History and Systems Deck1 Flashcards
Exposure vs. Systematic Desensitization
Systematic desensitization techniques suggest exposure might be the active ingredient
Common Factors in Therapy
Therapeutic alliance; Some Exposure Component/Confronting Problems; Therapist Allegiance; Client experience of Mastery/Self-Efficacy;
Rogers (1957)
Necessary&Sufficient Conditions of Change- 1)In a relationship; 2) Client incongruent/anxious; 3) Therapist congruent IN RELATIONSHIP; 4) Unconditional Regard; 5) Therapist EMPATHY for client; 6) Client notices 3&4
Freud on Resistance
“Resistance” is the employment of defenses when ego is confronted with dangerous ideas; for Freud the evidence of the centrality of repression.
Freud on Treatment Motivation
Ego’s synthetic function; Libidinal energies attached to therapist; transferential desire to improve/impress
Ego’s Synthetic Function
Powered by Eros: Ego integrates and unifies inner id-world experiences and external experiences into a cogent whole;
Intrapersonal Congruence
Rogers measure of how much an individual’s organismic experience is integrated with self-representation; Experience needs to be symbolized and integrated into self-structure to achieve congruence
Interpersonal Congruence
Rogers’ measure of how much of what we communicate to others is consistent with our own awareness
Constricted Dasein
Narrow illumination of one’s worlds; Failing to engage in broader horizons/possibilites (But avoiding anxiety of regret and freedom)
Define: Translational Research
research addressing how basic behavioral processes inform the diagnosis/prevention/treatment for mental illness (and vice versa)
Purposive Behaviorism
Tolman: Notion that behaviors are molar& defined by their goals; S->R is mediated by intervening variables (cognitions?)
Mindfulness
State of open & receptive awareness; Even hovering over experience as presented
Attributional Reformulation of Learned Helplessness
Abramson et al (1978)- have internal/stable/global explanatory style for negative events
Ellis cognitive model
Activating Event -> Beliefs -> Consequences(Emotional/Behavioral)
REBT
Ratio-Emotive Behavior Therapy- replace ABCs with Disputing for Effectively new beliefs
What is the main method of Beck’s CBT?
Access/identify maladaptive cognitions/schemas then test them against reality (“collaborative empiricism”)
Freud (1923)
Ego & Id- Structural model of Ego as emerging from Id meeting reality;
Cite: Structural model of Ego as emerging from Id meeting reality;
Freud (1923)- Ego & Id-
Anna Freud (1936)
“Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense”- Taxonomy of defense mechanisms understanding them as adaptive ways to manage anxiety
Taxonomy of defense mechanisms understanding them as adaptive ways to manage anxiety
Anna Freud (1936)- “Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense”-
What defense mechanisms are related to “resistance” in therapy?
Repression-Push down desires (countercathexis); Denial- Shut threatening material out of consciousness (primitive!); Isolation-repression of affect associated with threat
Seligman (1995)
Consumer Reports- Longterm therapy better than short-term; Type of therapist/type of therapy irrelevant
Cite: Consumer Reports- Longterm therapy better than short-term; Type of therapist/type of therapy irrelevant
Seligman (1995)
Wampold et al (1997)
Dodo bird study- Effect sizes of all treatment comparisons are distributed evenly around 0
Cite: Dodo bird study- Effect sizes of all treatment comparisons are distributed evenly around 0
Wampold et al (1997)
Ahn & Wampold (2001)
Meta-analysis of component/dismantling studies which finds that the theoretically critical components waver around zero
Cite: Meta-analysis of component/dismantling studies which finds that the theoretically critical components waver around zero
Ahn & Wampold (2001)
Jacobson et al (1996)
BA therapy AS EFFECTIVE as CBT; calls into question the cognitive restructuring value of CBT
Cite: BA therapy AS EFFECTIVE as CBT; calls into question the cognitive restructuring value of CBT
Jacobson et al (1996)
Strengths of Efficacy Trials
High internal validity; Clear causality;
Weaknesses of Efficacy Trials
Seligman-Random assign doesn’t match real world therapy selection; Nathan etal(2000)- Manualized doesn’t represent practice; Removal of too many patients
What are the 4 principles of MI?
Empathy; Roll with Resistance; Develop Discrepancy; Stay on Change Talk
What is change talk?
Staying talking about change: How would you; Why would you?; Other changes you’ve successfully made (self-efficacy!); Explore multiple ways to change/directions
Resistance in Rogerian Model
Existential Choice- When you are congruent in your communication you risk conditional regard/rejection/threat
Treatment motivation in Rogerian Model
Assumption of an actualizing tendency- Client will be engaged in therapy when experiencing change/possibility for growth/healing
What does it mean to “Roll with Resistance”
When resistant statements are given: Therapist uses “momentum” and explores/takes active interest in resistance
What is the CBT approach to SUDs?
Behavioral- Adjust reinforcement contingencies (token economies/lottery very useful in rehab); Naltroxone/Methadone fits model; Cognitive- Beliefs about relapse; Challenge beliefs about “hopelessness”
What is the MI approach to SUDs?
Motivational Enhancement Therapy- Manualized 4-session treatment built on MI principles; Develop discepancies to address ambiguous motivations/feelings; Emphasize rolling with resistance
Theories influenced by Mechanism
Freud’s psychoanalysis (Physical metaphor of libidinal energies; Economic model; Influence through Helmholtz); Watson’s behaviorism;
Theories influenced by Organismic Perspectives
Ego psychology (including Freud’s own Ego models); Winnicott; Rogers/Maslow’s notion of self-actualization/structuring; Bowlby’s “attachment system”
Theories influenced by Existentialism/Freedom
Nondeterminism in Rogers/Maslow; Yalom’s existential therapy; Metacognitive work in Beck reflects Existentialism’s “Reflective Capacity” (but would Beck see the connection?)
Shedler (2010)
Review of efficacy studies: psychodynamic treatments just as good as “evidence based” treatments; Stronger effects over longer time (Less relapse; possibly CONTINUE growing?); Wider/more general outcomes favor psychodynamic
Cite: Review of efficacy studies: psychodynamic treatments just as good as “evidence based” treatments; Stronger effects over longer time (Less relapse; possibly CONTINUE growing?); Wider/more general outcomes favor psychodynamic
Shedler (2010)
Blagys & Hilsenroth (2000)
7 Features of Psychodynamic- 1)Affect Focus 2)Explore avoidance; 3)ID Themes/Patterns; 4)Developmental; 5/6)Interpersonal/Therapy Relationships; 7)Wishes/Fantasies
Cite:7 Features of Psychodynamic- 1)Affect Focus 2)Explore avoidance; 3)ID Themes/Patterns; 4)Developmental; 5/6)Interpersonal/Therapy Relationships; 7)Wishes/Fantasies
Blagys & Hilsenroth (2000)
Cognitive View of Self
Cognitions can be automatic; Behaviors can be reinforced; but SELF is metacognitive (can rationally dispute/explore otherwise automatic things)
Mindfulness & Self
Self is separate from experience; Can maintain open/receptive
Psychodynamic views of self
Kohut’s Self-psychology (Self is representation; Has relational needs); Winnicott- self integrated through mother’s holding/recognized as separate thru empathic failures; Freud- Development of Ego when Id encounters reality
History of Cognitive Revolution?
Tolman: Purposive Behaviorism->Rotter/Bandura: Social Learning Theory->Beck/Ellis
Psychodynamic Family Tree?
3 Paths; P1:Freud’s Structural Model->Ego Psychology(A. Freud; Hartmann;Erikson); P2:Freud Drive Theory->Object-Relations(Winnicott; Klein)->Self-Psychology(Kohut); P3:O-R->Attachment
Kohut’s Needs
Mirroring Need; Idealizing Need; Twinship Need (Later development)<- All about the Self in relationship to others
