaration of war against Mexico
transcendentalism was the basis of the second great awakening and other religious revival movements of the pre-Civil War era true or false
false
Walt Whitman’s work shocked many people because he wrote with an unusual frankness about sexuality true or false
true
Call what issue caused the violence known as bleeding Kansas
Popular sovreignty on the question of slavery
What was an outcome of the Lincoln Douglas debates
Lincoln became a national figure
Which of the following is true of the temperance movement in America
Some supporters advocated absolutism and outlying liquor while others propose personal moderation in conception
Which of the following statements accurately describes the Donner party in 1846 through
it experienced the death of many of its members from starvation in the snows of the Sierras
which of the following statements accurately describes the emancipation proclamation
it’s Freed slaves only in the states controlled by the confederacy
Which of the following statements accurately describes the practice of using the draft to raise an army during the Civil War
Included controversial loopholes both in the north and the south
Which of the following statements is true of free blacks between 1800 and 60
They had a vulnerable social status that were often mulatto’s
Which of this following was an outcome of the compromise of 1850
California was admitted to the union as a free state
Following is a predominant issues surrounding the annexation of Texas causing Jackson to delay official recognition of the republic of Texas
The question of slavery
Well sojourner truth was a strong opponent of slavery she did not support the women’s rights movement true or false
false
White slave holders relied on slaves to produce cotton profitably true or false
true
Who was the most successful evangelist in the burned over district who attracted more prosperous audience
Charles g finney
Women who survived the long journey west in the 1840s typically enjoyed an easier life once settled then they had before relocation true or false
false
yeoman farmers also known as plain white folk did not typically own slaves but most of them supported the institution of slavery true or false
true
