History Final 1002

Question 1

1 Clement

Answer 1

is a letter addressed to the Christians in the city of Corinth. The letter dates from the late 1st or early 2nd century, and ranks with Didache as one of the earliest of extant Christian documents outside the canonical New Testament.

Question 2

Arius

Answer 2

He was an ascetic Christian presbyter and priest in Alexandria, Egypt, of the church of Baucalis.
His teachings about the nature of the Godhead, which emphasized the Father’s divinity over the Son, and his opposition to Trinitarian Christology, was criticized by the First Council of Nicea.

Question 3

Athanasius

Answer 3

“the black dwarf”
“Kept close contact with the monks of the desert”
Wrote the Life of St. Anthony, Against the Gentiles (meaning the pagans) On the Incarnation of the Word.
Was one of the most formidable enemies of Arians.

Question 4

Athenagoras of Athens

Answer 4

he was an eloquent Christian apologist who wrote The Supplication for the Christian around 177 AD. He wrote a book on the doctrine of the resurrection.

Question 5

Battle of Milvian Bridge

Answer 5

Constantine seeks help in the battle from the Christian God. He sees a vision of a cross and a voice saying “By this Conquer.” Weiss argues that Constantine saw a sun-halo, a cross of light in the sky, encircled by a crown. With the help of the Christians, Constantine interpreted this as a sign from the Christian God. His army marches into battle with a new insignia the labarum. Changing standards announced a change of loyalty. Constantine defeated Maxentius and is acclaimed emperor by the Romans, and refuses to sacrifice to Jupiter.

Question 6

Caracalla

Answer 6

he was born 188 AD and was assassinated 217 AD. He was an ambitious, notorious, and cruel emperor. He massacred and persecuted many people; he even killed his own brother. He was noted for his granting citizenship to all freemen in the Roman Empire. He also made large public bath houses.

Question 7

Clement of Alexandria

Answer 7

He was a Christian theologian. He was an educated man who was familiar with classical Greek philosophy and literature. As works demonstrate, Clement was influenced by Hellenistic philosophy to a greater extent than any other Christian thinker of his time, and in particular by Plato and the Stoics.

Question 8

Constantine

Answer 8

He was a Roman emperor who was converted to Christianity and officially ended the persecution of Christians by issuing the Edict of Milan. He instituted policies that supported Christianity.

Question 9

Didache

Answer 9

This is a early Christian treatise generally dated to the 1st or 2nd century. It is the oldest written catechism that focuses on Christian ethics, rituals, and church organization.

Question 10

Diocletian

Answer 10

He was born 244 AD and died 311 AD. He was a determined, ambitious, and cruel man. He is known for his religious persecutions and his administrative, legal, military, and economic reforms.

Question 11

Domitian

Answer 11

Roman emperor (81–96). The son of Vespasian, he succeeded his brother Titus, whom he probably had killed. His administration was ostensibly egalitarian and based on precedent, but his laws were severe. Defeats in Britain and Germany undid his successes, though increased pay for the army kept it loyal. From 89 he became crueler, imposing a reign of terror over prominent senators and confiscating his victims’ property to cover imperial expenses.

Question 12

Edict of Milan

Answer 12

Constantine and Licinius issued this document to end the persecution of Christians.

Question 13

Epistle of Barnabas

Answer 13

one of the earliest contributions outside the NT to the discussion of questions that have confronted the followers of Jesus since the earliest days of his ministry: How ought Christians to interpret the Jewish scriptures, and what is the nature of the relationship between Christianity and Judaism? The anonymous author deals with both of these questions as he seeks to show by means of an allegorical interpretation of the scripture that Christians are the true and intended heirs of God’s covenant. He follows the ancient and well-respected tradition of allegorical exegesis developed by the Greeks – the allegorical method assumes the existence of, and seeks to uncover, the hidden spiritual meaning of a text, which may be quite different from the apparent meaning.

Question 14

Eusebius of Caesarea

Answer 14

He was a Roman historian, exegete and Christian polemicist. He became the Bishop of Caesarea in Palestine around 314. He authored numerous books.

Question 15

Hadrian

Answer 15

as Roman Emperor from 117 to 138. He re-built the Pantheon and constructed the Temple of Venus and Roma. He is also known for building Hadrian’s Wall, which marked the northern limit of Roman Britain.

Question 16

Ignatius

Answer 16

He was the Bishop of Antioch in Syria between AD 98-138. He wrote different letters to churches which had an emphasis on obedience to the bishops, harmony, false teachers, and Christ.

Question 17

Irenaeus

Answer 17

was a theologian who lived around 130-200 AD and was born in Smyrna. In his work Against Heresies, Irenaeus attacked Valentinians, Marcionites, and Gnostics He also defend a unique Christology

Question 18

Josephus

Answer 18

was a scholar who witnessed the sack of Jerusalem, a 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian and hagiographer who was born in Jerusalem to a father of priestly descent and a mother who claimed royal ancestry. He initially fought against the Romans during the First Jewish–Roman War as the head of Jewish forces in Galilee, until surrendering in 67 to Roman forces led by Vespasian after the six-week siege of Jotapata.

Question 19

Justin Martyr

Answer 19

He was an apologist who was born to pagan parents in Palestine (Hoffecker, 107). He called for the end of Christian persecution. He was the author of a number of books. At the center of his worldview was God. He formed a doctrine of human nature. He believed that God didn’t foreordain people but foreknew them.

Question 20

Licinius

Answer 20

was Roman Emperor from 308 to 324. For the majority of his reign he was the colleague and rival of Constantine, with whom he co-authored the Edict of Milan. He was finally defeated at the Battle of Chrysopolis.

Question 21

Marcion

Answer 21

Marcion was born to a bishop who “…dismissed him for espousing false theological positions” (Hoffecker, 105). Marcion taught that the God of the Old Testament was “a cruel, ignorant, and fickle deity—and the New Testament God of love, mercy, and forgiveness”

Question 22

Marcus Aurelius

Answer 22

he was born 121 AD and died 180 AD. he was a nobleman who valued philosophy. He was a devout man and was also very diligent. He is considered a significant Stoic philosopher. He was a Roman Emperor. He had military successes in the Marcomannic Wars. He wrote a diary called Meditations that is an important literary monument.

Question 23

Maxentius

Answer 23

the very popular son of Maximian. Fought Severus and won. Faced off against Constantine at the Milvian Bridge and was defeated there.

Question 24

Nero

Answer 24

He was a Roman emperor who is known for his persecution of Christians.

Question 25

Origen

Answer 25

was a scholar, early Christian theologian and Church Father, who was born and spent the first half of his career in Alexandria. He was a prolific writer in multiple branches of theology, including textual criticism, biblical exegesis and hermeneutics, philosophical theology, preaching, and spirituality.

Question 26

Pliny

Answer 26

was a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher, as well as naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and personal friend of the emperor Vespasian.

Question 27

Polycarp

Answer 27

He was a early church father and martyr. He also wrote a letter to the Philippians.

Question 28

Shapur I

Answer 28

He was born 226 AD and died 272 AD. He was a gentle, wise, brave and able man. He is known for warring against the Romans and building cities.

Question 29

Shepherd of Hermas

Answer 29

The Shepherd of Hermas, written by a brother of the bishop of Rome in the middle of the second century, deals mostly with the forgiveness of sins after baptism.

Question 30

Simon bar Kochba

Answer 30

was the Jewish leader of what is known as the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 AD, establishing an independent Jewish state which he ruled for three years.

Question 31

Tacitus

Answer 31

He was a Roman senator and historian.

Question 32

Tertullian

Answer 32

Early Christian theologian and moralist. Educated in Carthage, he became impressed by the courage, morality, and uncompromising monotheism of Christian martyrs, and he converted to Christianity. He became a leading member of the African church and one of the early Apologists. He devoted himself to writing for 20 years, producing works on such topics as defense of the faith, prayer and devotion, and morality, as well as the first Christian book on baptism.

Question 33

Tetrarchy

Answer 33

This was a form of government that the Roman Emperor Diocletian instituted where the power was divided among four individuals. This lasted until Constantine.

Question 34

Trajan

Answer 34

Most popular for his correspondence with Pliny, in which he said that there was no hard and fast rule to apply in regards to prosecuting Christians. He said the foundation of their crime was not anything they had done wrong, rather he charged them for identifying as Christians. Tertullian charged Trajan with injustice on this point in particular.

Question 35

Valentinius

Answer 35

During his time he was the most well-known gnostic theologian.

Question 36

Valerian

Answer 36

He was born 200 AD and died 311 AD. he was a ruthless and cruel man. He was the only Roman Emperor who was taken as a prisoner of war.