History chp 1 - The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation

Question 1

The french revolution was the first ………?

Answer 1

clear expression of nationalism

Question 2

date of when it happened

Answer 2

1789

Question 3

France was at that time………..?

Answer 3

under the rule of an absolute monarch!

Question 4

What changes came in the wake of the french revolution?

Answer 4

political and constitutional changes came

Question 5

what did these changes lead to?

Answer 5

led to the transfer of sovereignty from from monarch to people

Question 6

what did the revolution proclaim?

Answer 6

it proclaimed that now the people are going to constitute the nation and shape its destiny!

Question 7

What did the french revolutionaries do?

Answer 7

the french revolutionaries frm the v starting introduced measures that would promote and evoke nationalism and the feeling of a collective identity among people

Question 8

What were the measures of the french revolutionaries?

Answer 8

1) Ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and la citoyen (the citizen) emphasized on the idea of the united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution
2) A new french tricolor flag was chosen to replace the royal standard
3) The estates general now had elected members who were active citizens and was renamed to National Assembly
4) New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated in the name of the nation
5) A centralized administrtive system was put in place which formulated equal laws for all citizens
6) Internal custom duties and dues were abolished -> uniform system of weights and measures
7) Discouraged regional dialects and made French the common language of the nation

Question 9

Ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and la citoyen (the citizen) emphasized on?

Answer 9

A united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution

Question 10

what replaced the former royal flag?

Answer 10

the revolutionary tricolor one

Question 11

who all constituted the estates general? what was its new name

Answer 11

elected active citizens, the national assembly

Question 12

what did the centralized administrative system formulate?

Answer 12

equal laws for all citoyens

Question 13

What was introduced aftr the abolition of internal custom duties and dues

Answer 13

uniform system of weights and measures

Question 14

What did the revolutionaries further declare considering the whole of Europe?

Answer 14

It was the destiny and mission of the French nation to liberate the people of Europe from despotism and help other european countries to become nation states

Question 15

What happened when the events of France reached different cities?

Answer 15

students and other members of educated middle class began setting up jacobin clubs

Question 16

What did the jacobin club ppl do?

Answer 16

their activities and campaigns prepared the way fr the french armies to move into belgium, switzerland and much of italy in 1790

Question 17

Which idea did the french armies carry abroad?

Answer 17

The idea of nationalism

Question 18

What did Napoleon introduce into his wide territory?

Answer 18

reforms he had already introduced in France

Question 19

Thru the return to monarchy what did Napoleon destroy?

Answer 19

democracy duhhh!

Question 20

what sort of principles did he introduce in the administrative field?

Answer 20

revolutionary principles making the whole system more efficient and rational

Question 21

What is the CIVIL CODE OF 1804

Answer 21

THE NAPOLEONIC CODE

Question 22

What does the Napoleonic code state or do or say?

Answer 22

It did away with all the privileges based on birth, established equality before law and secured right to property. simplified
administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed
peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. improved transport and communication systems

Question 23

what did Napoleon do in italy germany etc etc

Answer 23

Napoleon simplified
administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed
peasants from serfdom and manorial dues

Question 24

What were removed in towns by Mr poleon

Answer 24

guild restrictions

Question 25

What did peasants, artisans nd new businessmen get?

Answer 25

they enjoyed a new found freedom, they realized uniform laws, standardized weights and measures and common currency -> wud facilitate movement and exchange of goods and capital frm 1 region to another

Question 26

Why were the French peoples rxn mixed towards napoleons rule?

Answer 26

Initially the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty, but this enthusiasm soon turned to hostility! as these arrangements did not offer political freedom!

Question 27

How was political freedom not offered? what did these issues outweigh

Answer 27

increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the french armies, they all outweighed the administrative changes

Question 28

What are now known as germany italy switzerland were wht before?

Answer 28

kingdoms, duchies and canons with rulers rulling their own territory

Question 29

how were the kingdoms under autocratic rule?

Answer 29

they had no collective identity, spoke different langs and were of different ethnic groups. the only common tie was the allegiance to the emperor!

Question 30

What were the aristocrats like?

Answer 30

they cut across regional divisions, owned estates in the countryside and town - houses, spoke french for diplomacy in high society! families were connected by ties of marriages, they were powerful but few in number, majority had peasantry

Question 31

what happened in the wake of industrialization

Answer 31

new social groups were formed, a working - class population, and
middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals.

Question 32

How did the idea of abolishing aristocracy begin?

Answer 32

It was among the educated, liberal middle
classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of
aristocratic privileges gained popularity. They thought national unity could only be achieved by abolishing aristocracy and their privileges

Question 33

What did people think of nationalism and liberalism

Answer 33

at first these 2 terms were closely linked, liberalism means ‘free’.

Question 34

what did the middle class think of liberalism as? politically it was?

Answer 34

it stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. politically it stood forr government by consent! meaning end of monarchy, clergy privileges and right to property

Question 35

what was the missing thing in equality before law?

Answer 35

it did not stand for universal suffrage, right to vote was given exculsively to property owning men, not to women or poor men, jacobin had all men vote, but napoleonic code treated women as minors, all of their fathers or husbands

Question 36

what did liberalism mean economically?

Answer 36

for the freedom of markets
and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. There were many custom barriers with custom duty on each, each had its own system of wieghts and measures -> time wastage -> economic obstacles!  for the commercial class they asked for a unified economic territory

Question 37

what was the custom union of zolverien!?

Answer 37

customs union
or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and many german states. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two, created railways -> ECONOMIC NATIONALISM

Question 38

NAPOLEON GOT DEFEATED IN 1815, what happened next?

Answer 38

the monarchs were back in power, and were driven by conservatism! they said traditional institutions shud be preserved, but they dint say lets go back to how things were, they understood changes initiated by Napoleon were beneficial and wud help run the country smoothly -> strengthen autrocratic empires!

Question 39

What happened when Europen powers met in Vienna

Answer 39

these powers had collectively defeated napolean, they made a settlement for europe. Host -> Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. They made up the treaty of vienna of 1815

Question 40

The treaty of vienna of 1815

Answer 40

They undid the changes that came with napoleonic wars! Bourbon dynasty was back in power, France lost the territories it had got under napoleon, series of states were put at France’s border to stop it from spreading further. They did not change the german confederation of 39 estates that napoleon made! -> MAIN INTENTION WAS TO RESTORE MONARCHIES ND CREATE A CONSERVATIVE ORDER! they dint tke critisim and practiced censorship to contrl nything against them. Liberals still had mems of french revolution

Question 41

How were the revolutionaries aftr monarchy was back in power? Also wht bout mr mazzini

Answer 41

most of them had to go undrgrnd bcs of repression, they knew fighting now was against al the monarchs and they say nationalism as an impt factor of freedom, secret socities were made Inhi me se ek tha Giuseppe Mazzini memeber of Carbonari he was sent into exile bcs of revolting, but later he formed 2 more socities -> YOUNG ITALY, YOUNG EUROPE, they thought god wanted natural manking nations so italy shudnt be a patchwork, it shud be 1 with commoness among ppl, hence it must be the base of liberalism, conservatives were scared of him, he was the most dangerous enemy

Question 42

REVOLUTION PT 2 BEGINS! HOW?

Answer 42

Bourbon king was thrwn over by revolutionaries, nd they formed constitutional monarchy, whn france achos -> MAZZINI, this caused revolt in brussels, which took belgium away frm netherlands

Question 43

what with greeks?

Answer 43

they revolted seeing france too, as they were in the ottoman empire, nd then treaty of constantinople recognized greece as an independent state

Question 44

ROMANTISISM ND ALL?

Answer 44

Wars werent the only things helping nationalism, culture was impt too - art, poetry music were impt too. Romanticism created national sentiment, they bought up emotions, intution nd mystical feels -> collective feelings wali identity, germans blvd in das volk -> culture was among people nd folk stuff, poland after parition was kept close by music nd all, language was impt too!

Question 45

hunger hardship revolt?

Answer 45

suddenly population increased! no jobs but job seekrs evrywhr, aristrocracy enjoied peasants struggled, in 1848 food shortage happened, paris ke log out on roads, louis philippe forced to flee, there came A national assembly they gave suffrage to men of 21 +, set up factories. in silesia weavers revoldt for lot of wrk but not enough paisey, on 4 june, they went to contractors house nd marched for more wages, they were threatend so they did toda fodi, the contractor went to another village but dint get refugee, then he bought army nd 11 weavers were shot

Question 46

liberals ka revolution!

Answer 46

seeing elected assembly in france, neighboring ppl of middle class askd for constitution and national unification!

Question 47

WHT HPPND WID LIBERALS IN GERMNY?

Answer 47

The middle class men came together nd formed a all german national assembly nd took their place in the frankfurt parliament, made a constitution, they thought of constitutional monarchy and offered it to friedrich wilhelm, king of prussia but he rejectd nd opposed them wid othr monarchies, opposition became strnger, middle class dint listen to workers lost support nd was then thrwn out, women were said no no nd were observing visitors in this parliament too

Question 48

wht did monarchs understand?

Answer 48

the revolutionary cycles cud only be shshed by givng liberals wht they want, so they started mking chnges like abolished serfdom nd bonded labor

Question 49

How was germany made?

Answer 49

their unification try was suppresed by monarchs and junker of prussia! Prussia took over the leadership of nationalising, cm -> OTTO VON BISMARCK -> architect of this process, with the help of prussian army nd beauracy, they fought wars and unified germany with denmark, austria, france! They gave kingship to kaiser william I of prussia, prussia was dominating nd became a model for the rest of germany

Question 50

How was italy unified?

Answer 50

italians were scattered all over other dynasties. Mazzini formed young italy so king emmanual had the respnsibilty to unify italy, cm -> Cavour led the movement, was not revolutionary nor a democrat, he spoke french better than italian, so they got with france nd defeated austria, they got their people nd victor emmanual became king, the population was illiterate nd dint knw liberalism nd all nd thought italia was la talia who was emmanuals wife

Question 51

STRANGE CASE OF BRITAIN

Answer 51

Nation became aftr long process, they werent british they were english scot or irish, gwring english in england got scotland under dominance, engish identity suppresd scot cultue, they were repressed, ireland was tken under england too nd the new british nation was formed, english culture =s nd eveyrthing were practised more!