History exam 2 McWhorter Flashcards
1
Q
What was the first exam about?
A
change over time
2
Q
What is the second exam on?
A
Change over time, but also the origins of everything
3
Q
Persian empire
-who was Cyrus?
A
the first ruler of the Persian empire
4
Q
What did the greeks call Cyrus?
A
Cyrus the Elder
5
Q
He annexed Mesopotamia, Assyria, all the way to India
A
Cyrus
6
Q
Warmly remembered in the Old testament books of Ezra and Isiah for ending the Babylonian captivity of the Hebrews and restoring them to Jerusalem (586/538 BCE)
A
Cyrus
7
Q
Cyrus’ son
A
Cambyses II
8
Q
Who continued the expansion of the Persian empire?
A
Cambyses II
9
Q
Who was the lance bearer to Cambyses II?
A
Dairus
10
Q
Orchestrated a coup détat
A
Dairus
11
Q
After he orchestrates the coup détat, they become the what?
A
Achaemenids
12
Q
How did Darius create this empire?
A
-Created Persepolis to rule this empire
-Created Royal Road
-“neither rain, nor snow, nor heat, nor dark of night prevents these couriers…”
13
Q
Who was this quote referring to? “Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night strays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds.”
A
the messengers in the Persian Empire.
14
Q
Where is this quote engraved in the US?
A
James A. Farley Post Office in NYC
15
Q
is there an official motto of the U.S Postal Service?
A
No
16
Q
Where is this quote taken from?
A
An ancient book by the Greek historian Herodotus
17
Q
Who were the Immortals?
A
Dairus elite troops
18
Q
How many immortals were there?
A
10,000 soldiers
19
Q
How were these 10,000 soldiers maintained?
A
One dies, he is replaced
20
Q
Who defeated the Persians?
A
the Greeks
21
Q
Where did the Greeks defeat the Persians in 490 BCE
A
Battle of Marathon
22
Q
Where did the Greeks defeat the Persians in 480 BCE
A
Battle of Salamis
23
Q
Once Greece defeated Persia, what did they begin to do?
A
spread their culture
24
Q
What, from the Greeks, profoundly affects almost everyone today
A
Their idea of democracy and rationalism
25
"just Greece"
Hellenic Greece
26
What Greek time periods are in hellenic Greece?
-Early Greece (Mycenaean; Dark Ages, Recovery)
-Archaic Greece
-Classical Greece
27
Minoan Crete (early Greece) was when?
2000 to 1500 BCE
28
Considered the Island of Peace
Minoan Crete
29
Where was Crete?
on the Aegean Sea
30
What civilization did Sir Arthur Evans believe he found in Crete?
Minoan Crete
31
What is Knossas
the largest Bronze age archaeological site in Crete
32
Sir Arthur Evans was trying to find what?
Mycenaean civilization
33
What did Sir Arthur Evans find?
Minoan Crete
34
-a famous archaeologist
-found Minoan Crete
-discovered fresco paintings
Sir Arthur Evans
35
when did Sir Arthur Evans find minoan crete?
1899
36
When did Sir Arthur Evans die? was he happy when he died?
1941, and no
37
Why did Sir Arthur Evans not die a happy man?
WWII was occurring and it was destroying his work of Crete
38
Wet plaster in sistine chapel, when paint dried they would paint on top of it.
fresco paintings
39
What was a gift to us from Minoan culture?
Fresco Paintings
40
the architecture was absent of ruler exalting monuments, but there were graves of bones
Minoan architecture
41
there were 4 major palaces here
Minoan Crete
42
Social stratification of Minoan Crete?
men and women shared public life
43
why was Minoan Crete considered the Island of Peace?
No ruler and absence of fortifications
44
was a thalassocracy
Crete
45
What is a thalasoccracy?
Ruler of the sea (Crete was surrounded by water)
46
What was the first sea-born empire?
Carthage
47
what sea was Carthage on
Mediterranean Sea
48
How were these early civilizations in Greece made possible?
Agricultural revolution
49
What did Greeks give us?
rational thought
50
When we get sick we go to our physician with the scientific degree instead of our pastor
rational thinking
51
this rational thinking that was transmitted through non genetic means is
culture
52
what was Robert Sapolsky's goal
to end human suffering
53
After Greece and the civilizations we enter the
Scientific revolution
54
after the scientific revolution, we enter the
enlightenment
55
which revolution also changed our lives tremendously?
Industrial revolution
56
-centered around commerce
-commerce rather than agriculture
-traded crafted goods
-had a monopoly on trade
-traded olive oil
Crete civilization
57
What civilization was also founded on commerce?
Jamestown
58
Founded in 1607, they tried to sell olive oil but ended up selling tobacco
Jamestown
59
Jamestown wanted to make olive oil and grapes for wine, but instead discovered tobacco which ended up making them money.
Commerce over agriculture
60
a seasoning, fragrance, dye, and medicine; given to us from the Greeks
saffron
61
-no big anthromorphic gods
-personal small shrines
-centered on nature
religion of crete
62
The shrines/figures represent who?
strong priestesses
63
What was an activity the Minoans did?
bull leaping
64
What was the writing used by the Greeks that remains uninterpreted? ; it is a list of names followed by numbers.
Linear A (syllabic writing)
65
What was this writing being used for in Crete?
record keeping of cows, jars, etc.
66
Mycenaean Greece was in what time period?
2000 to 1200 BCE
67
between 2300 and 1700 BCE, what happened?
a new population settled in mainland Greece
68
The Mycenaean culture collapsed either from fighting among each other or were taken over by invaders. What began after this collapse?
the Dark Ages began
69
When was the Trojan War?
13th/12th BCE by Homer
70
What were the Minoans known for being?
superior gymnasts
71
(Greek mythology) the king who led the Greeks against Troy in the Trojan War
Agamemnon
72
When was the Dark Ages?
1200-800 BCE
73
-a time when trade became a standstill
-all signs of civilization disappeared
-Mycenaeans might have forgotten how to write?
-Gods behaved like humans except they were immortal and strong
-worship was not emotional
-private morality was to do good to friends and harm to enemies.
Dark Ages
74
-people lived in isolated villages
-written language disappeared
-famine
-no artwork was produced
-Minoan and Mycenaean civilization ended
Dark Ages
75
what occurred in 800 BCE
Signs of Recovery in Greece
76
what was the mainland of Greece? Also the root word for Greece
Hellas
77
Hellas had 3 distinct regions, what were they?
-Peloppesus (had largest city, Corrinth and greatest military power, Sparta)
-Attica, home to Athens
-Then, there are cities on northern coast of Gulf of Corinth
78
Greek worship celebrated their gods, hence, the birth of the olympics
Mount Olympus
79
3 old sisters who spun and wove the thread of destiny
Fates
80
Patron goddesses of the arts
Muses
81
female deities who lived in the underworld and exacted vengeance on the evil-doers.
Furies
82
Hercules
Heroes
83
When were the olympics?
786 BCE
84
when was Archaic Greece?
750 to 500 BCE
85
Turning point in Greek History
Archaic Greece
86
Identity shifts from membership in a tribe to citizen of a polis/city state
archaic Greece
87
Revolution in politics, artistic traditions, intellectual values, and social structure
Archaic Greece
88
Greece passed down the politics to us, by non genetic means...... which is
culture
89
In 8th century BCE, as the polis/city states emerge, Greeks are crowded, beginning to spread out, move into other areas, and establish colonies. For 2 reasons:
1. Too overpopulated, less food supply
2. Needed more land, desperately needed more farmland
90
The Greeks colonized around where?
-Aegean Sea
-parts of Asia Minor
-southern parts of Italy, France, and Spain
91
As the Greeks were colonizing, what were they doing?
trading with others as they go
92
Steven Hawkings and Robert Sapolsky get the idea of what from Greeks?
rational thinking; you don't need a god to understand anything
93
what does the polis provide?
a defense
94
what did the collective interest and identity come from with the polis?
military requirements
95
what was each citizen required to own?
a long spear and shield
96
what did the polis need?
a new defense
97
what did they create for the new defense?
a phalanx of soldiers
98
what are the archaic Greek soldiers and their formation called?
-Hoplites
-formation was a Phalanx
99
What does all of this mean for archaic Greece?
A social development with political results
100
What was a disadvantage that the hoplites/soldiers had in their polis?
-They are fighting for their city-state but have no voice in it or say in who sends them to war.
-if they risk their life, shouldn't they have a voice?
101
How does the situation of the hoplites/soldiers relate to the Vietnam war?
Before the end of the Vietnam War, you had to be 21 to vote.
102
Who was citizenship reserved for in this period?
the military
103
When did all of this emerge?
700-600 BCE
104
What else did the polis provide?
justice
105
What was required of the people (remember each citizen had to own a spear and shield)
be prepared to fight
106
Why would citizens be ostracized?
-if the ancient athenian citizens felt that democracy was threatened
-political differences
-dishonesty
-or just general dislike
107
Once a year, the ancient athenians nominated people that they felt threatened their democracy. What happened to them?
They were exiled for 1 year.
108
If a proposed legislation was not passed, what were the consequences?
fines were given to discourage other frivolous proposals in the future.
109
(society in Archaic Greece)
Who became more important?
artisans and merchants
110
Who remained most important in archaic Greece society?
farmers
111
What did farmers grow?
wheat, grapes for wine, olives for oil--cooking and lighting, green vegetables and fruit
112
what animals did farmers use for milk and cheese?
sheep and goats
113
where did the meat come from in archaic Greece?
sacrificed animals
114
How is life for farmers in Archaic Greece?
hard
115
who employed laborers, sharecroppers, and slaves?
Aristrocrats
116
the center of their life was social
Aristocrats
117
They put on contests consisting of: boxing, wrestling, and chariot races
Aristocrats
118
How is life for the aristocrats?
Pretty good
119
How did battles go about in Archaic Greece?
-Battles were limited, not long and drawn out
-win or lose
120
Who wrote about the Trojan War and Agamemnon?
Homer
121
Homers writing inspired who/what because they thought it was better than theirs?
Renaissance
122
two very different cities
Sparta and Athens
123
-using the military to organize a society
-2 types of people (society)
-would attack their neighbors because they needed farmland
Sparta
124
What were Helots?
Messinians that were the slaves doing the work/farming
125
There were 2 types of people in Sparta:
Equals and Helots
126
Why would women helots sometimes have Spartan/equals children?
because they needed new military
127
who was left on hills, outside, exposed to the elements, probably killed
girl babies
128
What did the helots have to endure
humiliation and murder.
129
Because of the constant threat of revolt, to manage the helots Sparta became
more militaristic
130
the Spartan equals weren't born they were
made
131
Why were the infants examined?
the public examined them to determine whether they live or abandon them
132
up until what age did the Spartan sons live with their mothers?
7 years old
133
Once the sons turn 7
they entered Krypteia
134
Once the Spartan boys turned age 12, they began to
-train
-they slept on mats
-encouraged to steal food from the helots
-(older boys selected younger boys for homosexual lovers)
135
Sparta was a culture of
Dominance
136
at age 20, the Spartan men were
-enrolled in army
-sent out to kill a helot
137
These Spartan men lived in barracks until what age
30
138
At age 30,
they became full citizens
139
secret police made up of youths to keep helot population in check
"affords a wonderfully severe training in hand..." -quoted by plato
Krypteia
140
what evolved throughout Spartan society?
Cult of naked male beauty evolved
141
Plutarch, mor 241
-the parting cry of mothers to sons
"come back with your shield, or on it"
142
Why does the US want you to have babies?
someone needs to pay taxes
143
-also trained
-why? they needed to be in good health to deliver babies, strong healthy babies
-trained by running, wrestling, javelin, and discus throwing
Spartan women
144
Why did young girls and boys wrestle together?
They believed it made them tougher in childbirth
145
why was is important for women to be strong?
They were producing the next generation of soldiers!
146
Who were the helots?
Mycenaeans
147
What could the Spartan women do?
own property
148
-uses democracy to manage society
-wrote a constitution and created Demokratia
-prospered due to trade and commerce
Athens
149
Who wrote the Athens constitution?
Cleisthenes
150
-women were not liked
-women were not allowed out of the house
Athens
151
How did democratic Athens prosper?
trade and commerce
152
When less successful farmers borrowed from wealthy neighbors, resulting in them becoming enslaved, what emerged?
class conflict
153
What did the poor farmers do to get out of debt?
sold themselves into slavery, and eventually the poor revolted
154
-Set the stage for democracy
-early Greek leader who brought reforms such as the Council of Four Hundred
Solon
155
what were the reforms from Solon?
Shaking off burdens
156
Classical Greece
-ended the practice of enslaving those in debt and loans that could lead to enslavement were banned
-lowered property requirement for citizenship
-initiated the trial by jury
-had weights and measures standardized
-adopted a lighter silver coinage
-initiated cultivating olive trees as an agricultural commodity
Solons reforms
157
Why did Solon set up reforms that lead to democracy
-Saw the advantage of compromise
-trying to make it easier for state
158
Who was the founder of democracy?
Clersthenes
159
made representation in the Athenian assembly reflect location rather than tribes/social groups
Clersthenes
160
increased devotion to polis and weakened regional loyalties
Clersthenes
161
Athens rises to dominance (500 BCE to 338 BCE)
Classical Greece
162
-an alliance of city-states controlled by Athens
-says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the persians
Delian League
163
-Pericles began to use Delian League money to build Athens navy
-Sparta was provoked by Athen's abuse of funds
*This led to....
Peloponnesian Wars
164
What was the result of the Peloponnesian Wars?
-Athens lost
-all of Greece was weakened
-This was the "battle between cultures"
165
After the Peloponnesian Wars, Athens launches the
Age of Pericles
166
-expanded powers of assembly
-paid jurors and magistrates
-abolished property requirements for office holding
-birthed patriotism
-funeral oration
Age of Pericles
167
How did President Lincoln use Pericle funeral oration?
Gettysburg address "died for this one nation"
168
Meanwhile, what is an intellectual response to all of this?
How to remain good when the world is not
169
"To know good is to do good! You will therefore be a good citizen"
Socrates
170
Only known because of Plato
Socrates
171
"unexamined life is not worth living"
Socrates
172
"For I do not do the good I want to do, but the evil I do not want to do- this I keep on doing"
The writer to the church at Rome
173
What is real
Plato/platonism
174
-Forms the idea of a chair- stop focusing on change, there are only absolutes!
- the writer at the church at Corinth agrees, "For now we see through a glass, darkly; but then face to face: now I know in part; but then shall I know even as also I am known"
Plato/Platonism
175
"focus on here and now through senses"
Aristotle
176
-says there is no perfect realm, just what we see
-"the idea of chairness is what we see, no separate timeless existence"
-says the soul is what gives the body meaning, soul goes with the body at death
Aristotle as Empircist
177
-was Plato's student at the School of Athens
-began to form a kind of polar opposite philosophy
Aristotle
178
-before this, never was a unified state, just something called Greece
-Macedonian leaders consciously imitated Greek culture and cities
Hellenistic Greece
179
-before becoming king, he was held hostage at Thebes as a part of treaty between Thebes and Macedonia
-military was the reason for his success
-did not want to destroy Greece but make it his own
Philip II
180
While in Thebes, King Phillip II learned all about...
Greek culture
181
1. Military-trained his infantry using pikes 14 feet long (4 ft longer than those used by Greek hoplites).Macedonian phalanxes moved forward, containing their enemies and then his cavalry moved in from the sides
2. He engineers a revolt in the Euboea nearby Athens (this wins and buys him friends)
Reasons for Philip's success
182
-didn't want to destroy by military dominance
-wanted to use resources of Greek city states
King Philip II
183
Who attempts to organize against Philip II?
The Athenian Demosthenes
184
He's not destroying Hellenic Greece, he's making it Hellenistic by
adopting new ideas but keeping the same culture
185
He abandoned diplomacy and began using force to subdue city-states
King Philip II
186
Who proposed the League of Corinth, a confederation of Greek city-states?
King Philip II
187
-each city ruled itself
-League led by Philip II or descendant
-would send troops to aid Philip II
League of Corinth
188
murdered in 336 BCE
Philip II
189
Philip left these things for who?
-a unified kingdom, Greece was no longer fragmental
-a strengthened army
Alexander the Great
190
-raised to rule
-served as governor of a small kingdom, Macedon (a client state of Achaemenid Persia) , at age 16
-tutor was Aristotle, a Macedonian
-Ascended to the throne at age 23, 336 BCE
Alexander the Great
191
His empire extends from Macedonia to the Eastern boundary, which is the border of the Indus River
Alexander the Great
192
-He destroyed Thebes as a warning to other city-states
-Although he inspired loyalty, He was cold-hearted at times
-Hellenistic (spread Greek language throughout his empire)
-starts to claim divine status; dies 323 BCE
Alexander the Great
193
-crucified 2000 people after a difficult victory
-had an opponent dragged alive throughout city
-cut off the ears and nose of one man and put him in a cage with a dog
Alexander the Great
194
the language had no commas or periods, and reading was difficult so you had to use context. "GODISNOWHERE"= God is now here
Koine Greek
195
After Alexander the Great, hellenistic cities began organizing physically like Greeks:
-introduced eastern gods to Greek gods
Hellenistic Greece
196
-god of wine, winemaking, grape cultivation
-fertility, ritual madness, theater, religious ecstasy
Dionysus
197
(Science)
-astronomer who supposed a heliocentric world
-(long before Copernicus)
-him and his peers were arguing for a geocentric universe
Aristoarchus
198
might have picked up his ideas from Aristarchus
Copernicus
199
Elements of Geometry (300ish BCE)
Euclid
200
used geometry to calculate circumference of the earth (at Alexandria).
died 194 BCE
Eratosthenes
201
-measured gravity, downward force=weight
-his "principle", stating that a body immersed in fluid loses weight equal to the weight of the mount of fluid is displaces
-died 212 BCE
Archimedes
202
Along with these new ideas and changes of Greece from hellenic Greece to Hellenistic Greece, we move from
External concerns of the polis to internal concerns, philosphy
203
What are these internal concerns?
theodicy
-stoicism
-Epicureanism
-Skepticism
204
termed to "why is there suffering"
theodicy
205
-the ability to endure misfortune
-Founded by Zeno (not a Greek, but from Mideast
Stoicism
206
-Him and his followers believed in a rational universe. -There are good reasons for things to unfold as they do; there is a larger plan.
-it is possible to withstand the nightmare bc it is part of a plan
Zeno/ Stoicism
207
-pleasure and suffering
-everything in moderation (or the search for optimal pleasure)
-it is permissible to enjoy one's life, and pleasure
-inspired by Democritus, the Greek scientist who put forth the "atomic theory" of the universe
Epicurism
208
**that gospel song that McWhorter sang in class goes along with Stoicism!
in the sweet by and by
we shall meet on that beautiful shore
in the sweet by and by
209
-nothing can be known with certainty, a philosophy of doubt
-No way of knowing the secret of the universe
-we can only know by empiricism, i.e. by ourself
Skepticism
210
-they discovered Democritus and his ideas (atomic theory) and created this thing that is predictable and not "manipulated" by gods
-these particles, for the most part, behave in orderly patterned ways, if contemplated (the universe), this could bring serenity and pleasure
Epicurism
211
After Alexander the Great is dead, the kingdom is
divided into 3 regions
212
which general of Alexander the Greats' gets Persia?
Seleucus
213
which general of Alexander the Greats' gets Egypt?
Ptolemy
214
which general of Alexander the Greats' gets Macedon?
Antigonus
215
-who says, Cogito ergo sum, meaning "I think therefore I am"
- which is the first principle of his philosophy
Rene Descartes
216
what does Corgito ergo sum step towards?
attainment of knowledge, no place for doubt about existence
217
-Transportation improvements:
-canals, domesticated camels, Greek weights and measures
-the spread of coinage
-Silk Road
A commercial awakening
218
What was the No. 1 thing that was traded on the Silk Road?
Silk
219
Why was silk the No.1 thing traded?
-Easy to transport
-Europeans wanted to dress their families in silk
-most valuable
-silk for horses
220
What else was traded on the Silk Road?
paper, spices, jade, glassware, fur, slaves
221
What was the Silk Road doing culture wise?
-connecting people and their cultures
-Farming is becoming commercial
222
What was the first seaborne empire in world history
Carthage
223
which trading city did Carthage trade with?
Tyre
224
Where was this city?
off the Phoenician Coast
225
Tyre is the word from which we get
purple
226
extracted from sea snails of the Genus Murex (worth more than its weight in gold and became a symbol of wealth and royalty)
purple dye
227
extracted from sea snails of the Genus Murex (worth more than its weight in gold and became a symbol of wealth and royalty)
purple dye
228
Linked Egypt, Mesopotamia, Syria, and Anatolia
Tyre
229
recognized the north star
Phoenician sailors
230
How did the north star help them
helped them navigate through the night by looking at the northern star
231
Who were the Phoenician sailors?
-excellent traders
-highly skilled shipbuilders and sailors
-first to sail the Mediterranean to the Atlantic
-navigated at night by the northern star
232
How were Phoenician city-states linked to Egypt and Assyria?
Egypt and Assyria (the regional powers) often controlled them
233
What did Phoenician sailors give us?
-round bottom boats (using tar to seal the boats)
-starting constructing boats, and forming communities everywhere they go
234
Where were some Phoenician colonies established due to trade?
Carthage
235
What ancient place had geographical advantages?
Ancient Italy
236
What were the geographical advantages of Rome?
-long peninsula
-central alps
-plains west of the Appenine Mountains
-isolates Rome
237
what does the Apenine mountain range split isolating Rome?
Italy north to south
238
Which civilization had mythical reasonings to its founding?
Rome
239
One constructed Genesis story (mythical) of how Rome became
-twin sons born raised by a wolf after being exposed to the elements
-one brother kills the other over where to build city (Rome)
Romulus and Remus
240
One constructed Genesis story (mythical) of how Rome became
-a noble Roman woman, Lucretia, was raped by an Etruscan kings' son
-she commits suicide
**what does her husband do to avenge her death?
he forces Etruscans out of Rome
241
-1000 BCE several farming villages emerged around the Tiber River
-Over the course of the next few centuries the early villages prospered and became Rome
The less romantic version of Romes establishment
242
Founders of Rome had multiple contacts with
Greece
243
Who was more practical? Rome or Greece?
Rome
244
Who was more theoretical?
Greece
245
The rape of Lucretia shows what about Rome?
devotion to family and state
246
in 509 BCE, how is the Roman Republic formed?
Romans overthrew non-Roman rulers and instituted a republic.
247
what is res republica?
the latin word that "republic" comes from
248
-what is the highest political office in Republican Rome?
-two people elected as co-emporers
Consul
249
who is the republican senate made up of
elite
250
who does the assembly represent?
the masses
251
There were 2 kinds of people in republic Rome, what are they
-patricians ( the have's)
-plebians (the have not's)
252
Who did the patricians consist of
aristocracy, the landowners, elite
253
who did the plebians consist of
everyone else
254
the struggle of these two led to what?
Struggle of orders
255
what did the Struggle of Orders result in
-Tribune
-Twelve tables
-Roman republic ending and Roman empire emerging
256
chosen by the masses to represent the masses
Tribune
257
First Roman law code. Inscribed on 12 bronze tablets
Twelve Tables
258
What brings the Republic down and brings forth military leaders?
war
259
Rome is expanding; by 3rd century BCE, it occupies...
the entire peninsula
260
Rome needs to expand, so who is right next door
Sicily
261
Sicily is part of what empire?
Carthaginian
262
Before the Punic wars, Rome was a society of?
farmers
263
Three Punic Wars
-First Punic War, Rome wins, pushing who out of Sicily?
Carthage
264
What family in particular, from Carthage, was pushed out?
-Barca family
-Hamilcar Barca
265
Who was Hamilcar's son?
Hannibal
266
Three Punic Wars
-Second Punic War, who fights over the Iberian Peninsula?
Rome and Carthage
267
Three Punic Wars
-Who lost half of his own men but killed 46,000 Romans in one day; the largest one day total in European warfare
Hannibal
268
Three Punic Wars
-He fled to Anatolia, otherwise known as Turkey
Hannibal
269
Three Punic Wars
-Where did Hannibal cross with 90,000 infantry men, 12,000 cavalry, and 40 elephants
The Alps
270
Three Punic Wars
-How did Rome win?
-citizens continues to volunteer
-wealthy Romans agreed to pay increased taxes
-troops overseas didn't complain about the lack of payment or lack of supplies
271
Three Punic Wars
-Third Punic War, Rome sends Carthage an ultimatum, what was it?
move your city back 10 miles from Mediterranean
272
Three Punic Wars
-Third Punic War, Rome laid seige to the city (Carthage)
-Methodically destroyed buildings
-Population dropped from 500,000 to 50,000
the start of imperialism
273
Three Punic Wars
-What did Carthaginians do when they were being attacked by Rome?
-used precious metals used for equipment to make tools and weapons
-harvested women's hair for rope
274
1.The 3rd war marked the beginning of imperialism. When Rome attacked Carthage, they also attacked its allies eg. the Greeks
2. Prisoners of war (the 50,000 that did survive) became slaves and slavery becomes more prominent, altering Roman society
The significance of Punic Wars
275
before the wars, Rome was a society of farmers, how did the Punic Wars change society in Rome during the Wars?
-the spoils of wars replace small farms w/ large plantations
-while farmers are fighting, Patricians are taking their land
-landless people move to cities, become mass of unemployed
276
What two people were helping change society in Rome?
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
277
-Senators bemoaned the demise of the Roman farmer-soldier but few helped.
-Who instituted reform, limited latifundia size?
-killed by senators and 300 of his supporters
Tiberius
278
-attempted reform and senators killed 3000 of his supporters
Gaius
279
This indicates serious problems in the Roman empire. What does this foreshadow for Rome?
-change in political life
-a resort to violence for problem-solving
280
This begins the rise of what
Christianity
281
Jesus of Nazareth grew up in
Palestine
282
-has a profound personal experience
-personal "conversion" experience was his 40 days through the wilderness and he survives the 3 temptations
Jesus
283
In order, how does christianity begin is revolution and starts the teachings?
-Jesus is crucified
-his associates report seeing him
284
Fatherhood of God, brotherhood of humanity, golden rule, forgiveness of one's enemies, promise of eternal reward
teaching of christianity
285
who comes first, Jesus or Paul? and why?
-Jesus comes first
-Paul took these teachings and began to formulate a theology
286
What theology is Paul telling?
-Jesus' story
-eternal life
-simple requirements of faith
-Christianity spreads throughout empire
287
Why does christianity spread so dramatically?
simple answer: offers hope and is spiritually satisfying
288
6 reasons christianity spread:
1. Rivals failed: stoicism, neo-platonism, cult of Mithna
2. does a better job of managing heresies and heretics
3. christian ethics are looking better and better
4. 313 BCE, Constantine embraces christianity
5. persecution of christians creates martyrs
6. emergence of an institution
289
Why did christianity's rivals fail?
-stoicism, had to endure suffering
-neo-platonism, there are rights and wrongs
-cult of Mithna, involves sacrifice
These are not spiritually satisfying^^^
290
How does christianity do a better job of managing heresies and heretics?
-heresy is false teaching/wrong thinking
-church is an institution, so heresies and heretics are managed
-God is Jesus, so he is both man and God, this was accepted because as man, he lives as human like us.
291
how were christian ethics looking better and better?
-Love your enemies. If someone does you wrong, forgive them
-love you neighbor
292
Who has a conversion experience?
Constantine
293
What are martyrs?
person who is sacrificing themselves for their faith
294
what is the emergence of an institution?
-Peter becomes Bishop of Rome (given the power to create doctrine)
-it's stable
295
So, if the Pope says something would it become so?
yes
296
back to Rome
-what was the patronage system?
-patrons, leaders of armies, rewarded their peasant soldiers with money and land
-peasants followed patrons instead of Roman leaders, duh
297
How did Rome and Greece try to solve problems of rich and poor?
Rome- Struggle of orders
Greece- Shaking off Burdens
298
"In reality, Rome had solved neither the problem of conflict between rich and poor nor of that of how to govern its enormous empire. The apparent calm ended when revolts in Africa and Italy exposed the fragility of the senate's control and ushered in an ever increasing spiral of violence and war."
Societies and Culture in World History
299
-murdered in 448 BCE because they feared he threatened centuries old political institutions
-After his death, 3 ambitious men stepped into political vaccuum
Julius Caesar
300
Who was The First Triumvirate?
Caesar, Pompey, Crassus
301
-After Caesars death, who stepped into political vacuum and became The Second Triumvirate?
-divided the 3 regions evenly
Octavian, Antony, Lepidus
302
assembled a small force of soldiers in Rome (Second Triumvirate)
Mark Antony
303
used his seven legions (3 to 6 thousand) to support his claim to power (Second Triumvirate)
Lepidus
304
appointed heir by Caesar (Second Triumvirate)
Octavian
305
After the defeat of Caesar's assassins, who charged Lepidus with treason?
- Brutus and Cassius
- Octavian and Antony
306
-Egyptian Queen
-Not Greek, a Macedonian Greek
-had an affair with Antony
-Roman people disliked her aloof and regal manner
Cleopatra
307
Who declares war on Antony and Cleopatra in 31 BCE?
What happened?
-Octavian declares war on them
-Antonys troops defected to Octavians side
-Octavian catches them in Egypt and Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide
308
After Octavian defeats Antony, what does senate do?
gives Octavian the title Augustus
309
-purges the senate of those members opposing him
-reorganizes the Roman military, demobilizing troops and rewarding them with land
Octavian's Reign
310
What do historians call this period of the Roman Empire? Which is a play on what word?
-Principate
-princeps; first citizen, when is what Octavian claimed
311
-created foundation for civil administration
-pushed north into Germany
-pushed east, further away from Northern Italy
Empire under Augustus
312
What caused the decline and fall of the Roman Empire? (One approach)
-Fewer volunteers for the army (military fails)
-political problems
-economic problems
313
Foedarati, non-Roman citizen soldiers, weakened what? resulting in part of the fall of the Roman Empire
Italy's perimeter defense
314
How were there political problems during Augustus' reign?
-too much power in the hands of the emperor
-he fails to select an heir
315
how was there economic problems under Augustus' reign?
interdependence give way to a drive for self-sufficiency
316
-weak border defenses
-constant political and war problems
-weakening economy
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
317
Who tries to save Rome?
Constantine
318
Constantine attributed his victory in what battle to what?
-writing Chi-Rho on the shields of his soldiers
-battle of Milvian Bridge outside Rome
319
What did Constantine do for the christians?
-took away the persecution of the christians
-granted christian clergy the same privileges enjoyed by pagan priests
-christianity was becoming the established religioin
320
what did Augustus realize? what did he do?
-the masses needed to be fed and entertained to resist revolt so free food, free entertainment
Circus Maximus- largest entertainment venue
321
What would Greeks call Philip II since he wasn't Greek?
A barbarian
322
Which 2 go together?
Unification of Greece and Philip II
323
-Pope Urban II
-Ashes are from last years Palm Sunday
-They save the ashes
origin of Ash Wednesday
324
The second exam is about
-origins
-history through the eyes of religion
325
what river did Roman culture center around?
Tiber river
