History Exam - Gr10 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the purpose of the United Nations?
A
- after the world wars, the Allies agreed that the League of Nations had been a failure
- so, they believed there needed to be a better organization with real power to intervene and settle disputes
- the organization also required its armed forces with (volunteer based with soldiers from each country)
- Main objectives (4):
- To ensure collective security by working together to avoid war
- To encourage cooperation among countries
- To defend human rights
- To improve living conditions for people around the world
2
Q
Why did Quebec wish to separate from the rest of Canada?
A
- to protect its francophone identity
- to perserve its uniquness
- to support its own development
3
Q
What is the Welfare State and how did it come to be?
A
The Welfare State is a state in which the government plays an important role in protecting the economic and social well-being of its citizens, by providing them with a safety net
Birth:
- after WW2, people feared the end of economic prosperity, while remembering the horrors of the Great Depression
- the CCF (later the NDP), under leader Tommy Douglas, supported programs that benefited workers, protected families, and increased the government’s role in the economy
- although the CCF never formed a government, they influenced the Liberals to support programs that strengthened Canada’s social security net
- Douglas also established a system a state-run healthcare system (the first) in Saskatchewan
- eventually, universal healthcare went nation wide
4
Q
What are some of the programs included in the Welfare State?
A
- Unemployment Insurance
- the Baby Bonus
- National Housing Act (mortgage)
5
Q
When were many of the programs of the Welfare State introduced?
A
In the 1960s
6
Q
What is the Canada Act of 1982?
A
- also known as the Constitution Act
- it enshrined the Charter of Rights and Freedoms to protect Canada’s citizens
- achieved full independence from Britain by allowing Canada to change its constitution without approval from Britain
The Kitchen Accord
- when there was a plan to implement the charter into Canada’s constitution, Quebec remained on the sideline
- so, an agreement was made in the middle of the night while the premier of Quebec, Rene Levesque, was at a different hotel (not present)
- the next morning, Levesque learnt that the new deal had been made without him, and so, he refused to declare his approval
7
Q
Why didn’t that Statute of Westminster give Canada full autonomy from Britain?
A
- with the Statute of Westminster, Britain was willing to grant Canada full autonomy
- But Canadians were not sure how to change their constitution alone (Should they consider all provinces? Should some provinces count more than others? etc)
- therefore, until Canada could answer these questions, Britain remained in power to amend Canada’s constitution
8
Q
During the Roaring Twenties, there was an increasing amount of Canadians in film. Who became known as America’s Sweetheart?
A
Mary Pickford
9
Q
Who was the first female engineer, and what year did she graduate from UofT?
A
Elsie McGill
1927
10
Q
What was the name of one of the earliest women’s organizations and its focus?
A
National Council of Women of Canada
Focus: to improve the lives and public health of female factory workers, immigrants, and prisoners
11
Q
Women fought for suffrage starting in 1870, under the leader ship of WHO?
A
Emily Stowe
12
Q
Who was the first woman to practice medicine in Canada?
A
Emily Stowe
13
Q
What rights did women want and fight for? (4)
A
- suffrage
- the right to run for public office
- the right to be appointed to senate
- the right to serve as judges
14
Q
Which was the first province to allow the right to vote for some women?
A
Ontario
15
Q
Who was the first female MP and who voted for her?
A
Agnes Macphail had people from Grey Southeast, Ontario who wanted her to represent them
16
Q
Define the Women are Persons fight
A
- in 1916, Edmonton appointed Emily Murphy as judge of the juvenile court (the first female judge in the British Empire)
- Eventually, she became a magistrate (someone who administers the law)
- In 1917, a group of women put Murphy’s name forward to become Senate
- PM Borden refused to consider Murphy as a qualified person
- In Canada’s Constitution at the time (Called the British North America Act), only “qualified persons” could become senators, but did not define “person”
- The Courts relied on an old British definition for clarity which was “Women are persons in matters of pains and penalties, but are not persons in matters of rights and privileges”
Essentially, women would be treated like everyone else if they were to do something wrong, but not if they were to be granted a right or privilege - By 1927, Emily Murphy teamed up with other women to form the Alberta 5. Members:
- Louis McKinney
- Nellie McClung
- Irene Parlby
- Emily Murphy
- Henrietta Muir Edwards
- the Alberta 5 fought the law in court and lost the first round
- the women took their case to the Judicial Privy Council in England and won
- A woman was appointed to senate (Cairine Wilson) because she was liberal like King and unlike Murphy
17
Q
When women couldn’t register with the armed forces, they set up their own volunteer forces. What is the name of one and what was their goal?
A
CATS
Canadian Auxiliary Territorial Service
Goal: Provide technical and first aid training to women
18
Q
What are some of the non-combat roles women engaged in during WW2?
A
- secretaries
- radar operators
- mechanics
- ambulance and truck drivers
- nurses
19
Q
Although many women returned to their traditional ways after the war, what did their engagement in the war effort do for them?
A
Women gained freedom and self-respect → they knew the satisfaction of making their own money and the unfairness of making less money than men for doing the same work
20
Q
How did transportation advance in the past 100 years?
A
- Aircraft technology advanced quickly during WW1 and after the war
- People believed that airplanes could be put to civilian uses
- The Commercial airline industry evolved to carry passengers
- It was common
- Many bush pilots → pilots who fly to isolated areas
- In 1919, Parliament passed the Canada Highways Act, committing the federal government to build 40 000 km of highway
- This made Canadians more mobile
- More car ownership
- This further supported the expansion of cities and the development of suburbs
21
Q
How did communication evolve over the past 100 years?
A
- telephone technology advanced rapidly
- the first trans-Canada call was made in 1916
- The first telephones came in 2 pieces: an earpiece and a speaking piece
- users called a telephone operator to be connected with whom they wished to speak
- innovations made phones easier to use and cheaper over time (at first they ere considered a luxury)
22
Q
Who discovered insulin injections to help diabetes?
A
- Frederick Banting believed it was possible
- he was permitted to use a lab at UofT to do research and had help from Charles Best
- Together, they discovered that it was possible to use insulin to help manage diabetes
23
Q
Offer a summary of how the TB vaccination programs came to be
A
- The National Research Council had been established to conduct research and helped create a vaccine to prevent TB
- Drawing on research that had been begun in France they began making a vaccine in 1925
- Vaccination programs were set up at some First Nation reserves in Saskatchewan as TB was a problem there
- These successful vaccination programs became a model for more widespread vaccination programs
24
Q
Who invented the variable pitch propeller?
Think: a propeller turns
What does the variable pitch propeller do?
A
Wallace Turnball
- allows planes to fly in more than one gear
- allows for a more efficient engine
25
Who invented the Snow mobile? What does it do?
Joseph Bombardier
- allows for faster, easier, and safer transportation on snow
- Treads instead of tires (chainsaw look)
26
Who invented the wire photo and what is it?
Think: W stands for wire and...
William Stephenson
- transmits photos through the air, using telegraphs
- allows for more instant news
27
Who invented the AC/Batteryless Radio?
Edward S. Rogers
- the AC (Alternating Current) Radio could be plugged into walls for electricity, rather than batteries
- this more convenient and reliable as batteries were expensive and needed constant recharging
28
Offer a summary of how the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission came to be
- by 1928, 805 of radio programs that Canadians listened to were produced in the US
- so, King appointed Aird to char a royal commission to consider the future of broadcasting and the government's role
- the Aird report suggested that the government board operate a coast-to-coast radio system (CRBC)
29
What were Sir Sam Huges' successes?
- he was appointed minister of Militia and Defence despite his reputation as a religious bigot
- at the outbreak of WW1 Huges coordinated the recruitment of Canadian troops
- he boosted Canada's pre-war force with 3000 militia troops
- he oversaw the construction of a training facility (Camp Valcartier and others)
- within a few weeks, the first Canadian forces were ready to sail for Europe
30
What were Sir Sam Huges' Failures?
- he wanted to provide his troops with equipment that was admirable in concept but unsuccessful and of poor quality
- he insisted that the troops use the Ross Rifle gun which was not good for the soldiers as it would jam under rapid fire
- Huges set up a sub-militia council in England, without cabinet approval
- In response Borden created the Ministry of Overseas Forces, appointing Sir George Halsey Perley as Minister. Thereby limiting Hughes' role
- Huges rebelled and tried to reverse the PM’s decision
- Without initial success, Hughes became insulting, forcing Borden to ask Huges for his resignation
31
What was the Munich agreement (short summary)
- Hitler wanted to take over Czechoslovakia
- the Czechs were willing to fight against the Nazis
- although Hitler's invasion of Austria was not allowed under the Treaty of Versailles, the Allies were in no position to go to war with Hitler
- so, they let Hitler have Austria in hopes of avoiding war (appeasement)
- Hitler promised to not invade any more countries (he broke this promise)
- the Czechs were unhappy but couldn't do anything about it
32
What was the start of WW1/Schlieffan plan?
- Germany believed that war with Russia was likely
- if Russia would attack Germany, France would also attack as Russia's ally
- so, Germany developed the Schleiffan Plan:
- they would attack and defeat France quickly before Russia could prepare its military
- then they would attack against Russia
The Schlieffan Plan included 4 assumptions that were incorrect.
1. Germany thought that they should attack France through Belgium as Belgium would not resist their attack
Belgium did resist and fight back
2. Russia would take at least 6 weeks to prepare its military
Russia had its military prepared in only 10 days
3. Britain would remain neutral
Britain fought against Germay
4. The defeat of France would be done in about 4 weeks
The defeat of France never occurred and this was the beginning of 4 years of war
33
Who was RB Bennet and why was he significant?
- Former PM of Canada (1930-1935)
- PM during the worst years of the Depression
- during the federal election of 1935, unemployment was a big problem and Bennet promised that he would solve the problem
- Bennet planned to increase tariffs one imports to Canada or force other countries to lower their tariffs on Canadian products
- other countries only increased their tariffs like Canada and Canadian exports were unable to sell their products
- Bennet refused to spend money on relief programs
- Bennet would receive letters from families in need, asking for help, and he would send them 5 to 20 dollars of his own money
- Bennett imposed his "New Deal"
- Eventually, Bennet sent out 20 million dollars in aid to the provinces for relief
- this did not help as there were increasing amounts of unemployed men
- Bennett followed Andre McNaughton's advice when he considered that men should be sent to work in relief camps
- During the On to Ottawa Trek, Bennett insisted that the relief camps were fine and that the trekkers were communist agitators
34
What was Bennett's New Deal?
- just as President Roosevelt's New Deal, Bennett imposed sweeping social programs such as unemployment insurance and minimum wage
35
Why did Bennett's tariffs and 20 million dollars of aid not help?
- the increased tariffs only caused other countries to increase their tariffs, denying Canadian producers the ability to sell their products
- even with the aid, there were increasing numbers of unemployed men
36
What was the Luftwaffe?
- the air defence of Germany
- the best air force at the beginning of WW2
- essential for Blitzkrieg tactics
37
Offer a summary of the On to Ottawa Trek
- during the Great Depression, many unemployed and unmarried men were sent to work in Relief camps
- in relief camps, men performed manual labour while receiving little pay, working in unsafe conditions, and living in poorly constructed shacks
- in demand for higher wages and better working conditions, the men planned to get on freight trains to get to Vancouver. From there, they would trek to Ottawa to take their case to PM Bennett
- On their way, they were supported with food and with additional joiners/trekkers
- While the trekkers were in Regina, Saskatchewan, PM Bennett did not want them to travel further. So, he arranged to meet the trek leaders in Ottawa and pay for the rest of the trekkers waiting
- the meeting in Ottawa resolved nothing; Bennett insisted that there was nothing wrong with them camps and that the trekkers were communist agitators
38
Offer a summary of the Regina Riot
- In Regina's Market Square, Regina Police and the RCMP tried to arrest the trek leaders
- when the police attacked, people panicked, causing a riot
- by the end of it, a policemen was dead and hundreds were injured
- within days, the trekkers boarded trains to return home without anything gained
- relief camps were closed that same year after Bennet lost the election to King
39
Offer a summary of the Battle of Britain
- Hitler wanted to invade the UK (Operation Sea Lion)
- however, the UK controlled the English Channel, which Germany would have to cross to invade
- so, Germany would have to control the skies over the English Channel
- when the battle began, the Luftwaffe had 2500 planes which was more than double the RAF. The RAF was also short of trained pilots and experienced ground and aircrew
- Even so, certain factors helped the RAF win the Battle:
- the Spitfire (arguably the best interceptor aircraft in the world)
- superior radars
- the help from several countries
- The biggest contributor to the RAF's success was Hitler's mistake:
- The British bombed Berlin, frustrating the commander of the German air force because he had promised that the Allies would never bomb a German city
- as revenge, Germany blitzed Britain cities, especially London, for 57 consecutive days
- while Germany was bombing London, the RAF had time to recover and prepare itself better
during the next German attack, the RAF attacked and defeated Germany
- this caused Hitler to put a pause in Operation Sea Lion
40
Who was Tommy Douglas?
- under Tommy Douglas' leadership, the CCF (NDP) promoted programs that benefited workers, families, and the government's involvement in the economy
- He established a system of state-run healthcare in the province → the first such system in the nation
- He provided medical, hospital and dental care for senior citizens
- Funded treatment for those suffering from cancer and other diseases
- He still managed to reduce the provincial debt by 20 million
- Douglas introduced universal hospital insurance for $5 per resident → They had all hospital bills covered
- Eventually, the federal government agreed to share the costs
- Douglas introduced the Universal Healthcare System to Saskatchewan, and eventually, to the rest of Canada
As a result of Douglas' actions:
- Diefenbaker set up a royal commission which declared adequate healthcare was a right of citizenship → even so, Pearson won the next election
- Pearson agreed to support universal healthcare
- Medical Care Act created a non-profit universal healthcare system for all Canadians
41
What is the definition of Just Society?
Just Society is what Pierre Trudeau envisioned for all Canadians to have equal opportunities
42
What are speakeasies?
During the prohibition, people would continue to smuggle alcohol into the country and sell it in secret bars in the back rooms of buildings. Those rooms were called speakeasies
43
What are U-Boats?
- German submarines
- During WW1, Germany built 400 U-boats, which effectively sunk Allied ships
- In order to defend against U-boats, ships would travel in convoys and transports were protected by warships
44
What is the Avro Arrow?
- the government agreed to pay for the creation of a new aircraft for the Royal Canadian Airforce, which became the Avro Arrow
- only the best technology was to be used
- the Avro Arrow was meant to intercept missiles launched by the Soviet Union
- but, certain aspects caused the cancellation of the Avro Arrow
45
Who cancelled the program of the Avro Arrow?
PM John Diefenbaker
46
Why was the Avro Arrow program cancelled?
- the costs of its production were rising
- after the Soviets launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik, many Western scientists believed that similar technologies would be used to lead missiles, which the arrow was not designed to stop
47
Offer a summary of the Battle of Dieppe
- 1942
- 5000 Canadians, 1000 British, and some French and American soldiers planned to attack the heavily fortified port of Dieppe
- they intended to seize the town, destroy the airport, release prisoners of war
- the key element of their attack was surprise, which was ruined as the Germans saw the Allies coming in the night
- as their surprise was lost, the Germans were waiting for the Allies when they attacked in the morning
- some landing crafts were shot right out of the water and only a few soldiers ever reached the town
- this battle was a major failure for the Allies, causing them to realize that they would require more preparation for the D-Day invasion
- they moved D-Day back a year
48
What was the key element to the battle of Dieppe?
Surprise
49
What were the mistakes made in the battle of Dieppe?
1. It was a bad idea to attack a beach in broad daylight
2. The enemy (Germans) should have been weakened ahead of time with aerial and naval bombardment
50
What is the significance of the Battle of Dieppe?
The major failure of the Allies taught them they would have to prepare much more the D-Day invasion
51
Why was the radio so great?
- inexpensive entertainment
- ended isolation (many would gather together to listen)
- one could listen to: the latest news, sports, music, soap operas, crime stories, comedies, dramas, mysteries
52
Who invented the AC/Batteryless radio
Edward S Rogers
53
By 1928, 80% of the radio stations Canadians listened to were produced in the USA. What did King do about it?
- King appointed Aird to chair a royal commission to discuss the future of broadcasting and the government's role
- the Aird Report suggested that the government operate a coast-to-coast broadcasting system
- the CRBC (Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission)
54
What does FLQ stand for?
Front de Liberation de Quebec
55
What was the FLQ?
An aggressive Quebec independence movement that used terrorism to try and achieve socialist and independent Quebec
56
What was the only time the War Measures Act was put into place in Canada during peace?
During the October Crisis
57
Offer a summary of the October Crisis
- In October 1970, the FLQ kidnapped James Cross, the British Trade Commissioner in Montreal
- Several days later, the police made negotiations with the kidnappers to free James Cross, and in return, the kidnappers received a flight to Cuba
- members issued a media release, outlining their demands
- Release of political prisoners (FLQ members who had been arrested)
- Payment of $500 000
- Publication of the FLQ manifesto
- An airplane to fly FLQ members to Cuba or Algeria
- A joint federal and provincial team was established to deal with the crisis and refused to give in to the demands, although the media published and broadcasted the manifesto
- Then, Pierre Laport, Quebec’s minister of labour was kidnapped
Days later, his body was found in the trunk of a car in montreal
- Quebec premier Robert Bourassa asked the federal government to send troops to Montreal to protect government officials
- He also announced that he would release some prisoners and promised the kidnappers’ passage out of Canada
- The October Crisis is what caused Pierre Trudeau to involve the War Measures Act
58
What is appeasement and what are some examples of it?
Appeasement means providing one with one's desires to avoid violence or war.
Examples:
- When Hitler wanted to conquer Austria (against the Treaty of Versailles), the Allies allowed it because they were in no position for war
- The same thing occurred with Czechoslovakia (Munich Agreement)
- The League of Nations appeased Mussolini when he threatened war if they caught off Italy's oil supply
- President Hindenburg made Hitler the chancellor of Germany to appease him and the Nazi's who fought against communists, causing chaos on the streets
59
Why was appeasement a significant in WW2?
If Hitler was not given the right to continue his conquering, he could have been stopped, and WW2 might not have happened
60
Who was Lester B Pearson and why is he significant?
- Former PM of Canada (1963-1968)
-Under Prime Minister Pearson, a Royal Commission analyzed the Status of Women in Canada
- Pearson supported Universal Healthcare
- He played an important role in the de-escalation of the Suez Crisis
61
Offer a summary of the Suez Crisis
- France and British controlled the Suez canal for a while
- It was an important route for trade and continues to be
- Nasser (president of Egypt) wanted to make the canal nationalized by Egypt (the government of Egypt would manage it) and destroy Israel
- In response, France and Britain threatened to attack Egypt
- Britain and France made a secret negotiation with Israel:
- Israel would invade
- Britain and Egyptian forces would demand and ultimatum, demanding that Israeli and Egyptian forces would leave the region so that they could launch an intense bombing
- Nasser’s government would fall and the British and French would regain control of the Suez Canal
- The plan went into action in October 1956, when Israel attacked Egypt
- The Soviet Union threatened to launch on a nuclear attack on London and Paris if Britain and France did not withdraw
- The US and Canada demanded that France and Britain back down
Canada’s role
- The UN looked for ways to solve international tensions
- Lester B Pearson (who was not yet Prime Minister) persuaded the UN General Assembly to organize the world's first international peacekeeping mission
- The UN ordered all foreign troops out of Egypt
- Then, it sent the first UN peacekeeping troops to Egypt to keep the warring sides apart and maintain peace in the region while the two sides negotiated a solution
- Pearson would win the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in the Suez Crisis
62
Why was the War Measures Act initiated in WW1?
Because Canadians were suspicious of immigrants from enemy countries
63
What were the terms of the War Measures Act in WW1?
Many immigrants from enemy countries were sent to internment camps
Reasons for internment:
1. Attempting to leave Canada (this posed a threat to the war effort)
2. Acting suspiciously
3. Showing resistance to authority
4. Being deemed unreliable or undesirable
5. Being found in a state of hiding
64
What were the conditions under the War Measures Act during the October Crisis?
The War Measures Act suspended Canadians' rights and freedoms and gave the government sweeping emergency powers
It allowed the government to:
- Declare anyone who publicly supported the FLQ to be a member of the group
- Arrest and hold anyone who remained a member of the FLQ for more than 90 days
- Imprison FLQ members for up to 5 years
65
What was the issue with the cancellation of the Avro Arrow?
- 15, 000 A.V. Roe employees lost their jobs
- these highly skilled employees left Canada, so the potential for a prosperous Canadian Aerospace industry never reached its potential
66
What did Prime Minister Diefenbaker suggest be used after the cancellation of the Avro Arrow?
Used Voodoo fighter jets, bought from the US
67
Aftermath of the October Crisis
- The reaction to the War Measures Act was mixed → some thought it was too harsh while others thought it was justified
- A total of 62 people were charged with crimes related to being an FLQ member, murder, etc
- The two who murdered Pierre Laport were sentenced to a life in prison
- The act was replaced with the Emergencies Act by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney
- The new law allows that, while the government is given emergency powers, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms would remain in effect
- Trudeau also passed the Official Languages Act, making both French and English the official languages of Canada
This caused some controversy among anglophones
- To appease those in controversy, Premier Robert Bourassa made it so that French was the only official language in Quebec under Bill 22
- Rene Levesque was a cabinet minister who became more unhappy with the Quebec liberals’ strong federal ties, so he made the Parti Quebecois with a separatist platform
Levesque and the PQ defeated the liberals and formed a provincial government devoted to allowing the people of Quebec to leave Canada if they so choose
A second language law was created (Bill 101) that banned any language other than French on signs in Quebec, and even tighter restrictions on English education
The people of Quebec saw these measures as vital in the fight to preserve the French language and culture on an English-speaking continent
68
What were the causes for the Holocaust?
- Hitler being appeased and therefore granted more power
- Hitler's belief that the Jews were the ones who stabbed Germany in the back during WW1
- Hitler wanted to create the Aryan or pure race
- Hitler was not being stopped as he gathered more power (appeasement)
69
What were the conditions in Ghettos?
- men of certain ages (15-55) had to perform slave labour
- their possession were taken away
- food was severely rationed
- there were tight living conditions
- unsanitary
- diseases spread
- scarce heating during winter
70
What brought the Holocaust to an end?
- Germany surrendered after fighting the D-Day invasion
- Hitler killed himself
71
What was the homefront effort during War in Canada?
They rationed certain foods
They rationed their gas
Butter and cheese that Canadians didn’t eat went to Britain, where rationing was much more severe
Washing machines were no longer made of nickel and neither were the 5 cent coins → nickel was used for armour coating on tanks
Families kept victory gardens
Families saved rags, metals, papers, rubber, aluminum
Bacon fat and bones were saved for explosives
Local clubs went from door to door, asking for donations
They saved string and foil from cigarettes and candy wrappers
Student knitted during lunch hour making scarves and socks for the soldiers
Students wrote letters to lonely prisoners of war
Children planted Victory gardens in front of their schools and in baseball fields
Teens were left off school to help bring in the harvest
Some Canadians volunteered to be air-raid wardens (on the lookout, at the chance of getting hurt)
72
Who was part of the Alberta Five?
- Louise McKinney
- Nellie McClung
- Irene Parlby
- Henrietta Muir Edwards
- Emily Murphy
73
What was one of the earliest women's organizations?
National Council of Women of Canada (NCWC)
74
What was the Royal Commission analyzed the Status of Women Canada
- a commission to analyze the status of Women in Canada
- there were 167 suggestions made by 900 people
- suggestions included:
- Providing daycare services for women who work outside the home
- Prohibiting discrimination on the basis of gender or marital status
- Paying unemployment benefits to working women on maternity leave
- Establishing wages based on responsibility and skills rather than gender
- Trudeau created a cabinet portfolio for the Status of Women in 1971
- In 1973, he established the Advisory Council on the Status of Women to monitor the progress in implementing the report’s recommendation
75
What did Fredrick Banting invent?
- Frederick Banting, from Ontario, believed that diabetes could be treated with injections of insulin
- Charles Best was assigned to help Banting with his research
- By 1922, the discovery of insulin injections had been labelled "One of the greatest achievements of modern medicine."
- It is NOT a cure, just a way to control
Best and Banting received the Nobel Prize for Medicine
76
What was the significance of credit during the Great Depression?
- with the many new consumer goods, people did far too much credit buying, believing that they would be able to pay it back
- however, after the crash of the stock market they could not pay it back, causing an increased severity to the Great Depression
- also, people did credit buying of stocks
- when the stock market failed, they could not pay back brokers, causing both themselves and brokers to lose a lot of money
77
Why was Prime Minister Pearson significant?
- under his leadership, the country introduced universal healthcare
- Pearson enabled the Royal Commission of the Status of Women in Canada
- Pearson was well-known for his efforts in dismantling the tension during the Suez Crisis. Pearson persuaded the UN General Assembly to organize the world's first international peacekeeping mission
78
Why was Diefenbaker significant?
- Diefenbaker cancelled the Avro Arrow Program
- Diefenbaker declared that adequate healthcare was a human right
- he passed the Canadian Bill of Rights (the 4 freedoms: freedom of religion, speech, assembly and association, media/press)
79
What does NORAD stand for
North American Air Defence
Later changed
North American Aerospace Defence Command
80
Why was NORAD created?
- NORAD was a pact made at the height of the Cold War to detect any Russian enemy missiles coming through Canada and into the US
81
What were the ways of life that Quebec preferred?
- rural over urban life
- religion over state
- isolationism over engagement with the wider world
82
Who were the two PREMIERS of Quebec?
Earlier: Maurice Duplesiss
Later: Robert Bourassa
83
Why did Quebec want to separate from Canada?
- their 3 preferences (rural over urban, religion over state, isolationism over engagement with the wider world)
- they believed they were victims to the anglophone-dominated country as most businesses and industries maintained English as the main language
84
After Maurice Duplessis' death, the party he had led lost to the Quebec Liberals' Party. What was their slogan? Who was their leader?
Things have to change
Jean Lesage
85
Who was the President of Quebec?
Charles de Gaulle
86
Why did PM Pearson refuse to meet with de Gaulle?
Once, during a speech to a large crowd, de Gaulle said, "Long live a free Quebec", indicating that Quebec was not already free
The Canadian government saw this as Quebec sticking its nose into Canadian domestic affairs
87
What was the name of the changes implemented by Jean Lesage's leadership of the Quebec Liberals?
The Quiet Revolution
88
What was the success of the Quiet Revolution (before the FLQ)?
The government established a stronger French presence in the province's economy
89
The FLQ committed what crimes?
- Kidnapping
- James Cross (British Trade Commissioner)
- Pierre Laport (Quebec's minister of labour) HE WAS KILLED TOO
- bombings
- robberies
90
After the kidnapping of trade commissioner, James Cross, the FLQ issued a media release, stating their demands. What were they?
1. $500,000
2. the release of prisoners
3. a plane to Cuba or Algeria
91
What did the Quebec premier (Bourassa) do when Pierre Laport was kidnapped?
He claimed that in return for Pierre Laport's freedom, he would release some hostages and create a passage for the kidnappers out of Canada
He also asked the federal government to send troops to Montreal to protect the government officials
92
What was the difference between the War Measures Act and the Emergencies Act?
The Emergencies Act still provided the government with emergency powers during a crisis but also specified the fact that the Charter of Rights and Freedoms was still in effect
93
Who replaced the War Measures Act with the Emergencies Act
PM Brian Mulroney
94
Who passed Bill 22 and what was it
Robert Bourassa
It made French the only official language in Quebec and restricted the use of English in businesses and in schools
95
What was Bill 101?
- also known as the Charter of the French Language
- it banned the use of any language other than French on signs in Quebec
- there were also even tighter restrictions on education
96
What was the aftermath of the October Crisis
- mixed reaction to the War Measures Act
- 62 people were charged with various crimes
- the 4 people involved in the murder of Pierre Laporte were sentenced to life in prison
- Pierre Trudeau enacted the Official Languages Act, which made both English and French official languages in Canada (this had mixed views)
- Robert Bourassa passed Bill 22, which made French the only official language in Quebec and restricted the use of English in businesses and schools
- Rene Levesque, a cabinet minister became more unhappy with the Quebec Liberals' federal ties, so it helped him create the Parti Quebecois with a separatist platform
- this party won the election and formed a provincial government committed to allowing the people of Quebec to leave Canada if they would choose to
- the Parti Quebecois passed Bill 101 or "Charter of the French Language", which banned the use of any language other than French on signs in Quebec, with even tighter restrictions on education
- the 1980 referendum
- the 1995 referendum
97
What were the 4 objectives of the UN?
- to encourage collective security by working together to avoid war
- to encourage cooperation between countries
- to defend human rights
- to improve living conditions
98
Which countries have veto power for the UN?
- The US
- Great Britain
- France
- Russia
- China
