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Year 10 > History Elective - Term 1 > Flashcards

History Elective - Term 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Archaeology

A

Involves the excavation and study of the physical remains (artefacts) of the past

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2
Q

Artefact

A

Any object made, used or modified by humans

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3
Q

Primary source

A

Any piece of evidence form the time period being studied e.g. letters, personal recounts, statues, buildings

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4
Q

Secondary source

A

Interpretation after the event/time period e.g. textbook, documentary, replica

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5
Q

Chance finds

A

Common, lost sites may be exposed by natural elements such as weather or by human activity such as farming, construction, warfare, fishing and dredging e.g. Pompeii

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6
Q

Investigation

A

Actively looking for a site

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7
Q

Investigation finds include

A

Written documents (old maps, ancient texts), scientific methods (aerial photography, surveying, satellite imagery, photographic probes), trial trenches

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8
Q

Chronology

A

The arrangement of events or dates in the order of their occurrence

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9
Q

Epigrapher

A

The study of inscriptions, or epigraphs, as writing

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10
Q

Botanist

A

An expert or student of the scientific study of plants

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11
Q

Numismatist

A

Specialist, researcher and/or well-informed collector of coins

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12
Q

Radiologist

A

Medical doctor who specialises in diagnosing and treating multiple medical conditions using x-rays

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13
Q

Papyrologist

A

A student of or expert in papyrology, study of papyrus and ancient writings on papyrus

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14
Q

Three Excavation Types

A

Research, rescue and salvage

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15
Q

Research

A

Done according to an archaeological need rather than due to any threats to the site, little public or commercial funding of research excavation projects, research needed e.g. Pella in Jordan

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16
Q

Rescue

A

Can be undertaken before a site is developed or can commence after development, limited time, entire site or sample e.g. Mosaic floor in Spain

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17
Q

Salvage

A

Unexpectedly revealed, very limited time, often occur after damage in a difficult/controversial circumstance e.g. Athen’s Metro

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18
Q

Prehistory

A

Before civilisation (writing)

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19
Q

History

A

Since writing

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20
Q

Relative Dating

A

Gives a general idea of the time period an artefact comes from. Often dated through chronological sequence (in relation to something else)

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21
Q

Absolute Dating

A

Gives an absolute date in calendar years (also called scientific dating)

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22
Q

Relative Dating Techniques

A

Stratigraphic, typology, seriation and three age system

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23
Q

Stratigraphic

A

The study of layers in the earth (strata). The oldest is at the bottom. Used in grid excavation, sites where geological change is noted, inside test pits.

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24
Q

Typology

A

Classifying objects according to their characteristics. Compare scientifically dated objects. Used for items found in large quantities e.g. pottery

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25
Seriation
The arrangement of artefacts in a chronological sequence. Used in artefacts found in large quantities - similar uses to typology dating
26
Three Age System
3 stages of technological development by humans - stone age, bronze age and iron age. Used for anything made by humans out of stone, copper, bronze or iron
27
Absolute Dating Methods
Radiocarbon dating, AMS dating, Tree-Ring dating (dendrochronology), thermoluminescence dating and potassium-argon dating
28
Radiocarbon dating
All living things absorb isotope carbon-14 from the atmosphere, limit is 50,000 years, scientists are able to determine when the organism died, thus its age
29
AMS dating
Recent development in radiocarbon dating, can date very small amounts of material containing C-14, will extend radiocarbon dating back to 100,000 years, first absolute dating method used in Rock Art (pigments of paint from ochre trees or alcohol)
30
Tree-Ring dating (dendrochronology)
Comparing overlapping trees in age can reveal a continuous sequence for thousands of years, most species ring annually or every two years, counting the growth rings of a tree, dates timber objects
31
Thermoluminescence dating
Used to date pottery and clay that has been fired to 35,000 years, clay gives off radiation displacing electrons which become trapped in the structure of the clay, when re-heated electrons go back to original positions giving off light
32
Potassium-Argon dating
Used to date volcanic rock, useful in dating fossil remains (human and other) embedded in volcanic rock, half life of 1.3 billion years, similar to radiocarbon dating, volcanic rock contains Potassium-40 which converts to argon-40 as it ages
33
Soft tissue
Only recovered from sites with unusually good preservation, include organs and skin
34
Hard tissue
Refer to bones and is more frequently recovered. Lasts longer.
35
Desiccated bodies
Refer to corpses that have been intentionally or naturally dried out e.g. European mummies or Otzi
36
Sexing using soft tissue
Sexing determined from the apparent external sexual organs
37
Sexing using hard tissue
Principal way is through the examination of the pelvis
38
Female pelvis
Space at the front of the pelvis is larger in women i.e. birth passage
39
Male pelvis
If the sciatic notch below the femur (socket for hipbone) fits your thumb without any space it is male. Brow ridge is often larger and more protruding but less reliable.
40
What do bones reveal?
Height, diet, sex, disease, age and culture
41
Sexing using hard tissue
Due to large variations between males and females no physical method is totally reliable. It is almost impossible to sex children without related evidence since they have not reached puberty and haven't developed the attributes of a particular sex.
42
Importance of determining sex
Gender typing can also reveal social customs e.g. whether males or females are buried together. The ratio between the genders can indicate information about the society e.g. a higher percentage of female burials may indicate many women dying in child birth
43
Male skulls
More robust features, square chin, angular jaw bone, more pronounced supra orbital ridges
44
Female skulls
Subtle features, rounded chin, higher cheeks
45
Excavation
A process of recovering, collecting and recording information
46
Director
Supervises dig, maintains site records
47
Assistant Director
Care and allocation of equipment. Finance.
48
Site Supervisor
Responsible for specific section of the site. Labelling of artefacts and recording relevant information
49
Diggers
Unearth items, clear soil from around artefacts
50
Recorders
Record position of artefacts, enter details in a log
51
Measurers
Record location of artefact at the site, measure dimensions
52
Washers
Wash artefacts
53
Sifters
Sift excavated dirt to locate small finds
54
Photographers
Record finds and strata profiles
55
Surveyors
Survey the site, draw up layout of the site
56
Lab experts
Preserve/repair artefacts
57
Illustrators
Scale drawings of artefacts
58
Trowels
Used for carefully levelling the ground and to scrape around an artefact
59
Clippers
Used to cut any large roots
60
Level
Used to find the depth of the artefacts
61
Paintbrushes
Used to carefully remove dirt around an artefact
62
Bamboo picks
Used to remove soil that is struck to an artefact
63
File
used to sharpen your trowel or shovel
64
Wire brush
Used to remove the soil from your trowel
65
Quarter inch screen
used to sift the soil to find small artefacts
66
Probe
Used to dig a small hole about 1m into the soil
67
Spikes
Used to mark off a 2m square that you are excavating
68
Contestability
Can you challenge this source?
69
Grid excavation
Each baulk provides a vertical record of the layers dug through, the layers are called strata with each one labelled with everything found in them
70
Open area excavation
Site is uncovered layer by layer
71
Narrow trench excavation
Expose a vertical face from the ground surface to sterile soil

Year 10 (2 decks)

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