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CLEP Psych > History, Approaches, and Research Methods > Flashcards

History, Approaches, and Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Psychology

A

the science of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

Basic Research

A

gathering data

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3
Q

Applied Research

A

using data to create a solution

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4
Q

Wilhelm Wundt is the father of —– ?

A

-psychology

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5
Q

William James is the father of —- ?

A

-American psychology

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6
Q

Whilhem Wundt created the first —– ?

A

-psychology laboratory

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7
Q

William James wrote the first —- ?

A
  • Psychology Textbook
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8
Q

Is Wilhelm Wundt is a Structuralist or Functionalist?

A

-Structuralist

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9
Q

Is William James is a Structuralist or a Functionalist?

A

-functionalist

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10
Q

Qualities of Wilhelm Wundt

A
  • Father of Psychology
  • Created the first Laboratory
  • Structuralist
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11
Q

Qualities of William James

A
  • Father of American Psychology
  • Created the first Textbook
  • Functionalist
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12
Q

Is Edward Titchener a Structuralist or Functionalist

A

-Structuralist

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13
Q

Sigmund Freud look at psychology through the lenses of —– and —–?

A
  • Unconcious forces

- Childhood experiences

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14
Q

What approach best aligns with Sigmund Freud?

A

-Psychoanalytic (psychodynamic)

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15
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

-Dogs salivating research (classical conditioning- association)

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16
Q

John B. Watson

A
  • Little Albert experiments (classical conditioning- association)
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17
Q

B.F. Skinner

A
  • Skinner box for pigeons (Operant conditioning- reward and punishment)
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18
Q

3 main people associated with Behavioralism

A
  • B.F. Skinner
  • John B. Watson
  • Ivan Pavlov
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19
Q

3 main people associated with Psychodynamic perspective

A
  • Sigmund Frued
  • Carl Jung
  • Erik Erikson
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20
Q

Erik Erikson

A

-psychodynamic perspective (psychosocial development)

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21
Q

Carl Jung

A
  • Swiss psychiatrist (analytical psychology)
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22
Q

Humanistic Psychology definition

A

Man is good and knows what he needs for growth (rising up to the fullest potential)

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23
Q

2 main Humanistic Researchers

A
  • Abraham Maslow

- Carl Rogers

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24
Q

Abraham Maslow

A
  • Hierarchy of needs (basic needs must be met first)
  • Self-actualization (fulfilling highest potential in life)
  • Humanistic
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25
Q

Carl Rogers

A
  • Humanistic

- Viewpoint: You can take control of mental illness

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26
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

1st Female President of APA

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27
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

1st Female PHD

28
Q

Manmie Phipps Clark & Kenneth B. Clark

A
  • Colored Doll Test

- Brown vs Board of Education

29
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

-moral development

30
Q

Charles Darwin

A
  • Natural selection

- Evolutionary Psychology

31
Q

Jean Paiget

A
  • Cognitive

- past experiences shape problem solving

32
Q

Goals of Psychology

A
  • describe behavior
  • explain behavior
  • predict behavior
  • modify behavior
33
Q

Greek Roots

A
  • Socrates
  • Plato
  • Aristotle
34
Q

Introspection

A
  • what is going on in peoples minds as they complete a task
  • can be inaccurate and hard to measure
  • Wilhelm Wundt used this
35
Q

Gestalt

A
  • form

- how we perceive whole objects

36
Q

Emergence

A
  • Perceiving a whole without noticing its parts

- dog picture example

37
Q

Reification

A

-minds ability to fill in an implied shape

38
Q

Law of Proximity

A

-How close elements are to one another

39
Q

What are the 6 perspectives?

A
  • Biological
  • Humanistic
  • Behavioral
  • Cognative
  • Psychoanalytical
  • Socio Cultural
40
Q

Humanistic

A

-needs, support, unconditional positive regard

41
Q

Biological

A

-Gentics, hormones, brain

42
Q

Behavioralism

A

-observation, reward, punishment

43
Q

Cognitive

A

-thinking and processing

44
Q

Psychoanalytic

A

-unconcious and childhood

45
Q

Socio-cultural

A

-culture, family, peers, media

46
Q

Case Study

A

-In depth investigation of one person or situation

47
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

-view a person in thier natural enviorment

48
Q

Correlational Study

A
  • viewing the relationship between two variables

- correlation does NOT equal causation

49
Q

Experiment

A
  • independent and dependent variables

- DOES show causation

50
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

-one group over a long period of time

51
Q

Cross sectional Study

A

-Multiple groups at one point in time

52
Q

Correlation

A

-relationship between two variables

53
Q

Positive correlation

A

-when one increases the other increases

54
Q

Negative correlation

A

-when one variable increases the other decreases

55
Q

No correlation

A

-no relationship between variables

56
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A
  • strength of relationship
  • range from -1 to 1
  • closer to zero is weak and closer to -1 or 1 is strong
  • both -0.95 and 0.95 are strong
57
Q

Operational definition

A

-precise perameters or qualifications

58
Q

P-Value

A
  • likelihood a result is caused by chance

0. 05 is statistically significant

59
Q

Reliability

A

-consistant

60
Q

Validity

A

-accuracy

61
Q

List the 4 ethics in research

A
  • informed consent
  • safety from harm and discomfort
  • confidentiality
  • debriefing
62
Q

Informed consent

A

-right to withdral

63
Q

Safety from harm and discomfort

A

-minimize risk and justification

64
Q

Confidentiality

A

-protect anominity

65
Q

Debriefing

A
  • allows for deception as long as you tell them at the end

- prevents participant bias

CLEP Psych (1 decks)

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