History Exam

Question 1

Cuban missile crisis first paragraph

Answer 1

The cuban missile crisis was a turning point in the cold war as it was one of the closest points the world came to a nuclear war

The events that happened during the cuban missile crisis highlight how dangerous nuclear weapons are and how close Russia and USA were to launching their missiles

Question 2

Cuban missile crisis events

Answer 2

Excomm was formally established by National Security Action Memorandum 196 on 22 October 1962

ExComm met every day for 13 days to try resolve the issue.

President Kennedy anounced the naval blockade of Cuba to prevent more soviet shipments of missiles and military equipment.

No ships would be allowed to pass through the blockade without US permission.

Question 3

Outcomes of cuban missile crisis

Answer 3

US and soviet union established a direct hotline between the white house and the Kremlin for communication

August 1963 test ban treaty signed by England, US and soviet union

1967 outer space treaty was signed

1968 nuclear non-proliferation treaty was signed

Question 4

Test ban treaty August 1963

Answer 4

US, Soviet union and England agreed to prohibit the testing of nuclear weapons in outerspace, under water or in the atmosphere.

Question 5

Outer space treaty 1967

Answer 5

The USA and soviet union agreed not to use space for military purposes

Question 6

Nuclear non-proliferation treaty 1968

Answer 6

Signed to stop the spread of nuclear weapons, countries that signed up to the treaty agreed not to share their nuclear technology with other countries.

Question 7

Truman’s worst fears

Answer 7

The soviet union intends to spread communism throughout Europe

Truman’s military advisors assured him the soviet union was not strong enough to fight a successful war against the West

Question 8

Truman doctrine speech

Answer 8

On 12 March 1947, President Truman delivered a speech to the US Congress.

Truman announced that the US would provide $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey and sent American civilian and military personnel to the region.

Question 9

Truman’s ideas about democracy and communism

Answer 9

The first way, he said, offered majority rule and freedom from political oppression

The second was for the will of the minority to be forced upon the majority

Truman believed choosing democracy over communism was like choosing good over evil

He said communism should not be allowed to grow and that USA was prepared to send troops and economic aid to those countries trying to resist it

Question 10

The Marshall Plan

Answer 10

The outcome of the Truman Doctrine providing economic aid to help war-torn countries in order to stop communism from taking over in Western Europe.

Question 11

What caused the Hungarian uprising

Answer 11

During 1956 the people of Hungary began to protest about their lack of political freedoms and problems created by fuel shortages and poor harvests. In October, there were riots in the capital

Question 12

What did Krushchev do to try end the protests in Hungary

Answer 12

Rakosi replaced with Imre Nagy who believed in a communist regime there should still be personal freedoms

Within days Nagy anounced a set of proposed reforms

Question 13

Imre Nagy’s reforms

Answer 13

Reprganised Hungarian government to include members of non-communist parties, ending the one-party state in Hungary

Authorised the immediate release of many political prisoners

Persuaded Khrushchev to withdraw Soviet troops from Hungary

Khrushchev was prepared to accept these reforms if they calmed the unrest in Hungary.

Question 14

Hungarian uprising to soviet union

Answer 14

1 November 1956 Nagy anounced Hungary would leave the Warsaw pact

Krushchev could not allow this because if Hungary left others might follow

4 November, 1,000 tanks rolled into Budapest

Supporters of Nagy put up a fight in what has become known as the ‘Hungarian Uprising’ and begged the West for support but they never came

20,000 Hungarians were killed as the Soviet forces re-established control

A new pro-Communist government was set up under Janos Kadar

Question 15

Significance of fall of Berlin wall

Answer 15

For many citizens of East and West Germany the fall of the Berlin wall meant families and relatives can be together again

In political terms the fall of the Berlin wall was mainly a symbolic event as communist governments were falling and the soviet union showed no intention of stopping the protest

Question 16

The impact before the End of the warsaw pact

Answer 16

The Warsaw pact had been formed after creation of NATO. Its creation established Europe was divided into 2 armed camps

The pact was also a symbol of soviet dominance in Eastern Europe as it was useful way for the Soviet Union to keep an eye on what its communist allies were doing and forcing decisions on them.

Question 17

Consequences of Hungarian uprising

Answer 17

Showed that members of the Warsaw pact must do what they’re told and if they rebelled they could not expect military help from USA

Krushchev became more confident in dealing with the USA as now they’re unlikely to risk taking military action

Question 18

Importance of the fall of the berlin wall

Answer 18

It was a symbol of the cold war and of soviet control. Its destruction became the symbol of the end of the cold war

The formation of warsaw pact formally divides Europe in 2, now its break up indicates the division between democratic west and communist east was gone.

It was the fall of the iron curtain

Question 19

Why was the end of the warsaw pact important

Answer 19

The end of the Pact led to many countries becoming truly independent of the Soviet Union and governing themselves for the first time in decades

They no longer had to follow policies created in Moscow, or run their economies to benefit the Soviet Union

After the Warsaw Pact was finished, every single one of its members abandoned communism

Question 20

Features of the olympic boycott 1980 and 1984

Answer 20

US boycotted Moscow olympics coz invasion of afghanistan, over 60 nations supported this

This was significant as the olympic games are a global event which the soviet union was hoping to use to promote communism to TV audience who would watch the olympics from around the world

The soviet union boycotted US olympics 1984 which was joined by 15 communist countries

Question 21

Problems the soviet union was facing before Gorbachev became leader

Answer 21

Huge sums spent on developing arms to keep pace with the USA investment in soviet economy was low

Barely any industrial growth

Standards of living nowhere near what could be found in the east

Low standards of living and lack of human rights were leading to unrest in some satellite states

Question 22

Gorbachev’s new thinking ideas

Answer 22

Proposed the soviet state and economy should be reformed to include some of the practices that made capitalism successful (perestroika)

Allow opposition to government and give people a better undertsanding on how to run

Renounced the Brezhnev doctrine so soviet union would no longer get involved in domestic affairs of communist countries

Soviet union would reduce spending on arms

Defence withdrawn from afghanistan

Question 23

Challenges at home and abroad

Answer 23

Financial weakness - after fighting costly wars when she took the throne England was £300,000 in debt

England was divided along religious lines due to protestant reformation from her father and coninued by her siblings

Elizabeth faced threats from Catholic powers, particularly Spain, which viewed her as illegitimate ruler

Question 24

Why people of England thought Elizabeth shouldn’t be queen

Answer 24

Mary Queen of the Scotts was seen as the rightful heir to the english throne

Many people believed Elizabeth was unfit to rule the throne as in these times a woman ruling country alone was unusual as it was a male dominated society

Elizabeth’s refusal to marry made people question if she should be queen

Question 25

Why did the northern earls revolt 1569

Answer 25

The earls and their followers wanted catholicism restored in England

Earls lost a great deal of influence at court since Elizabeth became queen 1558

Elizabeth refused to name an heir to marry or have a child creating uncertainty of England’s future

Earls prefer Mary queen of scotts to replace Elizabeth

Question 26

Plan of the revolt of northern earls

Answer 26

Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland raise rebel forces from their lands in north england and take control of Durham

Rebels march south towards London to join with duke of Norfolk

1000s spanish troops come to support rebel forces

Duke of Norfolk and rebel forces seize control of government in London and overthrow Elizabeth I

Any resistance will be overthrown by Spanish troops

Mary Queen of Scots is to be ready to marry duke of Norfolk and take english throne

Question 27

The revolt of northern earls what happened

Answer 27

Once Elizabeth knew about the plot, Norfolk was arrested and sent to the Tower of London 1 November 1569

Earls or Northumberland and Westmorland headed for Durham, they took control of cathedral from James Pilkington

Rebels turned south

Spain’s supporting troops never arrived

Elizabeth raised an army of 14,000 men for her cause

Question 28

Consequences of northern revolt

Answer 28

450 rebels were executed terrifying the population and preventing another rebellion

Westmorland escaped but Northumberland captured and executed in York 1572

Mary queen of Scots remained in captivity for the next 14 years

Pope issued a papal bull 1570 that excommunicated Elizabeth

Elizabeth struck back through parliament Passed acts, it became treasonable to claim Elizabeth I was a heretic, was not the queen, or to print papal bulls in England

Question 29

Ridolfi plot 1571

Answer 29

Roberto Ridolfi was one of the pope’s spies

Plotted to murder Elizabeth, launch a spanish invasion and put Mary queen of Scots on the throne

Phillip II told Alba to prepare 10,000 men to send to England if necessary

William Cecil uncovered the plot and had enough evidence to prove Norfolk was guilty of plotting against Elizabeth

Question 30

Throckmorton plot 1583

Answer 30

Planned for french duke of guise, (Mary queen of scotts cousin) , to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore catholicism

Sir Francis Walsingham 1573 uncovered the plot

His agents found incriminating papers at Throckmorton’s house and was arreted November 1583

Question 31

Babington plot 1586

Answer 31

Duke of Guise would invade England with 60,000 men and put Mary on the throne

Philip Il of Spain and the pope supported this plot

Mary was being closely watched and her letters were being intercepted and read by Sir Francis Walsingham

Once he had sufficient details about the plot, including the names of six Catholics prepared to assassinate Elizabeth, all involved were arrested

Question 32

Ridolfi plot 1571 significance

Answer 32

Reinforced threat of England from Spain

Because of threat from Spain Elizabeth focused on improving relations with France

Reinforced threat by Mary and catholics

Question 33

Thockmorton plot 1583 significance

Answer 33

Life became harder for catholics as they were treated with great suspicion by the government

Many important catholics fled England after the plot and up to 11,000 were imprisoned of kept under surveillance or house arrest

Act in 1585 that made helping or sheltering catholic priests punishable by death

Question 34

Babington plot significance

Answer 34

Relations between England and Spain broken down

English were aiding the Dutch protestants in rebellion against the Spanish

Mass arrests of recusants in England with over 300 north London and 31 priests were executed

Mary’s execution

Question 35

Features of Elizabethan education

Answer 35

Reflected social hierachy of the country

Education you get was aimed at preparing you for the life you were expected to lead

Protestants believed people should be able to read the Bible in their own language, to develop their own relationship with God which encouraged more people to become literate

As business and trade developed education became more important especially in towns

Question 36

Nobility education

Answer 36

Learnt latin, greek, history, philosophy, government and theology

Girls - Music, dancing, needlework, horse riding and archery

Question 37

Grammar schools

Answer 37

Private school set up for boys considered bright

Fees for grammar schools were often based on how much property the boy’s family owned

Some lower class boys who showed promise could attend but did not have to pay fees

Question 38

Petty schools

Answer 38

Schools often set up and run in a teacher’s home

Boys whose parents could afford to send them to school began their education here

They would learn reading, writing, basic arithmetic

Question 39

Dame schools

Answer 39

Provided basic education for girls

Called dame schools because they’re often run by a local educated woman

For most girls education was focused on the home

They learnt how to bake, brew, sew and preserve food