History Exam Flashcards
What were the accomplishments during the Moderate stages of the French Revolution?
Written constitution with limits on government, reforms in legal proceedings, financial aid for small businesses, Catholic church closed down in France.
How did inventions during the Scientific Revolution contribute to knowledge?
They helped bring truth by forming the Scientific Method, focusing on ‘why’ things happen, leading to data collecting experiments and avoiding prejudice.
What were some important inventions of the Scientific Revolution?
The telescope, air pump, and laws of Motion.
What was Napoleon’s rise during the French Revolution?
He became famous for his protection against monarchial return, won many battles, and gained dictator-level powers in 1800.
What were Napoleon’s goals?
Focused on citizenship and government reform, including freedom of religion, legal equality, no class system, and help for businesses.
What happened to Napoleon in 1812?
He invaded Moscow with 600,000 men but faced a burn and retreat strategy, leading to a disastrous retreat.
What led to Napoleon’s downfall?
Prussia, Austria, and England united to defeat him, leading to his exile to Elba.
Who was Johannes Kepler?
Invented a new telescope.
Who was Robert Boyle?
Invented the air pump and Boyle’s Law.
Who was Francis Bacon?
Questioned ‘why’ things happen instead of ‘what’ happened.
Who was Sir Isaac Newton?
Invented the three Laws of Motion.
What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe?
‘No man has natural authority over fellow man.’
Who was Jean-Paul Marat?
The most influential Jacobin during the French Revolution.
Who was Maximilien Robespierre?
Leader of radical Jacobins during the French Revolution.
From whom did the king receive his right to rule during the Divine King era?
God.
Who does the king take orders from during the Divine King era?
No one, only God.
Where does the passage ‘Let everyone be subject to the governing authorities…’ come from?
Romans 13:1.
Who said the king was the head of the state like a father is the head of his family?
Sir Robert Filmer.
What two entities became subservient to the king’s absolute power?
Papacy and Church of England.
Who was the chief theorist of Divine Right in France?
Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet.
Who challenged the theory of Divine Right in his First Treatise of Civil Government?
John Locke.
What was the most important reason for European exploration?
The search for wealth.
What were Spain’s goals during exploration?
Spreading Christianity and defeating Muslim lands.
Who established trading posts all over Africa and India?
Portugal.
Which colonies were the most lucrative in the early British Empire?
Sugar-producing Caribbean colonies.
Who left their mark on North American territory?
French settlers.
What became the focus of trade between Europe and Africa from the 17th century on?
The slave trade.
What was the triangular trade?
A system where arms, textiles, and wine were shipped from Europe to Africa, enslaved people from Africa to the Americas, and sugar and coffee from the Americas to Europe.
True or False: Slavery existed in Africa before European Expansion?
True.
True or False: Areas hit hardest by slave raids suffered from population decline?
True.
What ideas were featured in the Enlightenment?
Rationalism, Natural Law, liberty, and separation of church and state.
What did Louis XVI of France say before his execution?
‘I die innocent of all the crimes laid to my charge…’
Who was put on trial for a long list of crimes during the French Revolution?
Marie Antoinette.
Who gained dictator-level powers from a new constitution?
Napoleon.
What did John Locke believe about humans?
Humans were born as ‘blank states’ and environment determined what we became.
What transformation occurred during the Industrial Revolution?
Rural societies transformed into industrialized urban ones.
True/False: Many inventions were of French origins but mid-century France was the world’s largest nation.
False.
Who invented the spinning mule in 1779?
Samuel Crompton.
Who invented the cotton gin in 1793?
Eli Whitney.
Which country became the leader as an industrial nation by the middle of the 20th century?
The United States.
True/False: Before mechanized agriculture, farmers had to raise grain to feed horses and mules.
True.
Who were asked to write a manifesto for the Communist Party?
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
Whose theory started the social uproar over evolution?
Charles Darwin.
True/False: If governments try to save everyone, they will mess up the natural order.
True.
Who called for an ‘Overman’ generation?
Friedrich Nietzsche.
Who is known as the mother of Social Work?
Jane Adams.
Who petitioned for hospitals rather than prisons for the mentally ill?
Dorothea Dix.
Who was a runaway slave dedicated to the abolitionist movement?
Frederick Douglass.
Who was a pioneer in prison reform and mental health practices in Europe?
Philippe Pinel.
Who fought to improve hospital conditions?
Florence Nightingale.
Who worked to improve housing and working conditions for the poor in NYC?
Jacob Riis.
