History Final Flashcards
history final :p
When did WW1 start and end?
1914-1918
What were the underlying causes of WW1?
A. Nationalism – an extreme pride or devotion that people feel for their country or culture
B. Imperialism – policy of extending the rule of one country over other countries or colonies
C. Militarism – the policy of military preparedness and building up weapons
D. Alliances – partnerships formed for protection in which each partner agreed to come to the aid of another
partner if attacked by an aggressor
Who were the big three during WW1?
Woodrow Wilson of the USA, David Lloyd George of Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France
What empire was greatly affected after WW1?
German Empire
How much did Germany have to pay in war reparations?
$40 billion
When was the armistice to WW1 (treaty to end war) signed?
Nov. 11th , 1918 - on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month, in 1918
Zimmerman Note (1917) (WW1)
British agents seize a telegram from a German foreign secretary, to
Mexico. It asked Mexico to ally with Germany and to fight against the United States in hopes of
gaining back land lost during the Mexican-American War.
Balkan Crisis
the spark that began the events leading to World War I
A. Serbia(supported by Russia) wished to strengthen and build upon its empire by taking a portion of Austro-
Hungarian territory which contained many Serbians
B. Austria-Hungary(supported by Germany) would not allow this and contemplated annexing Serbia into the
Austro-Hungarian Empire
Triple Entente (WW1)
- Forged to help create a balance of power after the formation of the Triple Alliance
- Set up by Great Britain
- Alliance included Great Britain, France, and Russia
- Entente is a French word meaning “understanding”
Triple Alliance (WW1)
- Set up by the German Empire and the German Chancellor – Otto Von Bismarck
- Alliance included Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy(*would later leave alliance)
The Versailles Treaty (WW1)
- League of Nations was established to avoid future World conflict
- The defeated powers could not take part in the treaty making process
- Germany was made to pay $40 billion in war reparations
- Germany was forced to reduce it’s military arsenal (army and navy)
- Many German provinces, acquired during the Age of Imperialism, were now mandated to the Allied
nations - The Big Three – name for the Allied leaders who negotiated the Treaty of Versailles
Woodrow Wilson – USA / David Lloyd George – Great Britain / Georges Clemenceau - France
entente
nonbinding agreement to follow.
militarism
glorification of the military.
Alsace and Lorraine
provinces on the border of Germany and France, lost by France to Germany in 1871.
ultimatum
final set of demands.
mobilize
prepare military forces for war.
neutrality
policy of supporting neither side in a war.
stalemate
deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other.
zeppelin
large gas filled balloon.
U-boat
German submarine.
convoy
group of merchant ships protected by warships.
Dardanelles
vital strait connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea in present-day Turkey.
T.E. Lawrence
British archaeologist, army officer, diplomat, and writer.
total war
channeling of a nation’s entire resources into a war effort.
conscription
“the draft” which required all young men to be ready for military or other service.
contraband
during wartime, military supplies and raw materials needed to make military supplies that may legally be confiscated by any belligerent.
Lusitania
British liner torpedoed by a German submarine in May of 1915.
propaganda
spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause.
atrocity
horrible act committed against innocent people.
Fourteen Points
list of terms for resolving World War 1 and future wars outlined by American President Woodrow Wilson in January 1918.
self-determination
right of people to choose their own form of government.
armistice
agreement to end fighting in a war.
pandemic
spread of a disease across a large world area, country, continent, or the entire world.
reparations
payment for war damage, or damage caused by imprisonment.
radicals
people who want to make extreme changes.
collective security
system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all
mandate
Colonial area to be ruled by an “advanced nation” until its inhabitants were judged to be fit for self-government.
proletariat
working class.
soviet
council of workers and soldiers set up by Russian revolutionaries in 1917.
Cheka
early secret soviet police force.
commissar
communist party official assigned to the army to teach party principles and ensure party loyalty during the Russian revolution.
When did the United States declare war in WW1?
1917
The power to declare war is held by the:
Congress
WW1 was fought between?
Allies & Central powers
Much of the fighting in WW1 was concentrated along a 600 mile line of trenches stretching across:
Switzerland
The president of the U.S. during WW1 was?
Woodrow Wilson
Who was Germany’s ally in WW1?
Austria-Hungary
Who was the country that opposed Germany on the Eastern Front?
Russia
Who was Theodore Roosevelt in WW1?
A colonel in France
When the U.S. declared war on Germany, the American people:
Supported the declaration.
Country whose opposition to Germany weakened after a revolution in 1917 deposed the Romanov family.
Russia
He made repeated efforts between 1914 and 1917 to keep the U.S. out of war
Woodrow Wilson
Country that had spies and agents in the U.S. to disrupt shipments to the Allies in Europe
Germany
Message sent by Germany to Mexico promising the latter Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona in return for its support.
Zimmerman
City near which the German offensive of 1914 was halted after making early gains
Paris
Type of war waged in Europe in which neither side could win a significant advantage.
Trench Warfare
Expression referring to the dangerous area located between Allied and enemy trenches
No mans Land
Country that felt its security would be threatened if the Central Powers were victorious.
U.S.
British passenger liner that went down with 128 Americans aboard after being torpedoed by a U-boat.
Lusitania
Germany’s practice of sinking unarmed neutral vessels without warning
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Who were the Allied Powers in WW1?
Russia, France, Great Britain, United States, Italy, and Japan
The Versailles Treaty required that Germany:
Demilitarize
Where was the Fourteen points presented and by who?
Versailles conference, Woodrow Wilson.
Contributing to unrest in eastern Europe was a nationalist movement known as:
Pan Slavism
What was the spark that exploded the “Balkan Powder Keg”
the assassination of Archduke Franz in Saravejo.
What organization did the U.S. never join?
League of Nations
After WW1 Italy :
Did not receive all the territory it wanted.
Narrow section of land that allowed one of Germany’s neighbors access to the Baltic Sea
Polish Corridor
Who was the French premier that sought to destroy Germany’s military capability for all time?
George Clemenceau
What plan required that France be eliminated before Russia so that Germany would not have to fight on two fronts @ once?
Schlieffen Plan
National Self-Determination
The right of people to choose their own government.
What happened at the Washington Naval Conference?
The Allied Powers (France, Great Britain, Russia) agreed to limit the size of their navies.
When did Italy join Germany and Austria-Hungary in the Triple Alliance?
1882
After settling conflicts over territorial claims, in 1907 Britain, France & Russia formed the ______________
Triple Entente
Alfred Thayer Mahan argued that the key to world power was?
Sea Power
Among the Versailles Treaty provisions that angered Germans was the ________
Fourteen Points.
Central Powers
Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, The Ottoman Empire, and later Bulgaria
Pan Slavism
Nationalist movement in the Balkan Peninsula
Who was considered the “Father of Communism”
Lenin
In the mid-1930’s Stalin used the “_____ _____” to arrest or put to death thousands of party officials, army officers, and factory managers that he thought were “enemies of the people”; millions of people were sent by the secret police to labor camps.
Great Purge
The “Reds”
Communists
The “Whites”
Anti-Communists
U.S.S.R
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Lenin died in ___ and was succeeded to power by?
1924, Stalin
Causes of the Russian revolution
A) Most people in Russia were serfs (poor peasants)
B) Aristocrats were given political power over the peasants.
C) Serfs had to pay taxes to the aristocrats.
D) Nicholas II, the last Russian czar, limited the role of peasants and
workers in the government.
E) Serfs were poorly educated, were usually made to stay on the land where
they were born, and were sometimes forced to serve in the army.
Who lost in the Russo-Japanese war?
Russians
Abdicate
To resign as a ruler
Autocrat
An absolute ruler
Bolsheviks
A member of the communist party that seized power in Russia by the Revolution of November 1917
Cheka
Bolshevik secret police
Czar
Decembrists
Army officers who revolted against Nicholas (RR)
Rasputin
Healed the Czars (Nicholas II at the time) son, befriended the royal family.
NEP
New Economic Policy
Trotsky
The leader of the Red Army
Trotsky’s opponent in the Civil War of 1918
Stalin
Who was the leader of the provisional government after Nicholas I?
Kerensky
Maginot Line
Massive fortifications built by the French along the French border with Germany in the 1930’s
to protect against future invasions
Kellogg-Briand Pact
An international agreement signed by almost every nation in 1928, to stop using war as a method of nation policy
Disarmament
Reduction of armed forces and weapons
general strike
strike by workers in many different industries at the same time
Overproduction
condition in which production of goods exceeds the demand for them
Federal Reserve
Central banking system of the United States, which regulates banks
Franklin D. Roosevelt
American statesman and politician. 32nd president of the U.S during the Great Depression and World War II.
Great Depression
A painful time of global economic collapse, starting in 1929 and lasting until about 1939
New Deal
A massive package of economic and social programs established by FDR to help Americans during the Great Depression.
Benito Mussolini
Italian dictator who founded the National Fascism party.
Black Shirts
Any members of the militant combat squads of Italian Fascists set up under Mussolini
March on Rome
Planned march of thousands of Fascist supporters to take control of Rome; In response
Mussolini was given the legal right to control Italy.
totalitarian state
Government in which a one-party dictatorship regulates every aspect of citizens lives
Fascism
Any centralized, authoritarian government system that is not communist whose policies glorify
the state over the individual and are destructive to basic human rights.
command economy
system in which government officials make all basic economic decisions
Collectives
large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group
Kulaks
wealthy peasant in the Soviet Union in the 1930’s
Gulag
In the soviet union, a system of forced labor camps in which millions of criminals and political
prisoners were held under Stalin
socialist realism
artistic style whose goal was to promote socialism by showing Soviet life in a positive light
russification
making a nationality’s culture more ethnically russian
Comintern
Communist international, international association of communist parties led by the Soviet
Union for the purpose of encouraging world-wide communist revolution
chancellor
the highest official of a monarch, prime minister
Ruhr Valley
coal-rich industrial region of Germany
Third Reich
official name of the Nazi party for its regime in Germany ; held power from 1933 to 1945.
Gestapo
secret police in Nazi Germany
Nuremberg Laws
laws approved by the Nazi Party in 1935, depriving Jews of German citizenship and taking some rights away from them
appeasement
policy of giving into an aggressor’s demands in order to keep the peace
Neutrality Act was passed in
1935
pacifism
opposition to all war
Neutrality Acts
A series of acts passed by the United States Congress from 1935 to 1939 that aimed to keep the United States from becoming involved in World War II.
Axis Powers
group of countries led by Germany, Italy and Japan that fought the allies in World War II.
Francisco Franco
Spanish military general during the Spanish Civil War.
Anschluss
union of Austria and Germany
Sudetenland
a region of western Czechoslovakia
Nazi-Soviet Pact
agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 in which the two nations promised not to fight each other and to divide up land in Eastern Europe.
blitzkrieg
lightning war
luftwaffe
German air force
Vichy
city in central France where a puppet state governed unoccupied France and the French colonies.
General Erwin Rommel
A German general during World War II, known as the Desert Fox. Nazi.
Lend-Lease Act
act passed by the United States Congress in 1941 that allowed the President (FDR) to sell or lend war supplies to any country whose defense was considered vital to the United States
Rosie the Riveter
popular name for women who worked in war industries during World War II.
aircraft carrier
ships that accommodate the taking off and landing of airplanes and transport aircraft.
Dwight Eisenhower
34th U.S. president, a military officer and statesman
Stalingrad
A city in southwest Russia, home to the battle of Stalingrad, bloodiest battle of World War II.
D-Day
June 6, 1944. The invasion of Normandy, France. Code name for June 6, 1944.
Yalta Conference
World War II meeting of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union. Churchill Roosevelt Stalin
V-E Day
May 8, 1945. Victory in Europe day. The celebration of Germany’s surrender.
Bataan Death March
The forcible transfer of thousands of prisoners of war through terrain on April 9, 1942. Filipino and American
Douglas MacArthur
An American military leader during the American Civil War.
Island-hopping
A military strategy during the Pacific War. Recapturing
kamikazee
Japanese suicide bombing where the pilots would fly directly into enemy ships during World War II.
Manhattan Project
A project by the United states to develop the first nuclear weapons
Hiroshima
A city in Japan. Where the world’s first atomic bomb was dropped by the U.S during World War II on August 6, 1945.
Nagasaki
A city in Japan. Where the U.S. also bombed during World War II using the first atomic bomb. Nagasaki’s bomb was more powerful. August 9, 1945.
Nuremberg
A city in Germany. During World War II, the site of Nazi propaganda rallies.
United Nations (UN)
An organization established after World War II in an attempt to secure national peace,
Cold War
A war from 1947-1991. The war between the U.S and the Soviet Union.
Truman Doctrine
A policy that established that the U.S. would provide assistance to all democratic nations under threat. Originated during the Cold War. Established in 1947
Marshall Plan
An American initiative during the Cold War that provided aid to Eastern Europe.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
An international alliance of 31 European and North-American member states.
Warsaw Pact
A collective defense treaty made by the Soviet Union and Albania, Bulgaria, Chezchoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania. Founded May 14, 1955 during the Cold War.
Superpower
A nation stronger than other powerful nations
Anti-Ballistic Missiles(ABM’s)
missiles that can shoot down other missiles
Ronald Reagan
U.S. president during the 1980’s
Détente
The relaxation of Cold war tensions during the 1970’s
Fidel Castro
Founder of communism in Cuba
John F. Kennedy
President of the U.S. in 1961
Ideology
System of thought and belief; value system or perspective
Nikita Khrushchev
Soviet Premier and new leader after Stalin’s death. He shocked top Communist party members when in 1956 he publicly denounced Stalin’s abuse of power. He closed prison camps and wished for peaceful coexistence with the West.
Leonid Brezhnev
Successor of Krushchev who held power from the mid 1960’s until his death in 1982 in Russia.
Containment
The U.S. strategy of keeping communism within its existing boundaries and preventing its further expansion.
Recession
Period of reduced economic activity
Suburbanization
the movement to built-up areas outside of central cities
Segregation
forced separation by race, sex, religion or ethnicity
Discrimination
unequal treatment or barriers
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
Grew up in segregated America, organized the massive March on Washington D.C.. Famous for his “I Have a Dream” speech. Murdered in 1968 by an assassin. (1929-1968)
Konrad Adenauer
German statesman who served as chancellor for the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949
Welfare State
A country with a market economy but with increased government responsibility for the social and economic needs of its people
European Community
An international organization dedicated to establishing free trade among its European member nations in all products
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The total value of all goods and services produced in a nation in a particular year
Collectivization
The forced joining together of workers and property into collectives, such as rural collectives that absorb peasants and their land.
Great Leap Forward
A Chinese communist program from 1958 to 1960 to boost farm and industrial output that failed miserably.
Cultural Revolution
A Chinese Communist program in the late 1960’s to purge China of non-revolutionary tendencies that caused economic and social damage
38th Parallel
Line separating North and South Korea near the middle. Douglas MacArthur tried to push North Korea back up into China, but got released from duty.
Kim ll Sung
President of North Korea 1972-1994, led the communist guerrillas and founded by Kim ll Sung.
Syngman Rhee
Served as the first president of South Korea from 1948-1960. First and last president of the provisional government.
Pusan Perimeter
a defensive line around the city of Pusan, in the southeast corner of Korea, held by South Korean and United Nations forces in 1950 during the Korean war; marks the farthest advance of North Korean forces.
Demilitarized Zone
a thin band of territory across the Korean peninsula separating North Korean forces from South Korean forces; established by the armistice of 1953.
Guerrillas
a soldier in a loosely organized force making surprise raids
Ho Chi Minh
Prime Minister of Democratic Republic 1945-1955 and served as president from 1945 until death
Dien Bien Phu
small town and former French army base in northern Vietnam ; site of the battle that ended in a Vietnamese victory, the French withdrawal from Vietnam, and the securing of North Vietnam’s independence
Domino theory
the belief that a communist victory in South Vietnam would cause noncommunist governments across Southeast Asia to fall to communism, like a row of dominoes
Viet Cong
Communist rebels in South Vietnam who sought to overthrow South Vietnam’s government; received assistance from North Vietnam
Tet Offensive
A massive and bloody offensive by communist guerillas against South Vietnamese and American forces on Tet, the Vietnamese New Year 1968; helped turn America public against military involvement in Vietnam
Khmer Rouge
A political movement and a force of Cambodian communist guerillas that gained power in Cambodia in 1975.
Pol Pot
Cambodian politician and dictator who ruled as prime minister 1976-1979
Mujahedin
Religious guerilla fighters
Mikhail Gorbachev
a Soviet and Russian politician. He was the last leader of the Soviet Union.
Glasnost
a soviet policy of greater freedom of expression introduced by mikhail in the late 1980s. “Openness” in russia
Perestroika
a political reform movement within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Lech Walesa
The president of Poland from 1990-1995. First Polish president to be elected by democratic vote.
Solidarity
Polish trade union that in the early 1980s became the first independent labor union in a country belonging to the Soviet Bloc.
Vaclav Havel
First president of the Czech Republic 1989-1992. He was also a poet, author, playwright, and dissident.
Nicolae Ceausescu
Romanian General secretary communist politician and statesman. 1965-1989
