History Final Flashcards
Chicago 1886 - demonstration led by what group? (Haymarket Riot)
The Knights of Labor went on strike, workers both inside and outside of formal labor organizations generated mass strikes in favor of an 8 hour workday. On May 1, 1886, in Chicago, some 100000 workers turned out for the largest labor demonstration in the country’s history.
Factory production - associated with what name?
The most influential advocate of efficient production was Frederick W. Taylor.
3 rich individual robber barons
John D. Rockefeller (founder of Standard Oil), Andrew Carnegie (steel industry), JP Morgan (railroads/financier)
Political machines - two big names
William M. Tweed, known as Boss Tweed, became head of Tammany Hall, New York City’s powerful Democratic political machine, in 1868. “Big Tim” Sullivan (New York), “Duke” Vare (Philadephia), Tom Pendergast (Kansas City), Richard Croker (New York).
Why was yellow journalism used before the Spanish American War?
Sensationalism figured in the march to war, with the yellow press exaggerating stories of Spanish misdeed. It was used to persuade people to support the war.
What was the main purpose of the grange?
The expression of farmers’ discontent began in Grange organizations in the early 1870s. With aid from Oliver H. Kelley, a clerk in the Department of Agriculture, farmers in almost every state founded a network of local organizations called Granges, dedicated to improving economic and social conditions.
What did the progressives want the federal government to do?
Although goals of the rural-based Populists continued after the movement faded, the Progressive quest for social justice, labor laws, educational and legal reform, and government streamlining had a largely urban bent. Progressive goals—ending abuse of power, protecting the welfare of all classes, reforming social institutions, and promoting bureaucratic and scientific efficiency—existed in all levels of society. Progressives advocated nonpartisan elections to prevent fraud and bribery bred by party loyalties. To make officeholders more responsible, they urged the adoption of initiative, referendum, and recall.
Know who were the 3 progressive presidents were
Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson.
What made us the US police officers of the western hemisphere?
The Monroe Doctrine was to prevent others from intervening in the Western hemisphere, but the Roosevelt Corollary was added to justify the US’s intervention. It used the Big Stick approach, taking from the West African proverb that said, “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” It means to negotiate peacefully, but to also have physical power when needed.
Who did muckrakers help?
Middle class men and women in professions of law, medicine, engineering, social service, religion, teaching, and business formed an important vanguard of reform. Indignation motivated many middle class reformers to seek an end to abuses of power. Their views were voiced by journalists whom Theodore Roosevelt dubbed muckrakers. Muckrakers fed public tastes for scandal and sensation by exposing social, economic, and political wrongs.
What was Theodore Roosevelt’s job before president in 1901?
He was the vice president. He had also served three terms in the New York State Assembly, sat on the federal Civil Service Commission, served as New York City’s police commissioner, and was assistant secretary of the navy. He also organized the Rough Riders who fought in the Spanish-American War.
What were the US reasons for territorial expansion?
The motives of these expansionists were complex and varied, but all of them emphasized the supposed benefits of such an approach to the country’s domestic health. Proponents of overseas expansion stressed the benefits that would occur at home should come as no surprise, for foreign policy has always sprung from the domestic setting of a nation. Leaders espoused the idea that the US was an exceptional nation, so different and superior.
Why did we feel we needed to build the Panama Canal?
The US wanted a way to connect the Pacific and Atlantic ocean without having to sail around South America. Because it would cut the travel time for commercial and military ships.
Know about the Teller and Platt Amendment
The Teller Amendment disclaimed any US intention to annex Cuba or control the island except to insure its “pacification” (the suppression of any actively hostile elements of the population).
Alfred T. Mayhan
With eyes on all parts of the world where US interests were minimal, ardent expansionists embraced navalism. They argued for a bigger, modernized navy, adding the “blue water” command of the seas to its traditional role of “brown water” coastline defense and riverine operations. Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan became a major popularizer for this “New Navy.” Because foreign trade was vital to the US, he argued, the nation required an efficient navy to protect its shipping. His lectures at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, where he served as president, were published as The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890). Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge eagerly consulted him.
Why did the US enter WW1?
In the early months of 1915, German U-boats sank ship after ship, most notably the British liner Lusitania on May 7. After a lull following Germany’s promise to refrain from attacking passenger liners, another British vessel, the Arabic, was sunk. Three Americans died. The Germans quickly pledged that an unarmed passenger ship would never again be attacked without warning. But the sinking of the Arabic fueled debate over American passengers on belligerent vessels. In addition there was also the Zimmerman Note which was a message to Mexico asking them to fight against the US.
The Russian Revolution in 1917 led to what in the US?
In November 1917, the liberal-democratic government of Aleksander Kerensky was overthrown by radical socialists led by V. I. Lenin. A Red Scare had swept the nation following the Russian Revolution, and opponents of America’s labor movement had used charges of communism to block unionization.
What did Woodrow Wilson succeed in at the Treaty of Versaille?
Wilson had immediately abandoned the first of his Fourteen Points: diplomacy “in the public view.” As for the breaking up of empires and the principle of self-determination. Wilson worked hardest on the charter for the League of Nations, the centerpiece of his plans for the postwar world. He identified Article 10 as the “kingpin” of the League covenant. This collective-security provision, along with the entire League charter, became part of the peace treaty because Wilson insisted that there could be no future peace with Germany with a league to oversee it.
19th Amendment
Women’s service during WW1 as factory workers, medical volunteers, and municipal workers helped convince legislators that women could should public responsibilities, women’s wartime contributions gave final impetus to passage of national suffrage amendment.
Know about progressive reform in the 20s
The Sixteenth Amendment established a federal income tax, the Seventeenth Amendment allowed for the direct election of Senators, the Eighteenth Amendment prohibited sales of alcohol, and the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteed women the right to vote.
Harlem Renaissance writers accomplished what?
Alongside their counterparts in art, music, theater and dance, these seven writers (along with others) eloquently demolished racist stereotypes, expressing pride in their African heritage and creating a new understanding of Black life and identity in the United States.
How did Hoover respond to the Great Depression?
He tried voluntarism, exhortation, and limited government intervention. As unemployment climbed, Hoover continued to encourage voluntary responses to mounting need, creating the President’s Organization on Unemployment Relief (POUR) to generate private contributions to aid the destitute. Although 1932 saw record charitable contributions, they were nowhere near adequate. Hoover feared that government “relief” would destroy the spirit of self-reliance among the poor. Thus he authorized federal funds to feed the drought-stricken livestock of Arkansas farmers but rejected a smaller grant to provide food for impoverished farm families. Hoover eventually endorsed limited federal action to combat the economic crisis, but it was much too little. Hoover also signed into law the Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930), which was meant to support American farmers and manufacturers by raising import duties on foreign goods to a staggering 40 percent. Instead, it hampered international trade as other nations created their own protective tariffs. In January 1932, the administration took its most forceful action. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) provided federal loans to banks, insurance companies, and railroads, an action Hoover hoped would shore up those industries and halt the disinvestment in the American economy.
What was the NLRA (Wagner Act) and what did it do?
Workers pushed the Roosevelt administration for support, which came in the 1935 National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act. This act guaranteed workers the right to organize unions and to bargain collectively. It outlawed “unfair labor practices, prohibited management from sponsoring company unions, and required employers to bargain with labor’s elected union representatives to set working conditions. Critical for its success, the Wagner Act created a mechanism for enforcement: the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB).
Two New Deal acts struck down by the Supreme Court, made FDR do what?
The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) and the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) were both taken down by the Supreme Court because they were deemed unconstitutional. Roosevelt also moved quickly to implement poor relief: $3 billion in federal dollars were allocated in 1935.
What did the Atlantic Charter call for?
In August 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met for four days on a British battleship off the coast of Newfoundland. The two leaders issued the Atlantic Charter, a set of war aims reminiscent of Wilsonianism: collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation, and freedom of the seas.
What was the purpose of island hopping?
Since halting the Japanese advance in the Battle of Midway in June 1942, American strategy had been to “island-hop” toward Japan, skipping the most strongly fortified islands whenever possible and taking the weaker ones, aiming to strand the Japanese armies on their island outposts. To cut off supplies being shipped from Japan’s home islands, Americans also targeted the Japanese merchant marine.
Manhattan project?
The most important government-sponsored scientific research program was the Manhattan Project, a $2 billion secret effort to build an atomic bomb. Roosevelt had been convinced by scientists fleeing the Nazis in 1939 that Germany was working to create an atomic weapon, and he resolved to beat them. It achieved the world’s first sustained nuclear chain reaction in 1942.
Know about the court case Korematsu v. US - internment?
In March 1942, Roosevelt ordered that all 112000 foreign-born Japanese and Japanese Americans living in California, Oregon, and the state of Washington be removed from the West Coast to “relocation centers” for the duration of the war. They were imprisoned as a group, under suspicion solely because they were of Japanese descent. West Coast Japanese Americans also lost their positions in the truck-garden, floral, and fishing industries. The internees were sent to flood-damaged lands at Relocation, Arkansas; to the intermountain terrain of Wyoming and the desert of western Arizona. The camps were bleak and demoralizing. Behind barbed wire stood tar papered wooden barracks where entire families lived in a single furnished only with cots, blankets, and a bare light bulb. Toilets and dining and bathing facilities were communal; privacy was almost nonexistent. People nonetheless attempted to sustain community life, setting up schools for children and clubs for adults. Betrayed by their government, almost 6000 internees renounced US citizenship and demanded to be sent to Japan. Some sought legal remedy, but the Supreme Court upheld the government’s action in Korematsu vs. US (1944).
Know what the Truman Doctrine promised, didn’t keep promise to Hungary? (Uh, you mean the Eisenhower Doctrine?)
On March 12, 1947, Truman asked Congress for $400 million in economic and military aid for Greece and Turkey. In a statement that became known as the Truman Doctrine, he declared that “it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” Congress agreed with Truman and decided that the doctrine was essential to keeping Soviet influence from spreading. The Eisenhower Doctrine promised the US would intervene in the Middle East if any government threatened by a communist takeover asked for help. Revolts against Soviet power erupted in Poland and Hungary, testing Khrushchev’s new permissiveness. After a new Hungarian government in 1956 announced its withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops and tanks battled students and workers in the streets of Budapest and crushed the rebellion. Although the Eisenhower administration’s propaganda had been encouraging liberation efforts, US officials found themselves unable to aid the rebels without igniting a world war. They stood by, promising only to welcome Hungarian immigrants in greater numbers than American quota laws allowed.
NATO?
The Berlin blockade increased Western European fear of Soviet aggression. As a result, ten Western European nations— Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal—joined with the United States and Canada on April 4, 1949, to form a defensive military alliance called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The 12 members of NATO pledged military support to one another in case any member was attacked. For the first time in its history, the United States had entered into a military alliance with other nations during peacetime.
