History (Ch 1) 1-4 Flashcards
Archaeology
The study of unwritten past.
Artifacts
remains of objects made by humans
Migration
a movement of people from one region to another
Hunter-gatherers
They lived by hunting animals and gathering wild plants.
Environments
Climates and landscapes that surround living things
Societies
A group that share a common culture
Culture
a set a common values and traditions
Domestication
breeding plants or animals to meet human needs.
Maize
corn grown by people in Mesoamerica
Glyphs
Symbols that represent ideas.
Kayaks
One person canoes covered with skins
Igloos
Homes made of block of ice
Totems
ancestor or animal spirits. Carved on tall wooden poles
Potlatches
Gatherings where host gave away belongings in order to gain respect
Kivas
Round ceremonial rooms
Wigwams
Small Round huts.
Longhouses
Rectangular homes made from logs and bark. Size ranged from 50 to 100 feet long and housed 8 to 10 families.
Feudalism
System where people known as vassals pledged their loyalty to a lord in exchange for land.
Manors
Large estates of the feudal system
Muhammad
Devoted his life to preaching the messages of Allah
Islam
the religion of the Muslims whom are followers of Muhammad
Crusades
Military expeditions to take back the Holy Land, which continued off and on for more than 150 years.
Kublia Khan
Ruler of an Asia empire that stretched to the Black Sea from China’s southern coast.
He used his large navy to expand trade
Silk Road
An overland trade route running from China to the Black Sea.
Zheng He
An admiral that commanded the fleet’s 317 brightly painted ships and more than 27,000 men.
His expedition brought wealth and knowledge of other culture to china.
Mansa Musa
One of the greatest Malian leaders.
He made the pilgrimage to the Islamic holy city of Mecca in 132.
This emperor had great wealth and power.
Paleo-Indians
First Americans that crossed Alaska between 38,000 and 10,000 B.C.
Iroquois League
Political confederation made up of the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca.
The League was responsible for waging war and making peace with non-Iroquois peoples.
Leif Eriksson
Son of Erik the Red. –> His expedition represents the first time Europeans made contact with the North America continent.
In 1,000 A.D. he gathered a crew and launched his own expedition, Sailing west from Greenland. They landed on Labrador Peninsula and the island of Newfoundland in present-day Canada.
Middle ages
This historical period lasted roughly from A.D. 500 to 1,500.
Middle Ages began with the Fall of Rome Empire and ended with the Renaissance.
During this period trade and communication were limited. Also City population dropped as people moved into the countryside.
Eleanor of Aquitaine
was one of the most powerful and fascinating personalities of feudal Europe. At age 15 she married Louis VII, King of France,
William of Normandy
Conquered England in 1066
King John
Williams’s great-great-grandson.
The nobles rebelled against his misuse of royal power.
In 1215 the nobles forced King John to agree to Magna Carta.
Magna Carta
The Great Charter or Magna Carta addressed the land rights of nobles, protected some of the rights of free people. It also required the king to gain the agreements of the nobility before raising new taxes.
Date when the Maya civilization begins
developing into a more advanced
civilization
300
Date when beginning of Islam
600
Date when Vikings reach North
America
1000
Date for the beginning of the Crusades
1095
Date of Magna Carta
1215
Date when Columbus discovers New
World
1492
Date when John Cabot explores the coast of North America for England
1497
Date when Vasco da Gama sails around Africa to the Indies
1498
Date when Luther starts Protestant Reformation
1517
Date when Cortes begins conquest of the Aztec
Empire; Magellan begins circumnavigation of the world
1519
1497
Date when John Cabot explores the coast of North America for England
1215
Date of Magna Carta
Describe at least three reasons why the exploration of the New World occurred when it did.
1) they wanted to find a passage to Asia.
2) they wanted to expand Christianity.
3) They wanted to own more land.
European nations that led the exploration of the New World?
1) Both Portugal and Spain led the charge in exploring the New World.
2) France also played a strong role in the New World, though its efforts were mainly confined to North America.
3) England got a relatively late start in the exploration and colonization of the New World.
What were these nations looking for? Be as specific as time and space allow.
3G : Gold, God, Glory
While the Portuguese focused on navigation and geographical observation, the Spanish put their efforts into expedition and colonization.
1) In 1497, Vasco da Gama set sail with four ships to chart a sea route to India.
2) In 1492, three ships left Spain under Columbus’s command. They arrived on an island in the Caribbean Sea. Thinking he had reached the Indies, Columbus claimed the island for Spain.
Francisco Pizarro
In the 1520s, Francisco Pizarro received permission from Spain to conquer the Inca Empire in South America.
Hernan Cortes
In 1519, Spanish explorer Hernan explored present-day Mexico.
Cortes learned about the Aztecs. The Aztecs had built a large and wealthy empire in Mexico.
Olmec
The Olmec were the first ‘major’ civilization in Mexico
Maya
The Maya is a Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language, as well as for its art, architecture, and mathematical and astronomical systems.
Maya influence: in Honduras, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador and central Mexico,
Aztecs
The Aztecs are a tribe from the north of Mexico.
Inca
The Inca Empire was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America.
It controlled an empire stretching from Ecuador to Chile
Anasazi
The Ancient Puebloans (Anasazi) were a prehistoric Native American civilization centered around the present day Four Corners area of the Southwest United States.
Mississippian
The Mississippian culture is the precolumbian horticulturalists who lived in the American midwest and southeast between about AD 1000-1550
Aleut/Inuit
- ) Once known as Eskimos, the Inuit inhabit the Arctic region,
- ) The Inuit, Aleut were the most heavily affected by Russian explorers, by Russian fur traders.
- ) The Inuit are closely related to the Mongoloid peoples of eastern Asia. It is estimated that the Inuit arrived some 4,000 years ago on the North American continent
Algonquian.
The Algonquins are Native Canadian inhabitants of North America.
The Iroquois and the Algonquian. These tribes relied on each other for a very long time for trade but also spent a great deal of time as warring enemies.
Iroquois
The Iroquious are one of the most well-known and historically powerful Native American “Tribes” in the world
Kublai Khan
He conquered China, founding and becoming the first emperor of the country.
Montezuma II
Aztec emperor of Mexico, famous for his dramatic confrontation with the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés.
Coronado (Francisco Vázquez de Coronado )
was a Spanish conquistador and explorer, who led a great expedition from Mexico to present-day Kansas through parts of southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542.
Cortes (Hernán Cortés)
Cortes led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico
Vespucci (Amerigo Vespucci)
Vespucci was an Italian explorer, financier, navigator and cartographer who first demonstrated that Brazil and the West Indies did not represent Asia, but instead constituted an entirely separate land.
Pizarro (Francisco Pizarro)
Pizarro conquered the Incan Empire.
Pizarro helped Vasco Núñez de Balboa discover the Pacific Ocean, and after conquering Peru (Inca Empire), founded its capital city, Lima.
Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 1558 until her death.
1) She succeeded in uniting her people in a world that was divided by religious conflict
2) Elizabeth encouraged overseas exploration.
3) She encouraged trade in London, the Foreign Exchange, and the learning of skills from foreign refugees.
4) Elizabeth managed to successfully lead her people in war. She defeated the most powerful man in the world, King Philip II of Spain, when he sent his Armada against the country in the summer of 1588.
Philip II
His reign as Spain’s king began the Golden Age, However, his reign saw the economic decline of Spain and its bankruptcy.
Dias (Bartolomeu Dias,)
Bartolomeu Dias, Portuguese navigator and explorer who led the first European expedition to round the Cape of Good Hope (1488), opening the sea route to Asia via the Atlantic and Indian oceans.
Prince Henry
Henry the Navigator was a Portuguese royal prince, soldier, and patron of explorers.
Henry sent many sailing expeditions down Africa’s west coast, but did not go on them himself.
Raleigh
In 1595 Raleigh headed an exploring expedition to the Guiana (now Venezuela) in search of the fabled El Dorado, the legendary ruler of a region abounding in gold and jewels. His trip was unsuccessful, and after much hardship he returned home empty-handed .
John Cabot
Explorer John Cabot made a British claim to land in Canada, mistaking it for Asia, during his 1497 voyage on the ship Matthew. —for King Henry VII of England.
Magellan
In search of fame and fortune, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan set out from Spain in 1519 with a fleet of five ships to discover a western sea route to the Spice Islands. En route he discovered what is now known as the Strait of Magellan and became the first European to cross the Pacific Ocean.
Henry Hudson
Henry Hudson was an English explorer and navigator who explored parts of the Arctic Ocean and northeastern North America.
